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Battle of Arcole

Part of the French Revolutionary Wars

Napoleon Bonaparte leading his troops over the bridge of

Arcole, by Horace Vernet.

Date 15 November 1796

17 November 1796

Location Arcole, present-day Italy

Result French victory[1]

Belligerents

France Austria

Commanders and leaders

Napoleon Bonaparte Jzsef Alvinczi

Strength

20,000[2] 24,000

Casualties and losses

3,500 dead or wounded

1,300 captured or missing

2,200 dead or wounded

4,000 men & 11 gunscaptured

Battle of ArcoleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Battle of Arcoleor Battle of Arcola(1517November 1796) was a battle fought between Frenchand Austrian forces 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast ofVerona during the War of the First Coalition, a part of

the French Revolutionary Wars.

The battle saw a bold maneuver by NapoleonBonaparte's French Army of Italy to outflank theAustrian army led by Jzsef Alvinczi and cut off itsline of retreat. The French victory proved to be a highlysignificant event during the third Austrian attempt tolift the Siege of Mantua.

Alvinczi planned to execute a two-pronged offensive

against Bonaparte's army. The Austrian commanderordered Paul Davidovich to advance south along theAdige River valley with one corps while Alvinczi ledthe main army in an advance from the east. TheAustrians hoped to raise the siege of Mantua whereDagobert Sigmund von Wurmser was trapped with alargegarrison. If the two Austrian columns linked upand if Wurmser's troops were released, French

prospects were grim.

Davidovich scored a victory against Claude-HenriBelgrand de Vaubois at Calliano and threatenedVerona from the north. Meanwhile, Alvinczi repulsedone attack by Bonaparte at Bassano and advancedalmost to the gates of Verona where he defeated asecond French attack at Caldiero. Leaving Vaubois'

battered division tocontain Davidovich,Bonapartemassed every available man and tried to turn Alvinczi'sleft flank by crossing the Adige. For two days theFrench assaulted the stoutly defended Austrian positionat Arcole without success. Their persistent attacksfinally forced Alvinczi to withdraw on the third day.

That day Davidovich routed Vaubois, but it was toolate. Bonaparte's victory at Arcole permitted him toconcentrate against Davidovich and chase him up the Adige valley. Left alone, Alvinczi threatened Veronaagain. But without his colleague's support, the Austrian commander was too weak to continue the campaigand he withdrew again. Wurmser attempted a breakout, but his effort came too late in the campaign and hano effect on the result. The third relief attempt failed by the narrowest of margins.

Coordinates: 4521N 1117
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Contents

1 Background

1.1 Operations

1.2 Maneuver

2 Battle

2.1 First day2.2 Second day

2.3 Third day

3 Aftermath

4 Footnotes

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

Background

See Arcola 1796 Campaign Order of Battle for a detailed list of French and Austrian units.

Operations

The second relief attempt of the Siege of Mantua ended badly for Austria when General Napoleon

Bonaparte routed Feldmarschall Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's army at the Battle of Bassano. In thesequel, Wurmser marched for Mantua, evading French attempts to cut him off. He reached there with16,000 soldiers on 12 September 1796, but was defeated and driven into the fortress by the French on the15th. With Wurmser's Austrians and the original garrison crowded into the encircled city, disease and

hunger began exacting a serious toll on the garrison.[3]

Emperor Francis II of Austria appointed Feldzeugmeister Jzsef Alvinczi to lead a reconstituted field armyin the third attempt to relieve Mantua. Alvinczi, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Paul Davidovich, General-majorJohann Rudolf Sporck, and Major Franz von Weyrother drew up plans for a two-pronged offensive. TheFriaul Corps was assigned to Feldmarschall-Leutnant Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich and directed to move

west toward Verona. The Tyrol Corps was entrusted to Davidovich and ordered to advance south from theAlps to join Quosdanovich. Wurmser would break out from Mantua and attack the French field armies in

the rear.[4]

Quosdanovich's 26,432-strong Friaul Corps was accompanied by Alvinczi as it moved west on Mantuafrom the Piave River. This force was formed into a 4,397-man Advance Guard under General-majorFriedrich Franz Xaver Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a 4,376-strong Reserve led by General-majorPhilipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld, and a Main corps supervised by Feldmarschall-Leutnant GiovanniMarchese di Provera. This last unit was subdivided into a 9,380-man First line consisting of the brigades o
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Siege of Mantua Campaign Map

shows towns, major rivers, andmountainous terrain

Generals-major Gerhard Rosselmini and Anton Lipthay de Kisfalud and an 8,279-strong Second linecomposed of brigades led by Generals-major Anton Schbirz von Chobinin and Adolf Brabeck. There wer

54 line and 20 reserve artillery pieces with the Friaul Corps.[5]

On 1 November 1796, Davidovich's Tyrol Corps numbered 18,427 infantry and 1,049 cavalry. The corpswas split into six brigade-size columns under Generals-majorJohann Loudon, Joseph Ocskay von Ocsko, Spork, and Josef PhilipVukassovich and Colonel Seulen. Loudon commanded 3,915infantry and 362 cavalry in Column 1, Ocskay led 4,200-footsoldiers and 463 horsemen in Column 2, Spork directed 2,560infantry in Column 3, Vukassovich supervised both Column 4 with3,772-foot and 30 horse and Column 5 with 2,958-foot and 120

horse, and Seulen led 1,022 infantry and 74 cavalry in Column 6.[6

The Tyrol Corps counted 40 line and 20 reserve guns.[7]

Wurmser commanded 23,708 soldiers within Mantua. However,

only 12,420 were reported as capable of taking the field.[8]In

addition, General-major Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky's brigadeoccupied the upper Brenta River, connecting the wings under

Davidovich and Quosdanovich.[6]Mittrowsky commanded about

3,000 men.[9]

Bonaparte deployed a 10,500-man division under General of Division Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vauboisat Lavis to watch Davidovich. At Bassano, General of Division Andr Massna's 9,540 soldiers defendedthe line of the Brenta River. The 8,340 troops of General of Division Pierre Augereau covered the AdigeRiver. General of Division Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine with 8,830 soldiers blockaded Wurmserlarge garrison in Mantua. General of Division Francois Macquard's 2,750-man infantry reserve was posted

at Villafranca di Verona while General of Division Thomas-Alexandre Dumas with 1,600 troopers of thecavalry reserve was stationed at Verona.[8]

The Austrians went to a lot of trouble to conceal the strength of Davidovich's corps from their enemies. Thruse was so successful that Bonaparte ordered Vaubois to advance and defeat his opponent so that he could

shift 3,000 troops to help fight Alvinczi.[10]On 2 November, Vaubois attacked Davidovich near Cembra,inflicting 1,116 casualties before retiring. Though the French suffered only 650 killed and wounded, thisincluded 280 soldiers of the 85th Line Infantry Demi Brigade. This loss seems to have seriously damaged

the unit's morale. The next day, Vaubois pulled back to Calliano. [11]

On 1 November, the Friaul Corps began crossing the Piave.[8]Bonaparte elected to attack the Austrians onthe Brenta and called Augereau and Macquard east to join Massna. In the Second Battle of Bassano on 6

November, the Austrians held off Bonaparte's attacks. French losses numbered 3,000 killed, wounded, andmissing, plus an additional 508 men and one howitzer captured. In this hard-fought engagement, theAustrians lost 534 killed, 1,731 wounded, and 558 captured for a total of 2,823 casualties. Bonaparte

quickly pulled back to Verona.[12]
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Napoleon at the Bridge of Arcole, byAntoine-Jean Gros, (ca. 1801),Louvre, Paris

Davidovich attacked Vaubois at the Battle of Calliano on 6November but was repulsed after hard fighting. He renewed hisassault at daybreak on the 7th. After holding out all day, Frenchmorale collapsed in the late afternoon and Vaubois' men fled the

battlefield in a panic.[13]Between 2 and 7 November, Vaubois'division suffered 4,400 killed, wounded, and missing and lost sixartillery pieces. The Austrians also lost heavily, with 2,000 killed

and wounded plus a further 1,500 taken prisoner.[14]

In a publicannouncement, Bonaparte vented his fury at the poor performance

of the 39th and 85th Line Infantry Demi Brigades.[15]

Poor communications plagued the Austrian commanders throughoutthe campaign. This was a consequence of the wide separation

between the two wings. Furthermore, many of Alvinczi's men wereindifferently equipped raw recruits who straggled badly. The

Austrians also suffered from a serious shortage of officers.[16]AfterAlvinczi sent him a mistaken report that Massna was reinforcing

Vaubois, Davidovich became very cautious. The report was sent on9 November but only reached its recipient on the 11th, which wastypical of the Austrian communications problems. Alvinczi alsorepeatedly urged Davidovich to speed up his march toward

Verona.[17]

Alvinczi's advance guard under GM Friedrich of Hohenzollern-Hechingen pressed toward Verona. Nearthat city, he bumped into Massna on 11 November and was forced to pull back after losing 400 men in asharp combat. In a sleet storm on the 12th, Hohenzollern fought off the attacks of Massna and Augereau ithe Battle of Caldiero. When reinforcements under Brabeck, Schbirz, and Provera arrived later in the day

Bonaparte called off the futile attacks and drew his troops back within the walls of Verona. The Austriansreported losses of 1,244 officers and men.[18]French losses were estimated at 1,000 killed and wounded,

plus an additional 800 men and two guns captured.[19]

Maneuver

After three sharp defeats, even Bonaparte "became very despondent about his chances of survival."[20]He

deployed Macquard and 3,000 men to hold Verona.[21]A slightly reinforced Vaubois clung to a strongposition with about 8,000 troops, keeping Davidovich's 14,000 soldiers bottled up in the Adige valley. To

blockade Wurmser's garrison within Mantua, Kilmaine could count only 6,626 men after providingreinforcements to other commands. This left Bonaparte a field force consisting of Massna's 7,937,Augereau's 6,000, a reserve of 2,600 infantry plus cavalry, for a total of 18,000 soldiers. By this time,

Alvinczi's main force numbered about 23,000 men.[9]Historian David G. Chandler wrote,

Like a juggler keeping three balls in the air at once, Bonaparte had to balance the dangers ofthe three sectors against each other, keeping them in clear relative perspective. Although hehad singled out Alvinczi as his main target, it was only too clear that an aggressive move on the
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Bonaparte's maneuver from Verona to Ronco, 1415 November 1796

part of Davidovich or even by Wurmser might compel the French to abandon their operationsagainst the main Austrian army and move every available man to reinforce the threatened area.

Defeat on any sector could well spell catastrophe and the destruction of the Army of Italy. [22]

Unknown to the French, Alvinczi planned to throw a pontoon bridge across the Adige below Verona at

Zevio on 15 November at nightfall.[9]Meanwhile, Bonaparte determined on an audacious strategy. Heforce-marched Massna and Augereau along the west bank of the Adige to a bridging site at Roncoall'Adige, behind Alvinczi's left flank. Once he moved his army across the river, he planned to move north

to cut the Austrian line of retreat and seize the enemy's trains and artillery park.[23]

On the far bank was an area of marshy land that troops could not penetrate, which meant that all movemenwas limited to the causeways or dikes on the banks of the river Adige, and the causeways on the banks of asmall tributary called the Alpone Riverthat flowed into it from the north. TheAlpone was only 20 yards (18 m) wide

and 5 feet (1.5 m) deep.[24]In the

difficult terrain, the French soldiersmight have an advantage. Further, theAustrians would not be able to use theirsuperior numbers in the restricted

battlefield.[22]

From Ronco, the north-bound roadfollowed a dike for about 1.5 miles(2.4 km) to a bridge, on the east side ofwhich was the village of Arcole. From

there, the road continued going north onthe east bank of the stream to SanBonifacio near the main highway. Thedikes along the Alpone near Arcolewere "26 feet high, and had very steep faces." Another road followed a dike from Ronco northwest to

Belfiore and on to Caldiero.[24]

Battle

First day

By dawn on 15 November, Bonaparte's troops reached the intended crossing, and soon afterward Chef debrigade (Colonel) Antoine-Franois Androssy's engineers had a pontoon bridge in operation. Augereau'sdivision crossed first and headed east and north toward Arcole. Massna's soldiers followed and, to cover

the left flank, took a causeway leading north and west toward Belfiore di Porcile. [21]

Alvinczi posted Oberst (Colonel) Wenzel Brigido's four battalions in the area of these, two battalions andtwo cannons defended Arcole. These troops repulsed Augereau's leading demi-brigade under General ofBrigade Louis Andr Bon. Before long, most of the French soldiers were lying in the lee of the causeway t
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This fanciful painting showsBonaparte crossing the Arcole

bridge. Actually the incident

occurred about 55 paces short ofthe span.

shelter from the searing fire. Brigido pulled every available man into the combat. Augereau threw in demi-brigades led by Generals of Brigade Jean-Antoine Verdier and Pierre Verne. At mid-day, Austrianreinforcements led by General-Major Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky began arriving to help the defenders.Soon, Bon, Verdier, Verne and General of Brigade Jean Lannes were all wounded and the attack

completely stalled.[25]

On the western flank, Alvinczi sent the brigades of Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Alois von Gavasinand General-Major Adolf Brabeck to seize the French pontoon bridge. They collided with Massna nearBionde, midway between Belfiore and Ronco. Initially successful, theAustrians were soon driven back beyond Belfiore after Brabeck's

troops accidentally fired on Gavasini's men, causing a panic.[26]Oncethey reached Belfiore, the French watched as the Austrian trains rolled

east on the main highway, out of their reach.[27]

Attempting to break the stalemate near Arcole, Bonaparte orderedGeneral of Brigade Jean Joseph Guieu with two demi-brigades to boatacross the Adige below its confluence with the Alpone at Albaredo

d'Adige. He also sent a French battalion across the Alpone by boat nearits mouth. The latter unit fought its way north along the east bank

dike.[28]

Trying to inspire his men to attack, Bonaparte grabbed a flag and stoodin the open on the dike "about 55 paces" from the bridge. He remainedmiraculously untouched, but several members of his staff were hit bythe intense fire and his aide-de-camp, Jean-Baptiste Muiron, was

killed.[29]An unknown officer dragged Bonaparte out of the line of fire

and the commanding general ended up in the muddy ditch.[27]

Adding to the confusion, the Austrians launched a sortie from Arcoleand defeated the French battalion on the east bank. In the evening,Guieu crossed at Albaredo and eventually managed to flush theAustrian defenders out of Arcole. At midnight, worried that Davidovich was about to fall upon his rear,Bonaparte withdrew Guieu from Arcole and pulled most of his troops back across the Adige. He left a

garrison on the Austrian side of the river to hold his bridgehead.[30]

Second day

Alvinczi left Hohenzollern's troops near Verona to guard against an attack from that city. The Austrianleader ordered Provera with six battalions to attack from Belfiore. Alvinczi reinforced Mittrowsky to a totaof 14 battalions, including the brigades of Schbirz and Oberst Franz Sticker, and instructed him to advancsouth from Arcole. The two forces would march at dawn on 16 November and converge on the French

bridgehead. Alvinczi sent two battalions to guard Albaredo against a repetition of Guieu's attack.[31]

Provera's effort came to grief when he ran into Massna. Brabeck was killed during the encounter and theAustrians were chased back to Belfiore with the loss of five cannons. During the morning, Mittrowsky and

Augereau engaged in a see-saw battle that ended when the Austrians fell back to Arcole. [32]
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Mittrowsky positioned Sticker's four battalions on the western dike, lined the eastern dike with fourbattalions under Brigido, and packed the rest of his troops into Arcole. These intelligent dispositionsblocked Bonaparte's repeated attempts to seize the village during the day. French attempts to cross theAdige at Albaredo and the Alpone near its mouth both failed. At nightfall, Bonaparte withdrew Massna

and Augereau toward the bridgehead, but sizable forces stayed on the Austrian side of the Adige. [33]

The former slave Joseph Hercule Domingue, French cavalry lieutenant, was promoted to captain and givena ceremonial sword by Bonaparte for his actions in executing a surprise attack on the Austrian cavalry on

this day of the battle.[34]

Third day

On 17 November, Alvinczi withdrew Hohenzollern to Caldiero, closer to his main body.[33]Again, Proverheld Belfiore while Mittrowsky defended Arcole. During the night, Bonaparte's engineers floated some

pontoons into the Alpone where they built a bridge near its mouth. Augereau's division crossed the bridgeand began fighting its way along the eastern dike. A French battalion and some cavalry also set out fromLegnago and joined Augereau later in the day. Meanwhile, two of Massna's demi-brigades led by Genera

of Brigade Jean Gilles Andr Robert attacked along the western dike. [35]

By early afternoon, Massna drubbed Provera near Belfiore again. Alvinczi recalled both Provera andHohenzollern toward the east and began feeding some of the latter's troops into the combat at Arcole.There, the battle went back and forth all day. At 3:00 PM, a large column of Austrian reinforcements surgeout of Arcole and drove back the troops under Robert. Augereau's men on the east bank saw thisdevelopment and also fell back. By 4:00 PM, Augereau's rattled division pulled back across the pontoon

bridge to the west bank.[36]

Just when the day seemed lost, Massna appeared with reinforcements from the western flank. With these,

he ambushed the Austrians on the western dike and sent them reeling back toward Arcole. Heartened,Augereau's men recrossed to the east bank of the Alpone and renewed the fight. Massna and Augereaufinally battled their way into Arcole around 5:00 PM. A lieutenant and 25 Guides aided the final attack byriding into the Austrian rear area and blowing several bugles to create the impression of a large force. TheFrench followed up their success by advancing north and threatening to block the main east-west highwayAlvinczi threw in Schbirz's brigade to hold off the French, and this allowed Provera's division to escape to

the east.[37]

Aftermath

French losses at Arcole numbered 3,500 dead and wounded, plus 1,300 captured or missing. The Austrian

suffered only 2,200 dead and wounded, but lost 4,000 men and 11 guns to capture. [38]On the French side,

General Jean Gilles Andr Robert was mortally wounded,[39]while Austrian General-Major Gerhard

Rosselmini died in Vicenza on 19 November.[40]

On 17 November, Davidovich finally attacked Vaubois at Rivoli. Ocskay's brigade from Monte Baldo metVukassovich's brigade from the Adige gorge, and together they drove the French soldiers steadily back.After resisting all morning the French troops stampeded in the afternoon. Again, the 85th Line was among

the first units to panic.[41]The French lost 800 killed and wounded, plus 1,000 captured including General
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of Brigade Pascal Antoine Fiorella and Antoine Valette. Austrian casualties were 600. [42]Vaubois pulledback toward Peschiera del Garda while Davidovich pursued as far as Castelnuovo del Garda. Bonaparte

sent his cavalry to watch Alvinczi's retreat, while turning the bulk of his forces toward Davidovich. [43]

On 19 November, Davidovich heard of the Austrian defeat at Arcole and detected signs that Bonaparte waabout to fall upon him in full force. The Austrian pulled back to Rivoli on the 20th and began to fall backfarther the next morning. At this moment, he received an encouraging note from Alvinczi and halted his

retreat. But the French caught up with him at Rivoli.[43]

In the ensuing clash, the French suffered 200casualties while inflicting losses of 250 killed and wounded. An additional 600 Austrians, three guns and a

bridging train fell into French hands.[44]Davidovich hastily fell back north. Altogether, Davidovich's retre

from Rivoli cost him as many as 1,500 men and nine guns. [45]

After Arcole, Alvinczi pulled back to Olmo where he held a council of war on the morning of 18November. At this meeting, the Austrian generals gamely decided to return to the field with their 16,000

remaining troops.[46]By 21 November, Alvinczi occupied Caldiero again but could go no farther. Whilethere, he heard of Davidovich's defeat on 23 November. That evening the Austrian field army began its

retreat to the Brenta.[43]

During the three days that the battle of Arcole raged, cannon fire could be heard in Mantua. Observers inthe fortress even noticed that some of the French camps seemed to be empty, yet Wurmser unaccountably

failed to act.[41]On 23 November, Wurmser assaulted the siege lines, capturing 200 Frenchmen anddemolishing some earthworks. The Austrians suffered almost 800 casualties. When he learned that

Davidovich was in full retreat, Wurmser withdrew into the city.[43]

In November 1796, the French seized Venice and two 44-gun frigates that were being built in the shipyardOne of the warships was named theMuironin honor of Bonaparte's aide who was killed at his side on 15

November. When Bonaparte returned from Egypt in 1799, he escaped to France on theMuiron.[47]

Footnotes

1. ^James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, The Development of Modern Europe: An Introduction to the

Study of Current History, vol. 1 (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1907), 290, http://www.questia.com/read/6387433

2. ^Rothenberg, Art of War, p 248. Rothenberg gives all strengths and losses.

3. ^Chandler (2001), 9899

4. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 440

5. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 4444456. ^ abBoycott-Brown (2001), 447


8. ^ abcBoycott-Brown (2001), 448

9. ^ abcBoycott-Brown (2001), 458

10. ^Chandler (1966), 101


12. ^Smith (1998), 126
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peschiera_del_Gardahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Antoine_Fiorellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelnuovo_del_Gardahttp://www.questia.com/read/6387433http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice


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References

Boycott-Brown, Martin (2001). The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign. London: Cassell &

13. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 452453

14. ^Smith (1998), 126127


16. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 449450



19. ^Smith (1998), 127

20. ^Chandler (1966), 103

21. ^ abChandler (1966), 106

22. ^ abChandler (1966), 105


24. ^ abBoycott-Brown (2001), 460

25. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 462463

26. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 463464

27. ^ abChandler (1966), 108

28. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 46429. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 465


31. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 467468


33. ^ abBoycott-Brown, p 468-470

34. ^rick Nol, ed.Dictionnaire des gens de couleur dans la France moderne: Paris et son Bassin(Paris: Droz,

2011), 344345.



37. ^Boycott-Brown (2001), 474475

38. ^Rothenberg (1980), 248

39. ^Schom (1997), 55

40. ^Smith-Kudrna, "Rosselmini"

41. ^ abBoycott-Brown (2001), 471

42. ^Smith (1998), 127128

43. ^ abcdBoycott-Brown (2001), 477

44. ^Smith (1998), 12845. ^Chandler (1966), 112


47. ^Martin (2005), "1797 Le frgate la Muiron"


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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related toBattle of

Arcole.

Co. ISBN 0-304-35305-1.

Chandler, David G. (1966). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Martin, Jacques (2005). "1797 La frgate la Muiron (France)"

(http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Marin2/pages_Marin2/023_Marin2.html) (in

French). Retrieved 3 September 2012.

Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1980). The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon . Bloomington, Ind.:

Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31076-8.

Schom, Alan (1997).Napoleon Bonaparte. New York, NY: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-017214-2.

Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.

Smith, Digby (2008). Kudrna, Leopold, ed. "Biographical Dictionary of all Austrian Generals during

the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 17921815" (http://www.napoleon-

series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsR.html#R51). Napoleo

Series. Retrieved 3 September 2012.

Further reading

Kryn, J. (1987).Le petit tambour d'Arcole(in French). Cadenet.

Bonaparte (18581869). Correspondence de Napolon Ier publie par ordre de l'empereur Napolo

III[Correspondence of Napoleon I published by order of Emperor Napoleon III] (in French). Paris.

Reinhard, M. (1946).Avec Bonaparte en Italie d'aprs les lettres indites de son aide de camp

Joseph Sulkowski(in French). Paris.

Rothenberg, Gunther E.. The Napoleonic Wars. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35983-1.Schels, J. B. (1829).Die Schlacht bei Arcole, am 15, 16 und 17 November 1796(in German).

Oesterreichische Militrische Zeitschrift, no. Bd. 2. pp. 35103.

Anders Fager's short story "Under the bridge at Arcole" published 2014 by Paradox Entertainment.

An alternative history-story about what would have happened had Napoleon been killed at Arcole.

External links

The French Army 16001900(http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FRENCH_ARMY.htm)

Photos of sites of the 1796 campaign

(http://www.historydata.com/places/)

Paintings of the 1796 campaign (http://historydata.com/pictures/battles.php)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arcole&oldid=633681515"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-017214-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_Smithhttp://historydata.com/pictures/battles.phphttp://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FRENCH_ARMY.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35983-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Fagerhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Arcolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arcole&oldid=633681515http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31076-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Schomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Chandlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_Entertainmenthttp://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Marin2/pages_Marin2/023_Marin2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35305-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_Smithhttp://www.historydata.com/places/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberghttp://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsR.html#R51


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