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Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive
International Renewable Energy Agency Workshop
Dusseldorf, 17.03.2017 Kai-Philipp Kairies, ISEA / RWTH Aachen
International Renewable Energy Agency
Agenda
2
Technology
IWHH#E --
Application
17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies
• Battery performance and cost
o The current and future cost and performance of
battery electricity storage for electric power
• Calculating the cost of service of electricity
storage
• Example calculations
o Load leveling
o Rural electrification
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) �IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Overview: Storage Technologies
• Mechanical Storage Systems o Pumped Hydro Storage
o Compressed Air Energy Storage
o Flywheels
• Lead-Acid Batteries o Flooded / VRLA
3 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
• High Temperature Batteries o NaNiCI / NaS
• Flow Batteries o Vanadium Flow / ZnBr Hybrid Flow
• Lithium-Ion Batteries o NMC / NCA / LFP / Titanate
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Overview: Storage Technologies
• Cost development • Performance development o Energy installation costs [USO/kWh] o Cyclic lifetime
o Power installation costs [USO/kW] o Calendric lifetime
o Round-trip-efficiency
• Electrochemical properties o Self-discharge
o Energy density D .. .
o Power density
o Power dynamics
4 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Overview: Power Conversion Units
• Power conversion units can have a • Inverter significant influence on the cost of o Small scale <= 30 kW service, depending on the o Large scale > 30 kW application
• No inverter • Electric machines o For DC applications
o PHS / CAES / Flywheel
5 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Overview: Methodology
6
> 150 literature sources
Tt<:hnology ~ on Ele(:trld!yS~ ________ .. _ _ ,,,..._ .... _..,..
- ··-·-......... ---·--·--
17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer
Background report
(t® IRENA Inferno 0001 ~·/Obie E"lergy Agency
9 Events
IRENA event on 'Battery storage cost and market outlook 2030' 15 - 16 March 2017 Dosseldorf, Gem1any
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
Expert interviews
~ [2]
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Cost development of different storage technologies USO/kWh
1.200 ~-----~---------r--------------------
Lead-Acid High-Temp Flow Batt Lithium-Ion 1.000 -+-------+------~-----~---------------I
800 -+-------+-------+-----I
600 -+-------+-------+-----I
400 -+------~-.....-----------i
200 -+--------I
0
• 2016
• 2030
Flooded LA VRLA NaNiCI NaS Vanadium ZnBr Flow NCA NMC/LMO LiFeP04 Titanate
0%
-58% -64% -64% -58% -58% -58%
-100% ~---------------------------------
7 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Potentials of multi-use of electric vehicles
-60 60 .r::.
e ~ I.!) - .._..
~ 55 55 0 cYl (.,? e 0 ........
0 (\,I
M 50 50 C:
0 ('\J Location a: C: a:
Metr ic China Germany California UK LL a: 45 Assumed share of electric cars in 2030 30% 20% 20% 20% 45 ~ a: Q. l-
Average battery capacity of electric cars [kwh] 20 20 20 20 Q.
>, :::;
a. 40 Average charging power [kW] 40 Vl 22 22 22 22 0 a. ....,
:J Average percentage of cars connected to charger at all times 5% 5% 5% 5% -:I 1/)
0 35 Inhabitants (Mio] 35 Q)
1,357 80 39 64 1/) ...., ::l
"O Number of automobiles [Mio] 175 45 29 32 (I) Q) .c Vl ::, 30 30 s::: (l) ro .c V
C: ...., CD ro 25 25 .c: u ....
..,J >, ro ...., .r::. u ...., 20 20 nJ i,..
Q. Q)
~ ro u 0 15 15 (l) a. Cl ro ca
i,.. ...., 0 C: 10 10
...., (l) 1/) ....,
(t) 0 Cl. '..:;
5 5 C: <lJ ....,
0 0 0 Q.
China Germany Cal1forn1a UK
8 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Performance: Batteries are already offering excellent lifetimes {cyclic lifetime, 2016)
max. cycles 14.000 -.-------------,------+---------+-------------
Lead-Acid High-Temp 12 .000 -+-------------,------+----t
10 .000 -+------------<------+-----I
8.000 -+------------<------+-----I
6.000 -+------------<------+-----I
4. 000 -+--------------<----
0
Elow Batt Lithium-Ion
Flooded LA VRLA NaNiCI NaS Vanadium ZnBr Flow NCA NMC/LMO LiFeP04 Titanate
• Calendric aging most important factor
• Stationary applications: Storage systems often do not utilize their maximum cycles
9 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Performance: Batteries are already offering excellent lifetimes {calender lifetime, 2030)
Years lifetime 25 ~-----------------------------
10
5
0
10 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Detailed information for 15 storage technologies available
11 /
Pum1
• DevE
Compresse<
• Adiabatic CAE
Improve effici energy
• Only two facili
a Huntdorf (Ge,
Flywheel Electricil
• Very high self-<lischa1
a Used in high frequen, applications
• New concepts
a High density fly-whee
" Superconducting bea
Cycle life
Lead-Acid Batteries !Gel/AGM\ Lead-Acid B,
• Extens ive ope, many stationar
n Requires refilli
• New concepts
u Carbon electrc
- Copper stretcl
Cycle life
Calender life
Round-trip elf1ele1
• Extensive operat many stalionary
a No refilling requ
• New concepts
o Carbon electrod
c Copper stretch ,
Cycle Ide
Calender life
Round-trip effic1en
Lithium-Ion Batter
• Substantial scale effe internat ional transitio, elect ro mobility
• New concepts
c Silicon anode
" 5 V electrolytes
Cycle life
Lithium-Ion Batteries (LFP)
• Comparably low energy density
o Lower effic•---..
" Increased·
• No expensh required
Lithium-Ion Batteries (Titanate)
• Excellent cycle life and high-power performance
o Used in electric busses for fast chargi
o No a Mel ntosh (U~ Calender life
Round-trip efficiency
Self-discharge
Sett-discharge Sett-discharge
Energy installation I
Calender life
Round-trip efficiency
Sett-discharge
Cycle life
calender life
Round-tripeffi
sett-dischargE
Energy instal~
Power lnstalla
0 ~~~r'; Lithium-Ion Batteries (NCA) • New Cycle life
a US< Calender me o Util Round-tnp effic,e - Sett-discharge
Energy installat10n costs
Power installation costs
Energy installa Power installation c
Power installatlor
" " 1&0370171~ --1'031<t171Ke!-"'1 ----------
) ! ~1::::::::~::-::,::":":.,---------...
Energy 1nslallat10n costs
Power installation costs
Cycle I Energy installatK -:;:;:;--~;;:;;~-=~""';:':;""~~-=~:--':!:"'111111••••• .... , » 140,~11 I r,c catenc PowerinstaJlationcosts USO/kW 945,0 781,6 712,7 693,4 -27% ._ _____ ..,"'
Roun~ .., :.:_ro.=.,1,::::t:;~.,tR~I (t~ ... IR~L' Sett-die_~----------.... --.... - -,,--...,---....,-..--'
Highc -Cycle life
Calender
Round-tr!
Self-<lisct
Energy I~
Powerim
• Substantial scale effects due to international transition towards electro mobility
High-Temperature Batteries (ZEBRA)
• -350°C operating temperature n Th.i:>rm:111 m:11n:11n,:.~nt r,:.,,11irM
Energy ,nstaffation costs USO/kWh 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0
Power installation costs USD/kW 840,0 840,0 840,0 840,0 +0% +0%
High-Temperature Batteries (NaS)
29 1'012011 I Ka~II.M1
- - ,-, Battery Inverters (> 30kW)
• Synergies with PV inverters and traction converters (e-mobility)
• New concepts
o Improved capacitors
c Innovative topologies (e.g. feedforward controls)
I unit I 2016 I 2020 I 2025 I 2030 I delta
Cycle Ille
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Sett-discharge %per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
" 1,0020,,1~ ..... Nll'IM .,_...,,.,,..~EIWll'9'f~'l41tDW
15,0 16,8 19,3 22,3
98,0 98,0 98,0 98,0
105,0 89,5 68,9 53,1
~ IRENA
14 00'8HI N11'!1t!PO ~ ~~ E'*DY>ottt'ftRHAl
17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
' EmfflllfflTlam!I 10k 10k 10k +0% ,0
11,4 13,5 16,0 +60% ,0 72,2
72,2 75,1 78,1 +12% ,2 0,2
15,0 15,0 15,0 +0% 7 268
696 475 324 -64% ,5 1063,8
~ IRENA __ __,....,_~
+0%
16,2 +60%
75,1 78,1 +12%
0,2 0,2 +0%
183 125 -64% 818,2 660,7 -50%
~ IRENA -- ... -·-"-""
21,4 24,3
83,2 85,0
7,0 7,0 7,0
436 326 243
~ IRENA
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Main Development Drivers Lead-Acid Batteries {Flooded and VRLA)
• Production automation o Stationary lead-acid batteries are
often produced in semi-automated plants
o Scales and production automation can substantially decrease prices
• Further optimization of the cell design and additives promise to increases performance
• Largest risk: Competition of lithium-ion batteries in traditional lead-acid applications
12 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
• Innovative developments o Copper stretch metal
o Carbon added electrodes
o Hybridization (e.g. combining with lithium-ion or flywheels)
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Main Development Drivers Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Differentiation between 4 different technologies o NMC/LMO, NCA, LFeP04 and
Titanate
• International transition towards electro mobility leads to substantial scale effects (NCA NMC/LMO) o 70°/o price reduction since 2012
• > 170 GWh / year production capacities projected for 2020 o Tesla Gigafactory /BYD/ CALB / ...
o LG Chem / Foxconn I CATL / ...
13 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
• Innovative developments o Mass production
o Utilize silicon in anode
o Durable LMO cathodes
o 5 V electrolytes
o Lithium-Sulphur
o Lithium-Air
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Main Development Drivers High-Temperature Batteries {NaS and ZEBRA)
• Sodium Sulfur (NaS) o Potential for very low cost active
materials
o Corrosion needs to be controlled
• "Low temperature" electrolytes (-150 °C) can o Reduce corrosion I Increase lifetime
o Reduce thermal self-discharge
o But low max. power, only stationary applications
14 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
• Innovative developments o Larger cell stacks promise cheaper
production costs
o Development of low cost corrosion resistant materials (e.g. coatings, joints, ... )
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Main Development Drivers Flow Batteries {Vanadium and ZnBr)
• Flow batteries offer an independent design of storage- and power capacity o Optimal for high E/P ratio
applications
• Production of larger cell packs promises higher outputs at lower costs
• In order to compete, electrolyte and active material costs need to fall below 100 USO/kWh
15 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
• Innovative developments o Improved membrane production
o Improve calendric lifetime of electrolyte
o Aqueous electrolytes (saltwater) flow batteries
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Agenda
16
Technology
IWHHi!E
--Application
17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies
• Battery performance and cost o The current and future cost and performance of
battery electricity storage for electric power
• Calculating the cost of service of electricity storage
• Example calculations o Load leveling
o Rural electrification
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Calculating Cost of Service for ESS
• Definition of ,,Cost of Service"
o Different value of storage depending on application ( energy vs. power)
o Different battery lifetime depending on application
• Applications defined by four parameters
o Power
o E/P ratio
o Cycles per day
o Electricity price
17 17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer International Renewable Energy Agency (!RENA)
Cell prices
Efficiency
Technology
Balance of System
Lifetime
Application
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Calculating Cost of Service for ESS
• Definition of ,,Cost of Service"
o Different value of storage depending on application ( energy vs. power)
o Different battery lifetime depending on application
• Applications defined by four parameters
Cell prices
Efficiency
Technology
Balance of System
Lifetime
Application
+ Invest (Energy Storage Unit) + Maintenance (Energy Storage Unit)
18
+ Invest (Power Conversion Unit) + Invest (Other, i.e. planning, land) + Conversion losses + Self-discharge losses
17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer International Renewable Energy Agency (!RENA)
+ Maintenance (Power Conversion Unit) + Running costs (Other, i.e. rent)
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Storage Application
• Grid Services o Enhanced Frequency Response
o Frequency Containment Reserve
o Frequency Restoration Reserve
o Energy Shifting
• Behind-the-meter o Solar Self consumption
o Community Storage
o Increased Power Quality
o Peak Shaving
o Time-of-lse
• Off-grid o Nano-grid
o Village Electrification
o Island Grid
19 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Effect of different locations I countries
• Local conditions can have a significant impact on the calculation of Cost of Service o Land costs
o Interest rate
o Grid connection point
o Electricity price
o Maintenance costs
• Temperature I Humidity/ Salt spray
• Costs of labour
• Different storage system design for different parts of the world
20 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Agenda
21
Technology
IWHHi!E
--Application
17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies
• Battery performance and cost o The current and future cost and performance of
battery electricity storage for electric power
• Calculating the cost of service of electricity storage
• Example calculations o Load leveling
o Rural electrification
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Example 1: Peak shifting {,,power applications")
Application
• Industrial peak shaving o 200 kW rated power
o 5 kWh nomical capacity
o O ,6 cycles per day
Storage Technologies
• Li-Ion (LFP)
• Li-Ion (Titanate)
• Redox-Flow (ZbBr)
Results
• Cost of power per year [USO/kW]
22 I 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Cost of service: Peak shifting USO/kW
140 ~-----------------------------
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 2016 2020
23 17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2025
• Flywheel
• Li-Ion (LFP)
• NaS
2030
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Example 2: Rural electrification
Application
• Large Scale Energy storage: o 1060 GW rated power
o 9 GWh nomical capacity
o O ,8 cycles per day
Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Storage
• Redox-Flow (Vanadium)
• Lead Acid batteries (Flooded)
Results
• Cost of energy [USO/kWh]
24 I 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Cost of service: Rural electrification US Oct/kWh
120 ~------------------------------
• Zn Br Flow
• Flooded LA
• Li-Ion (NMC) 80
60
40
20
0 2016 2020 2025 2030
25 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Image sources
http://mms.businesswire.com/bwapps/mediaserverNiewMedia?mgid=298837&vid=5
2 http://tohami.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/photo _ 538x353.jpg
3 http ://aemstatic-ww2. azureedge. net/content/dam/HRW N olume-23/lssue6/goldisthal_pumped-storage _power _plant_ Source_ Vattenfall .jpg
4 http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/blob.jpg
5 http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/f1ywheels.jpg
6 http://www.multicell.co.uk/images/products/l-marine-FLAjpg
7 http ://www.windpowerengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Enersys 1-battery-edite _ opt.jpeg
9 http://www.batterysupplies.be/sites/default/files/images/Litium-cells.jpg
10 http ://www. sealedperformance. com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Lithium2-4 70x290 .jpg
11 http://foto.genstr.com/upload/c/c5/cc51 ceac 75d9d1 d65bf9c8204e233638.jpg
12 http ://www. metric mind. com/ac _honda/images/zebra .jpg
13 https ://www. energy-storage. news/images/made/assets/images/editorial/xNas _ batteries _low _res_ 750_500_s.jpg.pagespeed.ic.1Uc5YUX6ik.jpg
14 https ://www. frau n hofer. d el d e/p resse/presse informatio nen/201 3/M aerz/Durc h b ru c h-fuer-neu a rtige-Stroms peicher-Redox-F low/j c r _ content/contentPar/pressarticle/pressArticleParsys/textblockwithpics/imageComponent1 /image .img. large .jpg/1446811046399 _ pi 16-g-redox-flow.jpg
15 http://www.energy-without-carbon.org/sites/default/files/Flow%20battery%20redflow.jpg
16 http ://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/sites/all/files/kireip/imagecache/lightbox _image/images/hero/hydro_ tasmania _ to _install_ australias _largest_battery _ on_king_island/ecoult_battery _ at_hampton_ wind_farm_ 1 .jpg
17 http ://www. presa. com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07 /solar-panels-hail.jpg
18 http://www.erantiengineering.fi/picts/pilot-wind-turbine.jpg
19 https ://www.homepower.com/sites/default/files/styles/article _gallery_ active/public/articles/ images/165-48e .jpg?itok=LMt8pgq2
20 https://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-power.com.au%2FIMG%2Fjpg%2FIMGP3524a.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-power.com.au%2F-p ROJECTS-. html&docid=gTOc20j3FivCOM&tbnid=RI PAmmrBn91 wBM%3A&vet= 1 &w=7 40&h=564&bih=770&biw= 1600&q=off%20grid%20solar% 20storage&ved=OahUKEwiuqqKKmdjSAhXDVRQKHd5fBPgQMwhSKCwwLA&iact=mrc&uact=B#h=564&imgrc=RIPAmmrBn91wBM:&vet=1&w=740
21 http ://industries. ul.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/11 /UL _Industries_ E NERGYINDUST RIAL SOL_ Segmentlanding_ Batteries .jpg
Unless otherwise stated, all used pictures are property of the Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA) at Aachen University (RWTH Aachen)
26 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive
International Renewable Energy Agency Workshop
Dusseldorf, 17.03.2017 Kai-Philipp Kairies
International Renewable Energy Agency
Detailed information on storage technologies
International Renewable Energy Agency Workshop
Dusseldorf, 17.03.2017 Kai-Philipp Kairies
International Renewable Energy Agency
Pumped Hydro Electricity Storage {PHES):
• Developed technology o No major improvements expected
• New concepts o Use sea water as lower reservoir
o Utilize mining shafts
I
'unit 2016 2020 2025 2030 delta '
Cycle life 50k 50k 50k 50k + OOfo
Calender life years 60,0 60,0 60,0 60,0 +0%
Round-trip efficiency % 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0 +0%
Self-discharge % per day 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 +0%
Energy installation costs USO/kWh 21 ,0 21 ,0 21 ,0 21 ,0 +0%
Power installation costs USO/kW 840,0 840,0 840,0 840,0 +0%
29 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Renewable Energy Agency
Compressed Air Electricity Storage {CAES):
• Adiabatic CAES o Improve efficiency by storing thermal
energy
• Only two facilities worldwide o Huntdorf (Germany)
o McIntosh (USA) I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
30 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
50k
50,0
60,0
0,5
52,5
945,0
2020 2025 2030 delta
50k 50k 50k + OOfo
50,0 50,0 50,0 +0%
64,0 67,0 68,0 +13%
0,5 0,5 0,5 +0%
48,1 45,7 44,2 -16%
781 ,6 712,7 693,4 -27%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Flywheel Electricity Storage
• Very high self-discharge o Used in high frequency / high power
applications
• New concepts o High density fly-wheels
o Superconducting bearings I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
31 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016 2020 2025 2030 delta
200k 225k 260k 303k + 51 Ofo
20,0 22,5 26,1 30,3 + 51 %
84,0 85,0 86,0 87,0 +4%
60,0 53,1 45,6 39,2 -35%
3000,0 2655,9 2280,7 1958,5 -35%
300,0 265,6 228,1 195,9 -35%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Lead-Acid Batteries {Flooded)
• Extensive operating experience in many stationary applications o Requires refilling
• New concepts o Carbon electrodes
o Copper stretch metal I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
32 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
1500
9,0
82,0
0,3
147
2020 2025 2030 delta
1867 2454 3225 + 115°/o
9,9 11 ,3 12,8 +42%
83,0 84,2 85,5 +4%
0,3 0,3 0,3 +0%
127 99 77 -47%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Lead-Acid Batteries {Gel/AGM)
• Extensive operating experience in many stationary applications o No refilling required
• New concepts o Carbon electrodes
o Copper stretch metal I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
33 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
1500
9,0
80,0
0,3
263
2020 2025 2030 delta
1867 2454 3225 + 115°/o
9,9 11 ,3 12,8 +42%
81 ,0 82,2 83,4 +4%
0,3 0,3 0,3 +0%
226 177 138 -47%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Lithium-Ion Batteries {NMC/LMO)
• Substantial scale effects due to international transition towards electro mobility
• New concepts o Silicon anode
o 5 V electrolytes I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
34 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
2000
12,0
92,0
0,1
420
2020 2025 2030 delta
2406 3031 3819 + 91 Ofo
13,6 15,8 18,4 + 53%
92,5 93,1 93,7 +2%
0,1 0,1 0,1 +0%
339 244 176 -58%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Lithium-Ion Batteries {LFP)
• Comparably low energy density o Lower efficiency
o Increased safety
• No expensive metals (Ni, Co, Al, .. ) required
I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
35 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
2500
12,0
86,0
0,1
578
[9]
2020 2025 2030 delta
3008 3789 4774 + 91 Ofo
13,6 15,8 18,4 + 53%
86,5 87,0 87,6 +2%
0,1 0,1 0,1 +0%
466 336 242 -58%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Lithium-Ion Batteries {Titanate)
• Excellent cycle life and high-power performance o Used in electric busses for fast
charging
o Very low energy density compared to other lithium-ion batteries
o High costs due to low scales
I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
36 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
10k
15,0
96,0
0,1
1050
2020 2025 2030 delta
12k 15k 19k + 91 Ofo
16,9 19,7 23,0 + 53%
96,5 97,1 97,8 +2%
0,1 0,1 0,1 +0%
880 665 502 -52%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Lithium-Ion Batteries {NCA)
• Substantial scale effects due to international transition towards electro mobility
• High energy density o Low material costs per kWh
I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
37 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
1000
12,0
92,0
0,2
352
2020 2025 2030 delta
1203 1516 1910 + 91 Ofo
13,6 15,8 18,4 + 53%
92,5 93,1 93,7 +2%
0,2 0,2 0,2 +0%
284 204 147 -58%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
High-Temperature Batteries {ZEBRA)
• -350°C operating temperature o Thermal management required
o Thermal self-discharge
• New concepts o Lower operating temperatures
o Corrosion-resistant materials I
'unit 2016 2020 2025 2030 delta '
Cycle life 3000 3377 3914 4538 + 51 Ofo
Calender life years 15,0 16,9 19,6 22,7 + 51 %
Round-trip efficiency % 84,0 85,0 86,0 87,0 +4%
Self-discharge % per day 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 +0%
Energy installation costs USO/kWh 399 323 234 169 -58%
Power installation costs USO/kW
38 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Renewable Energy Agency
High-Temperature Batteries {NaS)
• Potential for very low prices o Sodium and sulfur abundantly
available
o High corrosion requires expensive components
I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
39 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
5000
17,0
80,0
7,0
525
2020 2025 2030 delta
5614 6489 7500 + 50°/o
18,8 21 ,4 24,3 +43%
81 ,4 83,2 85,0 +6%
7,0 7,0 7,0 +0%
436 326 243 -54%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Redox-Flow Batteries (Vanadium)
• Only one active material (V) o No cross contamination
o Very good cyclic lifetime
• New concepts o Improved membranes
o Calendric lifetime critical I
'unit 2016 2020 2025 2030 delta '
Cycle life 13k 13k 13k 13k + 001o
Calender life years 12,0 13,7 16,2 19,2 +60%
Round-trip efficiency % 70,0 72,2 75,1 78,1 +12%
Self-discharge % per day 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 +0%
Energy installation costs USO/kWh 347 268 183 125 -64%
Power installation costs USO/kW 1312,5 1063,8 818,2 660,7 -50%
40 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Renewable Energy Agency
Redox-Flow Batteries (ZnBr)
• Comparably high energy densities o Very high cyclic lifetime
o Zn and Br abundantly available
• Complex BMS required o Dendrite growth requires regular full
discharge I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
41 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016
10k
10,0
70,0
15,0
900
2020 2025 2030 delta
10k 10k 10k + OOfo
11 ,4 13,5 16,0 +60%
72,2 75,1 78,1 +12%
15,0 15,0 15,0 +0%
696 475 324 -64%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
Battery Inverters (> 30kW)
• Synergies with PV inverters and traction converters ( e-mobility)
• New concepts o Improved capacitors
o Innovative topologies (e.g. feed-forward controls)
I
'unit '
Cycle life
Calender life years
Round-trip efficiency %
Self-discharge % per day
Energy installation costs USO/kWh
Power installation costs USO/kW
42 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
2016 2020 2025 2030 delta
15,0 16,8 19,3 22,3 + 49°/o
98,0 98,0 98,0 98,0 +0%
105,0 89,5 68,9 53,1 -49%
~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency