Upload
madhavanice
View
8
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
short notes
Citation preview
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 1 24/04/2015
Battery is a device which converts the chemical energy to electrical energy directly. It consists of an array of one or more voltaic cells (electrochemical cell).
Electrochemical cell is a device in which stored chemical energy (free energy) is converted to electrical energy
Devices in which the chemical reaction is irreversible are called primary cell/ primary battery.
Batteries in which the chemical reaction is reversible are called Secondary/ rechargeable batteries.
Based on the pH of electrolyte used, batteries can be classified as acidic/ alkaline batteries.
Lead acid accumulator is an acidic and rechargeable battery.
Nickel cadmium is an alkaline rechargeable battery.
The common feature of the above two secondary battery is that they act both as electrochemical cell (during discharging) and as an electrolytic cell (during recharging).
The main difference between acidic and alkaline batteries is that there is a significant change in viscosity of electrolyte in the case of acid accumulator, but in Nickel cadmium the electrolyte does not change significantly.
Alkaline battery is an improved form of the dry cell, in which the NH4Cl is replaced with KOH or NaOH. This makes cell last longer mainly because the zinc anode corrodes less rapidly under basic conditions than under acidic conditions.
Batteries
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 2 24/04/2015
PRIMARY ALKALINE BATTERY
Anode
Zinc
Cathode
Graphite rod + MnO2 paste
Electrolyte
Aqueous KOH containing ZnCl2
Cell representation
Zn /aqueous KOH / MnO2 paste + Graphite rod
Anode reaction
Zn Zn2+ + 2e-
Zn2+ + 2OH (aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2e-
Zn(OH)2(s) ZnO (s) + H2O(liq.)
Cathode reaction
2MnO2 (s) + H2O(L) + 2e- Mn2O3 (s)+ 2OH (aq)
Net Cell reaction
Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) ZnO (s) + Mn2O3 (s)
Constant Voltage
1.5V ( Capacity of AA battery is 700 mAh)
Applications Calculators, watches, camera, flash lights etc.
Advantages: (i) No voltage drop
(ii) longer shelf life.
The only disadvantage is its COST
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 3 24/04/2015
NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY
Anode
Cd
Cathode
NiO2
Electrolyte
20 -25 % aqueous KOH
Cell representation
Cd /aqueous KOH / NiO2
Anode reaction
Cd Cd2+ + 2e Cd2+ + 2OH Cd (OH)2
Cathode reaction
NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e Ni (OH)2 + 2OH
Net Cell reaction
Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O Cd (OH)2 + Ni (OH)2
Recharging -ve terminal
2e Cd (OH)2 Cd + 2OH
+ve terminal
Ni (OH)2 + 2OH NiO2 + 2H2O
Net reaction
Cd (OH)2 + Ni (OH)2 Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O
Constant Voltage
1.3 V
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 4 24/04/2015
Applications: Calculators, digital cameras, laptops, pagers, tape recorders, flash lights, medical devices, electric vehicles, space appliances etc
LEAD ACID ACCUMULATOR
Anode
Pb
Cathode
PbO2
Electrolyte
Dil. H2SO4 (33 to 35% )
Cell representation
Pb / dilute H2SO4 / PbO2
Discharging Anode reaction
Pb Pb2+ + 2e Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4
Cathode reaction
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e Pb2+ + 2H2O Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4
1 NiO2
2 Cd
3- Aqueous KOH
4- Porous membrane
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 5 24/04/2015
Net Cell reaction
Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2SO42- 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Recharging -ve terminal
(cathode)
2e- PbSO4 Pb + SO42-
+ve terminal (Anode)
PbSO4 + 2H2O PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H+
Net reaction
2PbSO4 +2H2O Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4
Constant Voltage
2V per cell ( Capacity of car battery is 45Ah)
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 6 24/04/2015
New battery Exhausted battery (Recharged battery) (Discharged battery)
Applications: Car battery, electrical vehicles, telephone exchanges, Railway trains, mines, laboratories, hospitals, broad casting stations etc.
Lithium Batteries / Swing Battery / Rock Chair Battery
Lithium cells consists of Li anode (E0=0.3V). It is the lightest metal and selection of cathode depends on the required capacity.
Lithium reacts violently with water and with atmospheric nitrogen; hence organic solvents are used as electrolyte in Li cells (ex. THF/ ether). To improve the conductivity, salt of Li is added as a solute. (ex: Lithium per chlorate / lithium tetra fluorophosphates).
Lithium battery is a solid state battery. Anode is lithium and cathode can be TiS2 / MnO2 / V2O5 / MoO2 / Cr3O8 / CoO2 etc. The electrolyte is a solid electrolyte which is a polymer. The polymer permits the passage of ions but not the electrons.
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 7 24/04/2015
Advantages
Lithium battery is considered to be the cell of the future.
Light weight so easily portable. High energy / power density. ( 1Kg of Li stores 150 Watt ,1Kg NiCd
stores 70 Watts, 6Kg Pb acid stores 150 Watt) Solid electrolyte , hence no leakage Lasts hundreds of charging cycles. Can be made into convenient shapes and sizes.
Limitations
Explosive due to reactivity with water and nitrogen Lasts only 2-3 years from date of manufacture irrespective of usage Sensitive to high temperature
LITHIUM TITANIUM DISULPHIDE BATTERY / SOLID STATE BATTERY
(Refer Class Notes For Diagram)
Anode
Lithium
Cathode
TiS2
Electrolyte
Polymer (permeable only to cations & not electrons)
Ex. Polyacetylene / Polypyrrole / Polyaniline
Cell representation
Li / Polymer / TiS2
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 8 24/04/2015
Anode reaction
Li Li+ + e
Cathode reaction
TiS2 + e TiS2
Net Cell reaction
discharging Li + TiS2 Li+ + TiS2 LiTiS2
Recharging
Constant Voltage
3 V
Applications
Calculators, transistors, headphones, cordless appliances etc.
LITHIUM SULPHUR BATTERY (LSB) (Fig 1 )
Anode ( negative)
Lithium in molten state (electron donor)
Cathode (positive)
Sulphur in molten state (electron acceptor) The electron from Lithium is conducted to Sulphur by graphite.
Electrolyte
Solid Alumina ( NaAl11O17)
Anode reaction
2 Li 2 Li+ + 2 e
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 9 24/04/2015
Cathode reaction
S
+ 2 e S2
The S2 formed reacts with elemental Sulphur to form polysulphide ion
S2 + nS [S]( n+1)2
Poly sulphide
Net Cell reaction discharging 2 Li + S
Li2 S(n+1)
Recharging
Constant Voltage
3.7 V
Applications
power tools and electric vehicles.
Fig 1
Graphite electrodes
Dr.VSG & Dr.K.Y. 10 24/04/2015