Battambang Solid Waste Management Baseline … INTRODUCTION Current solid waste management systems in Asia are strained and landfill space is fast becoming a rare commodity. Governments

Battambang Solid Waste Management

Baseline Survey

BY

CAMBODIAN EDUCATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION – COMPED

October 2011

1

ABBREVIATION

ADB Asian Development Bank

CBO Community Based Organization

CINTRI CINTRI (CAMBODIA) LTD.

CDIA City Development Initiatives for Asia

COMPED Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization

DOA Department of Agriculture

DOE Department of Environment

HHs Households

SAB Social Waste Management Centre

UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

2

I. FOREWORD……………............................................................................................3

II. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................5

III. OVERVIEW: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BATTAMBANG...............................................6

a. STRUCTURE FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT...................................................6

b. FINANCE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

c. MATERIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES……………………………………………………………8

d. CURRENT COLLECTION & DISPOSAL SYSTEM....................................................8

e. OPERATION OF LANDFILL……………………………………………………………………………..9

IV. STUDY METHODOLOGY....................................................................................

V. RESULTS FOR WASTE COMPOSITION AND GENERATION..................................................10

VI. RESULTS FOR HOUSEHOLD SURVEY……………………………………………………………………………16

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………………………17

3

FOREWORD

This survey has been prepared by a team of researchers from COMPED (Cambodian

Education and Waste Management Organization). This piece of work is the result of

participation made by numerous target stakeholders.

Our appreciation is extended to those of concerned institutions such as Battambang

Municipality, Department of Environment, and private company for waste collection

(CINTRI) who provided information and time for this study.

Finally, we would like to extend our great appreciation for villagers, workers, shop owners,

recyclers and relevant individuals who provided the critical data and information for the

report Special thanks also extend to the following individuals for their contribution:

Mr. Chau Kim Heng, Director, COMPED

Mr.Sam Phalla, Vice Deputy Director, COMPED

Mr. Uch Rithy, Program Officer, COMPED

Mr. Choub Saron, Deputy-Chief, Provincial Department of Environment

Mr. Sen Sorya, Representative, CINTRI-Battambang

Mr. Nou Chamroeurn, Deputychief of office of Urban Development, Battambang Municipality

4

INTRODUCTION

Current solid waste management systems in Asia are strained and landfill space is fast

becoming a rare commodity. Governments face increasing costs of disposal - while public

health and the environment suffer from the damaging effects of untreated solid wastes. In

2009, ESCAP embarked on a regional project; “Pro-poor and Sustainable Solid Waste

Management in Secondary Cities and Small Towns” in an attempt to find and implement

alternative approaches to waste management in multiple cities that would transform waste

products into valuable resources, improve waste collection services and provide better

income and working conditions for waste pickers.

The objective of the project is to enable participating towns to develop and implement solid

waste management strategies that are decentralized, pro-poor, low-carbon and that can be

partly financed through the sale of carbon credits. Cambodia has been identified as one of

the countries where the project will be implemented. Based on the outcomes of workshops

and consultations with civil society, local government representatives and other UN

organizations, Battambang was selected as one of the cities where a baseline survey was

conducted in order to assess the potential for developing a pilot project.

The purpose of the study is to provide accurate information on current solid waste

management in Battambang.

5

II. OVERVIEW: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BATTAMBANG

A. Institutional Structure for solid waste management

A private operator, CINTRI, (who has a pending 80 year contract with the municipality)

manages the waste collection (collection & disposal) service for households, businesses, and

hotels in Battambang. National decentralization policies have transferred responsibilities to

the local level in order to improve local governance, including service delivery. Whilst the

contract is rather unclear in terms of service delivery performance, it does clearly state that

the contactor is obliged to have enough staff and vehicles to carry out the service in all

seven central Sangkats on a regular basis.

Public awareness and other aspects of solid waste management (SWM) are the

responsibility of an official of the Provincial Department of Environment. To fulfil their solid

waste management responsibilities, municipal governments normally establish special

purpose technical agencies, and are also authorized to contract private enterprise, CINTRI

to provide waste management services. In this case, local authorities remain responsible for

regulating and controlling the activities and performance of this enterprise.

Where municipal waste collection services are insufficient, industrial and commercial

establishments occasionally hire private enterprises directly to collect and dispose of their

solid wastes; larger companies sometimes undertake disposal themselves. Both waste

generators and private waste management enterprises prioritize effective cost reduction,

and this often leads to inadequate waste disposal practices.

B. Finance

The majority of support provided by the Municipality is financial. There are several SWM

related projects that are financially supported by ADB, FCM-Canada, and DCA-Karford. For

example, ADB is currently financing three projects related to reform of the sewage system

on the east side of the river, and regular tree planting throughout primary schools are on-

going.

Solid waste management in Battambang is completely relied on financial assistance. The

biological waste treatment, composting and biogas production and environmental public

education are initiated through the foreign donation. The public awareness on waste

management and the penalties of poor waste management is inadequate, which is a key

concern for several stakeholders.

Collection fees for the service currently range from 0.5 to 10 USD per household per month.

Business sector has to pay up to 80 USD per month and hotels about 50 USD per month.

6

D. Material and human resources

The waste collection sector has 43 workers (14 cleaners, 23 pickers and 6 drivers), and 15

of them are female. There are also 16 fee collectors and office staff. The service covers

6,402 out of 19,400 households (around 33% according to the interview with Battambang

CINTRI representative). There are 7 compactor trucks (1 with capacity of 8 tons, 4 with 5

tons and 2 with 4 tons). These trucks collect waste everyday especially in the city centre as

well as the markets. Particularly, Psa Boeng Chhouk, the collection is done three times per

day due to the volume of waste. There is no separation of wastes from households and

hospitals; therefore both common and hazardous wastes are dumped together. Recently,

dustbins for dried waste, have been provided by CINTRI were placed throughout the public

parks.

E. Current collection & disposal system

CINTRI has limited capacity and resources to cover its operation over the city. As a result,

the majority of households collect waste in a baskets or similar containers within their

property and dispose of it by various methods such as burning, burial or dumping into the

river or nearby open spaces.

The collection varies between daily and three times a week, depending on the availability of

the trucks, waste volume, road condition, weather, etc. Waste collection service covers

6,402 households out of 25,603 in total (according to the contractor) which constitutes to

approximately 25% of the households in the region. CINTRI has informed the households

about the waste collection time. The waste collection is regularly made from 4:00am to

1:00pm. In densely populated areas, such as Svay Pao in the middle of the city, the

collection is on a daily basis (morning or afternoon) and covers most of the households

while accessibility to the service is low in the outskirts of the city such as Chamkar Samrong

and Toul Ta Ek.

COMPOST SYSTEM

The city of Battambang has introduced a large scale of composting based on similar

practices in Phnom Penh. The plant was financed mainly by the German Federal Ministry of

Economic Cooperation and Development, and partially by Thuringian-Cambodian

Association (TKG). Until the end of 2010, it was run under Soziales Abfallzentrum

Battambang (SAB)/Social Waste Management Centre. Nowadays, it is operated by COMPED

on Battambang city owned land.

COMPED’s composting plant has been in operation since the introduction of the new

dumpsite of Battambang city. Market waste delivered to the composting plant comprises of

86.5% organic waste.

7

Education programs are in place to improve the quality of the composting process among

workers, and the plant includes a resting area and play ground for waste pickers and their

families.

The centre receives 14 tonnes of waste per day. The waste is sorted through a lengthy

process including pre-treatment, sieving and packing. Generally, it takes 4 months to

complete composting process and sometimes up to 6 months for hard residues such as

sugarcane peel and coconut shell. On average, 1 tonne of compost is produce for every 8

tonnes of waste received. The plant produces approximately 7 tonnes of compost per

month- a figure which is expected to increase in the future. The chemical composition of

urban compost produced at the site consists of 1.32% nitrogen (N), 1.72% phosphorus (P),

2.24% potassium (K), 0.86% magnesium (Mg) and has a pH value of 7.0-7.5.

Approximately, 6000kg-7000kg of compost product is sold monthly with the price of 300

Riel/kg (USD0.075).

FERTILIZER USAGE

In recently years, chemical fertilizers have controlled the market. There are different kinds

of products in use such as Urea, MoP, TSP, and a variety of pesticide and nutrients. Farmers

use them for their vegetables farming, fruit trees and paddy fields. There is no official data

for the amount of fertilizer consumption both chemical and natural due to the huge volume

and variety of its kinds. According to the interview with dealers and retailers of some

products from Vietnam and Thailand, fertilizer is sold in large quantities.

Figure 1: Fertilizer Products sold in tons last year (Mid 2010-Mid 2011)

Source: Personal interviews with Dealer/Retailers, and the amount is estimated in (Ton),

enriched compost was understood as natural fertilizer (NeakSantepheap).

8

Out of ten Sangkats; Watkor, Ou Mal and Kdol dounTeav are the highest users of fertilizers.

These Sangkats are considered as rural and remote compared to the others and majority of

people are farmers who grow paddy rice, plant fruit trees and cultivate other crops and

vegetable.

There are approximately 4 fertilizer dealers in the area in question, 3 of them sell both

chemical and natural fertilizer. Each dealer has around 15-20 retailers, who sell its core

product as well as a variety of pesticides and nutrients for the farm. The amount and price

of the products are based on the demand and each of the retailers, there is no agreement

or contract to bound them except for STC, one of the Neaksantepheap natural fertilizer

dealer, which has a contract to sell 1000 tons per year, if not higher, according to an

interview with one of marketers at the company head in Battambang.

During the course of the project, there have been compost trials in Battambang for growing

various rice, vegetable and fruit plants to promote compost usage in the area.

The flow chart below illustrates the current process of composting in the region.

9

Figure 2: The current process of composting in the region

F. Operation of landfill

Generally, waste is collected and stored at different points for the trucks to collect. For

disposal, they are transported to a new landfill area which was built on roughly 2ha of land,

7 km from the provincial town. Approximately 10 tons of waste per day is delivered to

composting plant.

The landfill has been in operation for about one year since 2010, during which time a

significant amount of concern has been generated regarding its capacity to hold such a high

volume of waste. The Municipality constructed the dump with four basins of 40x40m and

with a depth of 4 m. The cells however are too small and deep for a compactor to enter.

There is no leachate collection system was built. Without, drainage system, the landfill is

10

filled with water during rainy season. Currently, the site is supervised by the municipality

and operated by the contractor, CINTRI.

G. Formal and Informal recycling

There are still large areas are unserved by the collection service. In Sangkat Ou Char of the

city, with the pilot initiatives of USAID in 2007, residents jointly formed community-based

workers to help to improve local environmental conditions. These CBOs (the group of paid

workers)has become a good partner of the city government in waste management at

community level. Residents pay 3 USD per month for an independent, community based

collection system using motor trailers. This CBO is no longer in existence. It has been

transformed to as primary waste collector under CINTRI arrangement in Sangkats of

OuCha, Toul TaEk and part of Svaypoa. CINTRI administers a fee for those areas according

to the price list. If it is sufficiently organized, this group has considerable potential for

managing and financing local collection services and operating waste recovery and

composting activities.

According to Sangkat leaders and the contractor; the main reason for non-service is that

the people are unwilling to pay or that the roads are narrow or in poor condition. In some

places, low-hanging power lines pose a significant risk to waste collection vehicles.

Throughout the city, there are numerous stores and collecting points, which play an

important role in collecting, storing, packaging, and transferring the recycle materials. The

result of the interview with several stores and recycling businesses, there are around 20

small stores. The result of the interview with one of the main recycling businesses indicated

that there was approximately 2,250kg of recyclable materials being collected/bought

everyday. Waste pickers also collect recyclable items such as glass, plastic bottles,

cardboard, aluminium cans etc. directly from households and businesses on an ad hoc

basis. There are no contracts or agreements on the frequency or volumes of waste for this

service, but it is carried out randomly based on the needs and ability of waste pickers,

including children.

Scavenging for recyclables also takes place at the dumpsite, although the quality of these

materials has deteriorated from having been mixed with other waste. About 50 people

(male is 16, female 19, 15 children) earn their living from this dumpsite, each of them

makes around 30-35 USD per month/average person on sale of recyclables. These

recyclables are brought to a number of central collection points for packaging, storage, and

sale to industries, mainly in Thailand and Vietnam.

An estimated number of between 350 to 400 informal actors was reported, including the 50

waste pickers at dumpsite (16 male, 19 female and 15 children below 18 years of age)

living on recycling activities. Some of waste pickers have greater advantages with

pushcarts and motor carts, managing to collect and buy recyclable material from individual

waste pickers as well as each household for supply to main recycling shops. Income of

waste pickers ranged from 4,000 Riel to 5,000 Riel (USD 1 to USD1.25) per day, and from

11

20,000 Riel to 100,000 Riel (USD5-USD10) per day for those who have resources (these

are pushcarts/motor carts and some capital for investment).

IV. Study Methodology

The focus of this research was to determine respondents’ perceptions and attitudes over the

solid waste management in their community, and gather accurate information concerning

current disposal methods. The data contained in this report was obtained through two

specific research methods; a survey with an in-depth questionnaire and personal interviews

with key relevant authorities both national and provincial levels as well as the recycling

businesses throughout the city.

96 households were met and interveiwed using the semi-structured questionnaires. These

included household with and without access to the waste collection service.

The format of the questionnaire was a combination of open and closed ended questions.

Respondents were encouraged to express their opinions and concerns on various aspects

related to local waste management and environmental impacts.

The respondents were selected from the general households of the target municipality.

These are classified to households of high, medium , and low income. The classification of

HH levels based largely on the visual indicators such as sizes of houses and lands, and their

assets (vehicles, motorbike, tractor, etc).

In 2008, the city of Battambang consisted of 151,656 persons, which constitutes to

approximately 25,603 households. In order to obtain information that was necessary to

conduct this survey, a group of 248 questionnaires were distributed (1% of households in

the area). Of this figure, 54% do not receive the waste collection service. The locations

were selected in five out of the ten Sangkats divided by the Sangke River. Three Sangkats,

Chamkar Samrong, Svay Pao, and Toul Ta Ek are on the West Side and two Sangkats, Prek

Preah Sdach and Ratanak are on the East. The targets were spread across the city with the

total of 248 households, 21 shops, 6 restaurants, 3 hotels, and 3 markets used as sample

sizes. Because of geographic locations, there were some samples selected from other two

Sangkats outside of the city, Slaket and Oucha.

V. Results for waste composition and generation

A. HOUSEHOLD WASTE

The study revealed that, per capital waste generation slightly differed among different HH

groups that were targeted, i.e. high; medium and low. In real terms, high and medium HH

groups generated an average of 0.69kg of waste/person/day, and 0.54 Kg/person for the

low income bracket (Table 3). The JICA study on the preparation of master plan of solid

waste management for Phnom Penh municipality, 2004, indicated similar result. An average

12

per capita waste generation was in the region of 0.5kg/person/day found in Phnom Penh

case.

Table 1: Weight of Discharged Waste from household (per person per day)

Categor

y

Discharged Weight (Kg) Total Rate/Pers

on

Day2 Day3 Day4 Day

5 Day6 Day7 Day8

Perso

n Kg

Per

Day

High

income

househol

ds

168.2 113.4 98.8 116.

8 74.7 103 139.5 202 814.4

0.576

Medium

income

househol

ds

168.2 113.4 98.8 116.

8 74.7 103 139.5 170 814.4

0.684

Low

income

househol

ds

107.2

5 100.1 76.9 74.4 79.1 90.3 94 165

622.0

5 0.539

Grand

Total

443.6

5 326.9 274.5 308 228.5 296.3 373 537

2250.

85

Source: Field Survey, Aug 2011

Overall, the average domestic waste produced per day is 0.60kg. It is estimated that total

waste generation in Battambang municipal area is approximately 87 tons/day, calculated

against the total population of the municipality of 145,224 persons (as of July 2011,

Battambang municipal data).

13

WASTE TYPE ANALYSIS FOR HOUSEHOLDS

Of all, an amount of 25 bags from each HH category were randomly taken for analysis. The

result indicated that, among all types of waste generated, organic waste stands for 66%,

following by plastic waste (mainly plastic bags, bottles, and other plastic made materials).

The use of plastic bags for packing things appeared to increase in the current modernizing

society, particularly noticed in many Cambodia’s cities.

Figure 3: Waste Composition for Households

Source: Field Survey, August 2011

The following analysis is trying to understand the density of waste generated by HHs on

daily basis. To do so, two different data types were analyzed. These are waste volume and

weight of all categories of HHs. See in table 2 and 3.

Table 2: Volume of waste for 25 bags of each category

Volume of Household Waste Avera

ge

Tota

l Day 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total Bucketful load

converted to liter (l)

127

0

130

2 963 968 1073 1359

108

4

1145.5

71

801

9

Total HHs converted to

(m3)

1.2

7

1.30

2

0.96

3

0.96

8

1.07

3

1.35

9

1.08

4 1.146

8.01

9


Series1, Vegetable, 66.12, 66%

Series1, Bone, 0.04, 0%

Series1, Paper,

2.18, 2%

Series1,

Cloth, 1.39, 2%

Series1, Plastic,

12.25, 12%

Series1, Grass/Wood,

8.84, 9%

Series1, Leather, 2.35, 2%

Series1, Metal, 0.45, 1%

Series1, Bottle/Rubber,

1.28, 1%

Series1, Other, 5.09, 5%

14

Table 3: Weight of waste for 25 bags of each category

item

Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Avera

ge

Total

House

Waste

House

Waste

House

Waste

House

Waste

House

Waste

House

Waste

House

Waste Kg

Total Kg 246.8

4

214.00

6

177.37

5 191.05 174.06

227.3

3

224.3

5

207.85

9 1455.

011 Total 1455.011


The density of waste generated is calculated by using the following formula:

D(Kg/m3 )

=Weight(kg)

Volume(m

3)

The result shown in table 4 below. It is worth noting that some HHs that were selected for

the study remain a rural type of residence in nature. This means, the composition of green

waste (grass and leaves) is still in greater scale, which is likely affecting the result of waste

density because its volume is high, and its weight is less.

Table 4: Density of waste for 25 bags of each household per day

Item Meas

ure

Household Avera

ge Total

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total kg 246.8

4 214

177.3

7

191.0

5

174.0

6

227.3

3

224.3

5

207.8

57

1455.

01

Total m3 1.27 1.302 0.963 0.968 1.073 1.359 1.084 1.146 8.01

Total

Density

kg/m3

194.3

3

164.4

2

184.2

2

197.4

6

162.2

2

167.3

2

206.9

2

182.4

13

181.4

7


The analysis on waste composition collected revealed that the compostable waste presented

largest share (75%) among other types. . Of the total collected waste from HHs for the

analysis, only 4% were recyclable materials that can be directly sold to recycling shops.

These were mainly cardboard, metal and bottles that were packed and exported to

neighbouring countries (Thailand and Vietnam) for further recycling. Non-recyclable waste

was in the region of 21% of the total waste composition that requires to dispose off at

landfill. See in table 5 below.

15

Table 5: Summary of weight of waste type and density (households)

Waste Type Amount (Kg) Percentage

(%) Density (Kg/m3)

Compostable waste1 1091.35 75.01

Recycle waste2 56.971 3.92

Non-recyclable waste3 253.049 21.08

Total 100.00 181.47


B. SHOP WASTE

Wastes from 21 shops were collected for daily generation rate analysis. Wastes from shops

were also collected for 8 consecutive day. The data that was collected in the first day was

discarded.

The minimum of waste generation from shops was 66.90 Kg and its maximum was 81.8 Kg,

with a cumulative total of 468.3 Kg.

Table 6: Average of waste weight generated from shops

Discharge Weight (Kg) Total (Kg)

Day Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon 7- day

Total 21 shops 56.9 60.7 73.8 60.9 78.3 81.8 55.9 468.3

Average (Kg) 66.9

Average of a shop/day 3.18


Organic wastes were 73.27% (72.23% vegetables and 1.04%) grass and wood as in Figure

4 below.

1Organic waste: waste that is able to compost such as: Vegetable/Kitchen waste and Grass

and wood;

2Recyclable waste: waste that is able to recycle or sell at recycling shop (in Cambodia

context);

3Non-recyclable waste: waste that is not able to compost and recycle or sell at recycling

shop (in Cambodia context).

16

Figure 1: Percentage of waste type from shops


Table 7: Summary of weight of waste types and density (Shops):

Waste Type Total Kg % Density (Kg/m3)

Compostable waste 351.34 73.33

Recycle waste 27.13 5.66

Non-recyclable waste 100.680 21.01

Total 100.00 152.4


Table 8: Density calculation for shops

Density of Wastes

Day 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Average Total

Weight (g) 5086

0 51000 85800 80870 94190 59360 57070 68450 479150

Volume (l) 460.

7

457.0

2 522.6

416.3

1

581.6

8

398.4

3

307.3

9 449.161 3144.13

Density

(g/l)

110.

4

111.5

9

164.1

8

194.2

5

161.9

3

148.9

8

185.6

6 152.395 152.395

Total 152.4




Series1, Paper,

3.38, 3%

Series1, Cloth, 0.87, 1%

Series1, Plastic, 15.24, 15%


1.04, 1%

Series1, Leather, 3.05, 3%



1.41, 2%


17

C. HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS

In Battambang city, there are 28 hotels, 38 guesthouses and 235 restaurants (small,

medium and large restaurants). For the purpose of this study, 3 hotels and 6 restaurants in

four Sangkats were selected to conduct the waste collection samples. Most of the target

restaurants are located in the city.

The waste generation from hotels varied from 6 to 12 kg/day based largely on the numbers

of staffs and daily guests. Waste generated from restaurants was much higher than from

hotels, according to the analysis. Waste generation ranged from 17 to 22 kg/day. It is

noted that waste has generated in greater scale in the weekend due to an increase number

of guests who spent for outdoor foods with friends or families. On average of each

establishment waste generated from restaurants is two times higher than that of the hotels

or roughly 20kg and 10 kg/day respectively. See table 9 below.

Table 9: Average waste generation of a hotel and a restaurant

Average weight of a restaurant or a hotel (Kg per

day)

Restaurant 22.722

Hotel 10.622


18

Restaurant

The same method of waste analysis is made for cases of hotels and restaurants. 25 bags of

waste were randomly selected and analyzed. The total amount of waste was around 954 kg.

Figure below shows that vegetable waste generated from sample restaurants is as high as

75% of the total waste composition. See in Fig. 5 below.

Figure 2: Percentage of waste types (restaurant)


The analysis of the sample waste collected revealed that absolute majority of

waste is compostable waste (78%); and 8% is recyclable. Approximately 13% of

waste is non-recyclable.

Table 10: Summary of weight of waste type (Restaurant)

Waste Type Total Kg % Density (g/l)




Total 100.00 335.13




Series1, Paper, 2.57, 3%

Series1, Cloth,

0.7, 1%

Series1,

Plastic, 8.73, 9%

Series1, Grass/Wood, 0.2,

0% Series1, Leather, 1.19, 1%

Series1,

Metal, 1.14, 1%


4.48, 4%

Series1,

Other, 3.08, 3%

19

The density of waste from restaurants was three times higher than that from hotels. This

can be explained by the nature of the functions of the establishments. Unlike restaurant

cases, it is noticed that not much foods were served in the hotels/or guesthouses in the

study areas. . (See Table 11).

Table 11: Density calculation (g/l)

Restaurant

Day 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total Average Density

(g/l)

Weight

(g)

1078

30

1292

40 89090

1184

50

8701

0

113

900

308

820

954

340

136334.

2857

Volume

(l) 439.5 333.4 301.9

415.4

1

335.3

5

445

.01

577.

14

284

7.71 406.816

Density

(g/l)

245.3

47

387.6

42

295.0

98

285.1

40

259.4

60

255

.94

9

535.

087

335.

125 335.125

Total 335.13

Hotel

Weight

(g)

2689

0

1885

0 42300

3872

0

4090

0

257

60

296

40

223

060

31865.7

1429

Density

(g/l)

Volume

(l) 324 183.5

595.6

8

351.3

1 292.4

234

.26

243.

08

222

4.23 317.747

Density

(g/l)

82.99

4

102.7

25

71.01

1

110.2

16

139.8

77

109

.96

3

121.

935

100.

286 100.286

Total 100.29


Hotels

The study suggested that waste from hotels contained more plastic waste than organic

waste as compared to restaurants and shops. Vegetable was about 40% or two times lower

than organic waste generated from sample restaurants in the target areas.

20

Figure 3: Percentage of waste types (hotel)

Source: Field study, Aug 2011

Table 12 below indicated density of waste by types.

Table 12: Waste Type and Density (Hotel)

Type Kg % Density (g/l)

Compostable 93.88 39.81

Recyclable 31.6 14.17

Non-recycle 97.58 43.75 100.29

Source: Field survey, Aug 2011

D. MARKET WASTE

There are three main markets in the city namely Psa Boeng Chhouk (12,000m2), Psa Sophy

(250m2) and Psa Thmey (6,000m2), where major food products are generated. These

markets were selected for the study. The private waste collector, CINTRI, provide waste

collection service for the three markets on the basis of lump sum agreement on service

fee, which varies from 1,500,000 Riel to 3,000,000 Riel (or USD 375-750) per month. Of

the three markets, Psa Boeng Chhouk is the largest market in the city is being operated by

a waste collection sub-contractor. On monthly basis, sub-contractor collected fee from

vendors, and managed waste collection and disposed off at the landfill. Sub-contractor pays

6,000,000 Riel (or USD 1,500) per month to CINTRI for sub-contracting service on waste

collection from this particular market.

The result of the analysis on market waste composition revealed that the highest portion of

market waste is vegetable waste (86%).


Series1, Bone, 0, 0%

Series1, Paper, 6.12, 6%

Series1, Cloth, 2.2, 2%

Series1, Plastic, 17.71, 18%


2.28, 2%

Series1, Leather,

10.8, 11%



5.5, 5%


21

Figure 4: Percentage of waste type from Markets


The volume of waste generated from the three markets varied according to sizes of

the markets. Estimation made by the market authority suggested that an

approximate 10 tons; 2.5 tons and 0.3 tons per day of waste is being generated

from Boeng Chhouk, Psa Thmey and Psa Sophy respectively. Table 13 and 14

shows market waste density by types of waste.

Table 13: Summary of weight of waste type and density (sample size)

Waste Type Total Kg % Density

(Kg/m3)




Total 100.00 218.97


Table 14: Density calculation of 3 market wastes (sample size)

Item

Mea

sur

e

Market Total

Sample 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Weight g 50020 32730 161060 176250 144220 181720 134540 880540

Volum

e l 285.4 186.1 746.2 783.93 630.3 819.8 569.52 4021.25

Total

Densit

y

Kg/

m3 175.26 175.87 215.84 224.83 228.81 221.66 236.23 218.97

22


VI. Results for Household Survey

WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES

The survey on satisfaction on waste collection service was made. Of all, the result revealed

that only 56% of respondents indicated satisfaction with the current waste collection

service. Still, large areas of the municipality are unserved by the waste collection service.

Some underlying factors are explained in the following discussion.

Respondents were asked as to how they normally disposed of their household waste. The

results indicated that a majority of respondents used their own dustbin as primary tool for

disposing off of waste. .

The survey also posed questions relating to the concerns of the villagers on possible

negative impacts on health and surrounding environment. Responses are indicated in figure

8 below. Of 248 respondents, there were 190 or 77% expressed that improper waste

disposal affected human health and local environment (created bad smell, insects, and

polluted surface and underground water bodies). The current waste disposal practices were

likely affected by the limit waste collection coverage in the area. Of the sample HHs, 54%

did not receive waste collection service. Figure 8 shows the opinions of HHs on waste

management practices in their community. The greatest concern was the absence of

common waste bins/or collection points, where 23% seemed to have no idea about it.

Figure 8: The concerns among the villagers

Source: Field Survey, Aug 2011.

23

The practices of waste disposal in the communities were also pictured by the study. It

appeared that waste disposal methods varied. It is likely a result of the absence of service.

People tended to manage their waste on their own way such as using HH bins; disposing off

in vacant land or in their own land parcels, etc. See figure 19 below.

Figure 5: Waste Disposal Practices

Participants were also checked as to who had primary responsibility for waste disposal

within the family. Results indicated that women (60%) generally play larger role than men

in waste responsibility in the study area (i.e. packing and disposing off). This was likely a

result of the fact that women tend to stay longer indoor as compared to men. This still

appeared to be true in the current Cambodian society, particularly in smaller cities and rural

area. Men’s involvement in HH waste management, in this case, was roughly 3 times less

active than women’s one. The results of this survey are shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Participation of Family Members in Waste Disposal

Primary handler of waste in household % Number

Household helper/maid (male) 2 4

Household helper/maid (female) 4 9

Male family member 28 69

Female family member 60 149

Wastes are collected by the city corporation 1 2

Wastes are collected by a locally-recruited person 2 6

Don't know 4 9

Total 100 248

24

With respect to disposal practices, many participants indicated that burning or dumping of

waste was a common practice in their household. This practice was likely driven by the fact

that many HHs live in large plot area, and their main waste types that were generated were

grass and/or leaves. Unlike HHs who live in the center part of the city, the HHs live in the

sub-urban areas have advantages with available space that is suitable for burying or

burning of waste.

Impacts of the current practices of HH waste disposal were also checked to understand the

view points of selected respondents. The results show in table 16 below. It appeared that

the major concerns were the spread of odor in the community, and the blockage of

drainage system resulted from unmanaged waste disposal.

Table 16: Problems caused by Poor Solid Waste Management

Poor SWM in community % Number

Wastes being disposed off in the drain and blocked

the system 48 118

Wastes being disposed off in the Sewerage line and

blocked the system 35 87

Wastes being disposed off on the roadsides and

caused odor And affected city view 52 129

Uncollected waste from the drain or dustbin caused

odor 30 75

Uncollected waste created mosquitoes/ flies 8 19

Uncollected waste deteriorated local environment and

beauty for the city 41 101

Participants were asked to rank the needs of environmental infrastructure facilities such as

drinking water, sanitation, solid waste management and drainage. Results are listed on the

table below. The need for proper waste management was the lease among all others. See

table 17 below. Observation shows that the absence of education campaign on impacts of

waste disposal on natural environment and health was a major factor discouraged people

participation in waste management in the study area. The lack of ability to pay for the

service was not the main issue, as many poorer HHs actually paid for the service. In

addition, the coverage of collection service was observed only in economic feasible area,

obviously for HHs who live along main roads. HHs settled in sub-urban area of the city tend

to ignore the service as they have other alternatives for their own waste management

(discussed earlier).

Table 17: View on Priority Needs at Community

Type of

Priority

Very

Im. % Import %

Not Very

Im. % Not Im. %

Water 88 36 90 37 35 14 31 13

25

Sanitation 70 29 79 32 75 31 20 8

SWM 14 6 37 15 78 32 115 47

Water Drainage 73 30 37 15 57 23 77 32

NOT SURE HOW TO INTEGRATE THE POVERTY CHART BELOW? Report suggested

that some villagers were reluctant to pay fees/felt they were too high… can link

with poverty rates??

Table 18: Battambang Sangkat Poverty Data Rate

Commune 2004 2009

ToulTaEk 25.6 5.5

PrekPreahSdach 26.9 4.9

Rotanak 26.8 7

ChamkarSamrong 26 7.2

Slaket 31 7.8

KdolDounTeav 24.1 16

Ou Mal 29.2 23

WatKor 26.9 18.1

Ou char 28.4 13.5

SvayPoa 22.5 7.7

Source: The basis for this predicted poverty rate, Ministry of Planning

PREFERENCES FOR COLLECTION SYSTEM

The majority of interviewees indicated that their preferred method of waste collection was

that waste collector came directly to their house (65%). 21% preferred that a collector

provided regular collection service at a designated point, whilst only a small percentage

(6%) wanted a road side collection service.

There did not appear to be a strong trend in the time that waste was generally disposed of,

nor the typical frequency of waste disposal.

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Waste Generation

Waste generation per capita was slightly different among the 3 types of targeted

households. On average, waste generation per capita in the region was of 0.6kg/person/day

26

as compared to that of 0.5kg/person/day for Phnom Penh. Out of 75% of the total waste

composition was compost.

Waste Collection and Transfer

Waste management in the city is inadequate. A certain population does not have access to

waste collection service and only a fraction of the generated waste is actually collected.

Systems for transfer, recycling and/or disposal of solid waste are unsatisfied by the

environmental, economic and financial points of view. But for the general public, the

traditional practices of burning, burying and dumping waste is acceptable, particularly for

those who have a free space available. Both domestic and non-domestic waste was highly

consisted of compostable waste due to its major food production in the country. This trend

is likely to continue and a higher volume of packaging waste such as plastic and bottles will

arise as economy develops. It is unclear that the willingness-to-pay is strong enough to

justify extended services in their current form. However, the villagers showed interest in

setting-up a community-based organization for waste management, especially for the place

where the existing collection service is inaccessible. People awareness on environmental

concern and penalties of poor waste management is inadequate. Most of respondents

(98%) felt the need to have community participation for local waste collection.

Disposal

Due to uncertainty of present production and disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes in the

city, there is an attempt to monitor activities in order to provide knowledge-based for the

design and management control. Temporary measures of control such as storage of the

wastes, at their source of origin, may be the only practical approach, until a cradle to grave

management system is put into place. The importance of toxic or hazardous wastes should

be prohibited.

In general, Cambodia has no specialized treatment or disposal sites for toxic or hazardous

wastes. There are no existing rules or criteria for generation, transporting, and otherwise

handling these wastes. It should be expected to include acid and heavy metals from vehicle

batteries, vehicle crank case oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, pesticides, and pesticides containers,

solvents and other metal cleaners. It is feasible that these types of wastes are being

released into the air, water and soil resources to such an extent as to cause undocumented

environmental damage.

The existing landfill is a major concern for environment, especially for those who currently

work and stay around there. For ground water contamination from such hazardous wastes,

it is the most difficult to control. Consequently, the large volumes of waste are disposed to

the ground water posing risks to the users of the contaminated ground water supply.

Extraction and treatment of the wastes, once diluted in ground water, are technically

difficult and always expensive.

27

There are many reasons for poor waste management in Battambang: lack of knowledge on

waste and disposal issues generally, lack of waste management at the household level, low

level of education and awareness, relatively low number of residents who are willing to use

the collection service, in some area, inefficient collection, carelessness, lack of interest and

responsibility, avoidance of the collection charge, often considered being high (according to

the CINTRI), no full participation in waste management campaigns, especially the City

Clean project, rules and regulations not effectively enforced, and illegal dumping of waste in

public areas during the night time.

Recommendation

Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations are suggested to improve

the solid waste management in Battambang.

Infrastructure to composting plant: Due to budget constraint, the road access to

composting area is always facing problem in rainy season and blocked by overwhelming of

waste down spread from the dumpsite to compost plant.

Provision for market of compost: Since the farmers do not have confidence on selling of

compost, it needs a strong support from the government and public participation on

marketing and logistical arrangement.

Documents

Battambang Solid Waste Management Baseline … INTRODUCTION Current solid waste management systems in Asia are strained and landfill space is fast becoming a rare commodity. Governments