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Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure - · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

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Page 1: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bass Lines and Harmonic StructureThe nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Page 2: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Three Fundamental Classes

Page 3: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Three Fundamental Classes

✦ Tonic (T) class

Page 4: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Three Fundamental Classes

✦ Tonic (T) class✦ Intermediate (int) or “predominant” class

Page 5: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Three Fundamental Classes

✦ Tonic (T) class✦ Intermediate (int) or “predominant” class✦ Dominant (D) class

Page 6: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Tonic (T) Class

Page 7: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Tonic (T) Class

✦ I - I6

Page 8: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Tonic (T) Class

✦ I - I6✦ Two chords, but just a prolongation of one tonic idea

Page 9: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Tonic (T) Class

✦ I - I6✦ Two chords, but just a prolongation of one tonic idea

✦ I - vii6 - I6

Page 10: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Tonic (T) Class

✦ I - I6✦ Two chords, but just a prolongation of one tonic idea

✦ I - vii6 - I6✦ Adds a passing chord between I and I6, connecting the

root and third of the tonic

Page 11: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Intermediate (int) Class

Page 12: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Intermediate (int) Class

✦ IV - ii6 - V

Page 13: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Intermediate (int) Class

✦ IV - ii6 - V✦ The two intermediate chords (descending root) prepare

the dominant

Page 14: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Intermediate (int) Class

✦ IV - ii6 - V✦ The two intermediate chords (descending root) prepare

the dominant✦ I - vi - IV

Page 15: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Intermediate (int) Class

✦ IV - ii6 - V✦ The two intermediate chords (descending root) prepare

the dominant✦ I - vi - IV

✦ The vi acts both as a prolongation of T and a bridge into the int chord as well

Page 16: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Chord and Harmony

Page 17: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Chord and Harmony

✦ Schenkerian analysis makes a distinction between chord and harmony

Page 18: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Chord and Harmony

✦ Schenkerian analysis makes a distinction between chord and harmony

✦ The chord is the actual labelled harmonic event

Page 19: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Chord and Harmony

✦ Schenkerian analysis makes a distinction between chord and harmony

✦ The chord is the actual labelled harmonic event✦ The harmony is the overall function of that harmonic

event, viewed either singly but more often together with other chords as a larger unit

Page 20: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &* & &&&&&& & &

($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & ' &&&&&&&&&& & &

10

#$ & ! & &) &) &) &) &) &) &) &) & & & & & & & & & & & &$ & & & & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

13

#$ & & & & & & &$ & &$ & & &$ & & & & & + & & & &$ & & & & ! & & & & & && & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &% &

''

Page 21: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ The V43 on the third beat provides harmonic variety, but it also serves to prolong the initial tonic harmony

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &* & &&&&&& & &

($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & ' &&&&&&&&&& & &

10

#$ & ! & &) &) &) &) &) &) &) &) & & & & & & & & & & & &$ & & & & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

13

#$ & & & & & & &$ & &$ & & &$ & & & & & + & & & &$ & & & & ! & & & & & && & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &% &

''

Page 22: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ The V43 on the third beat provides harmonic variety, but it also serves to prolong the initial tonic harmony

✦ The bass line in the first two measures outlines an upper neighbor tone

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &* & &&&&&& & &

($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & ' &&&&&&&&&& & &

10

#$ & ! & &) &) &) &) &) &) &) &) & & & & & & & & & & & &$ & & & & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

13

#$ & & & & & & &$ & &$ & & &$ & & & & & + & & & &$ & & & & ! & & & & & && & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &% &

''

Page 23: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &* & &&&&&& & &

($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & ' &&&&&&&&&& & &

10

#$ & ! & &) &) &) &) &) &) &) &) & & & & & & & & & & & &$ & & & & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

13

#$ & & & & & & &$ & &$ & & &$ & & & & & + & & & &$ & & & & ! & & & & & && & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &% &

''

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

Page 24: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &* & &&&&&& & &

($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & ' &&&&&&&&&& & &

10

#$ & ! & &) &) &) &) &) &) &) &) & & & & & & & & & & & &$ & & & & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

13

#$ & & & & & & &$ & &$ & & &$ & & & & & + & & & &$ & & & & ! & & & & & && & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &% &

''

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ The 6-4 chord in bar three is a neighboring 6-4, an embellishment which serves to prolong the tonic

Page 25: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &* & &&&&&& & &

($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & ' &&&&&&&&&& & &

10

#$ & ! & &) &) &) &) &) &) &) &) & & & & & & & & & & & &$ & & & & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

13

#$ & & & & & & &$ & &$ & & &$ & & & & & + & & & &$ & & & & ! & & & & & && & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &% &

''

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ The 6-4 chord in bar three is a neighboring 6-4, an embellishment which serves to prolong the tonic

✦ The common-tone diminished seventh chord on the third beat is also an embellishment, creating incomplete neighbor chords (contrapuntal chords)

Page 26: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

&&&

I

&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 27: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ The reduced analysis here shows the neighboring functions of the V43, IV64, and common-tone diminished chords

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

&&&

I

&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 28: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ The reduced analysis here shows the neighboring functions of the V43, IV64, and common-tone diminished chords

✦ The reduction also analyzes the melody, using stems to show primary tones and identifying embellishments

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

&&&

I

&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 29: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

&&&

I

&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 30: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ Bars 5-6 display a continuation of the tonic prolongation

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

&&&

I

&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 31: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ Bars 5-6 display a continuation of the tonic prolongation✦ The neighboring V43 is repeated in bar 5

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

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I

&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 32: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ Bars 5-6 display a continuation of the tonic prolongation✦ The neighboring V43 is repeated in bar 5✦ In bar 6, a motion from I through vi moves to I6—this is

essentially the same motion as if moving upwards from I to I6.

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

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&&& &&&vi

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&&& &&IV

&

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& &&V64 53

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Page 33: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

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& &&V64 53

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Page 34: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ Bar 7 is intermediate harmony—a “predominant” function leading us to the

!"!"

!"!"

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#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

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&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

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#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

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Page 35: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II

✦ Bar 7 is intermediate harmony—a “predominant” function leading us to the

✦ half-cadence in bar 8 and the dominant harmony

!"!"

!"!"

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#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

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&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

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#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

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Page 36: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, II!"!"

!"!"

#$ % & & & & & ! & & ' & ! & & & & & &$ & ! & & '($ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &$ &$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

#$ & IN& & & & & & &IN

& N& &IN

P& & P& &$ & & &($

I

&&&N

&&&I

&&& &&& &&&$$I

&&&

5

#$ & ! &&) &) &) &) & ! && ' &&&&&& &$ & &* &&& & ! &&& & &$ &*($ && & &&& & &&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&& &% % & &% & '

#$ & & & & & & & & & & & & &

($N

&&&

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&&& &&&vi

6

&&& &&IV

&

6

& &&V64 53

&

Page 37: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

A Reminder

!"## $# $ $# $

%" ##V

$#V64 53

$I64

$# $V

Page 38: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

A Reminder

✦ The cadential six-four is really an intensified dominant

!"## $# $ $# $

%" ##V

$#V64 53

$I64

$# $V

Page 39: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

A Reminder

✦ The cadential six-four is really an intensified dominant✦ Therefore, the notation which analyzes it as a dominant with

non-chord tones resolving to chord tones is more descriptive than

!"## $# $ $# $

%" ##V

$#V64 53

$I64

$# $V

Page 40: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

A Reminder

✦ The cadential six-four is really an intensified dominant✦ Therefore, the notation which analyzes it as a dominant with

non-chord tones resolving to chord tones is more descriptive than

✦ the more logically-correct notation

!"## $# $ $# $

%" ##V

$#V64 53

$I64

$# $V

Page 41: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

!"!"

#$$ %% && %% %% %% %% & !% & &&

'$$I

%%vi

&&iii

%IV

% % %&V42

%

I63

%%ii65

&%V4

&3

%I

&&

Page 42: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ At first glance, one might think that the IV in bar 2 is the intermediate, or predominant, chord

!"!"

#$$ %% && %% %% %% %% & !% & &&

'$$I

%%vi

&&iii

%IV

% % %&V42

%

I63

%%ii65

&%V4

&3

%I

&&

int

Page 43: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ At first glance, one might think that the IV in bar 2 is the intermediate, or predominant, chord

✦ It is followed by a dominant

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Page 44: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ At first glance, one might think that the IV in bar 2 is the intermediate, or predominant, chord

✦ It is followed by a dominant✦ The dominant then resolves to a tonic.

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Page 45: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

!"!"

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Page 46: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ However, the opening tonic is actually prolonged over two measures, extending from the upbeat to the third beat of measure 2

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Page 47: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

!"!"

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Page 48: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ What appears at first to be a cadence in bar 2 is an evaded cadence (or an implied) cadence, a technique used specifically to extend ideas—i.e., it’s a prolongation technique.

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Page 49: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

!"!"

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Page 50: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ Therefore, the intermediate chord is found on the downbeat of bar 3

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Page 51: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ Therefore, the intermediate chord is found on the downbeat of bar 3

✦ It leads to a prolonged dominant on beat 2

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Page 52: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ Therefore, the intermediate chord is found on the downbeat of bar 3

✦ It leads to a prolonged dominant on beat 2✦ And the final tonic on the downbeat of bar 4

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Page 53: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

!"!"

!"

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Page 54: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: “Wach’ auf, mein Herz”

✦ The reduced version of the bass line helps make the components clear.

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Page 55: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Dominant Class

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Page 56: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Dominant Class

✦ The half-cadence at the end of the antecedent requires a resolution

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Page 57: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Dominant Class

✦ The half-cadence at the end of the antecedent requires a resolution

✦ However, the beginning of the consequent doesn’t provide the resolution

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Page 58: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Dominant Class

✦ The half-cadence at the end of the antecedent requires a resolution

✦ However, the beginning of the consequent doesn’t provide the resolution

✦ The end of the consequent is the true resolution

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Page 59: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Dominant Class

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Page 60: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Dominant Class

✦ We tend to hear the end of the antecedent, and the beginning of the consequent, as an interruption before the dominant finally achieves full closure

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Page 61: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

!"!"

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Page 62: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords

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Page 63: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords✦ Dominants in bars 1 and 2 act as incomplete neighbors

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Page 64: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords✦ Dominants in bars 1 and 2 act as incomplete neighbors✦ In bar 4, the V is in root position and articulates a half

cadence

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Page 65: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

!"!"

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Page 66: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords

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Page 67: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords✦ The V in bar 4 resolves through V42 to I6—therefore

the dominant persists through bar 5 as well

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Page 68: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

!"!"

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Page 69: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords

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Page 70: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords✦ The V in bar 4 also acts so as to divide an overall bass

motion from I to I

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Page 71: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ Different uses of dominant chords✦ The V in bar 4 also acts so as to divide an overall bass

motion from I to I✦ And also acts to prepare the long-term motion to the ii in

bar 7

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Page 72: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

!"!"

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Page 73: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ A “dividing dominant” is indicated in the analysis with a bracketed [V]

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Page 74: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ A “dividing dominant” is indicated in the analysis with a bracketed [V]

✦ Note important features:

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Page 75: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ A “dividing dominant” is indicated in the analysis with a bracketed [V]

✦ Note important features:✦ The dotted slur (indicated a prolongation)

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Page 76: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ A “dividing dominant” is indicated in the analysis with a bracketed [V]

✦ Note important features:✦ The dotted slur (indicated a prolongation)✦ Stems indicating the primary bass line notes

!"!"

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Page 77: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ A “dividing dominant” is indicated in the analysis with a bracketed [V]

✦ Note important features:✦ The dotted slur (indicated a prolongation)✦ Stems indicating the primary bass line notes✦ Flags indicating neighbor tones

!"!"

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Page 78: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 13, II

✦ A “dividing dominant” is indicated in the analysis with a bracketed [V]

✦ Note important features:✦ The dotted slur (indicated a prolongation)✦ Stems indicating the primary bass line notes✦ Flags indicating neighbor tones✦ Large-scale tonic prolongation

!"!"

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Page 79: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”!"!"

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Page 80: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Two root-position tonic chords are connected by a dominant chord in root position—octave leap subdivided by a fifth

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Page 81: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Two root-position tonic chords are connected by a dominant chord in root position—octave leap subdivided by a fifth

✦ Soprano moves from ^1 to ^3; thus the tonic triad is fully outlined in both voices.

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Page 82: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”!"!"

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Page 83: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Register transfer back to original octave; motion from I to I6 via a passing vii6.

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Page 84: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Register transfer back to original octave; motion from I to I6 via a passing vii6.

✦ Return to root-position tonic by means of a V43.

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Page 85: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Register transfer back to original octave; motion from I to I6 via a passing vii6.

✦ Return to root-position tonic by means of a V43.✦ Motion from ^3 to ^6 of the tonic triad

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Page 86: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”!"!"

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Page 87: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Arrival at a dominant chord at bar 4, however the chord is not entirely stable

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Page 88: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Arrival at a dominant chord at bar 4, however the chord is not entirely stable

✦ The soprano note is the leading tone

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Page 89: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Arrival at a dominant chord at bar 4, however the chord is not entirely stable

✦ The soprano note is the leading tone✦ Bass moves back through V42 to I63

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Page 90: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Arrival at a dominant chord at bar 4, however the chord is not entirely stable

✦ The soprano note is the leading tone✦ Bass moves back through V42 to I63

✦ Thus this is a “dividing” dominant

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Page 91: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”!"!"

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Page 92: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Return to I; notice the combination of stepwise motion and leaps in the bass.

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Page 93: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Return to I; notice the combination of stepwise motion and leaps in the bass.

✦ There is a voice exchange between the outer voices in this motion from I6 to I

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Page 94: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”!"!"

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Page 95: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Modulation to III.

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Page 96: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Modulation to III.✦ F is established as a key area in its own right

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Page 97: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Modulation to III.✦ F is established as a key area in its own right✦ The ‘f’ in the soprano serves as the melodic goal of the

phrase, and also initiates a new melodic ascent in the next phrase

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Page 98: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Modulation

Page 99: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Modulation

✦ Although in a modulation the piece does “change key”, as a rule it is the very tension created by the key change—and the eventual return to the original tonic—which makes modulation useful in musical structure.

Page 100: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Modulation

✦ Although in a modulation the piece does “change key”, as a rule it is the very tension created by the key change—and the eventual return to the original tonic—which makes modulation useful in musical structure.

✦ Therefore, the new key is both a new tonic, and still retains whatever secondary quality in the old key (i.e., if you modulate to V in a major key, the V is a new key, but still acts like the dominant in the original key.)

Page 101: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Modulation

✦ Although in a modulation the piece does “change key”, as a rule it is the very tension created by the key change—and the eventual return to the original tonic—which makes modulation useful in musical structure.

✦ Therefore, the new key is both a new tonic, and still retains whatever secondary quality in the old key (i.e., if you modulate to V in a major key, the V is a new key, but still acts like the dominant in the original key.)

✦ Because of that, Schenker referred to modulation as motion to an “illusory key.”

Page 102: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”!"!"

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Page 103: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Tonic prolonged to bar 8

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Page 104: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Tonic prolonged to bar 8✦ Int harmony from 8 - 15

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Page 105: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Tonic prolonged to bar 8✦ Int harmony from 8 - 15✦ D harmony at 15

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Page 106: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Bach: Chorale “Ihr Gestirn, ihr hohen Lüfte”

✦ Tonic prolonged to bar 8✦ Int harmony from 8 - 15✦ D harmony at 15✦ Final T harmony at 16

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Page 107: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Imaginary Continuo

Page 108: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Imaginary Continuo

✦ An imaginary continuo creates a harmonic representation of a composition, removing melodic and harmonic embellishment

Page 109: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Imaginary Continuo

✦ An imaginary continuo creates a harmonic representation of a composition, removing melodic and harmonic embellishment

✦ Feel free to move between three and six voices

Page 110: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Imaginary Continuo

✦ An imaginary continuo creates a harmonic representation of a composition, removing melodic and harmonic embellishment

✦ Feel free to move between three and six voices✦ Try to stay with relatively “pure” voice leading, unless to do

so means to seriously misrepresent the composition

Page 111: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Imaginary Continuo

✦ An imaginary continuo creates a harmonic representation of a composition, removing melodic and harmonic embellishment

✦ Feel free to move between three and six voices✦ Try to stay with relatively “pure” voice leading, unless to do

so means to seriously misrepresent the composition✦ Generally think of piano style—the RH plays complete

chords, while the LH plays single bass notes

Page 112: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 10 No. 1, II

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Page 113: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 10 No. 1, II

✦ The imaginary continuo follows the original pretty closely.

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Page 114: Bass Lines and Harmonic Structure -  · PDF fileBass Lines and Harmonic Structure The nature of the lowest voice and its relationship to harmonic structure

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 10 No. 1, II

✦ The imaginary continuo follows the original pretty closely.✦ Note: my version is a bit different from the text; I think their

version in bars 6 & 7 was a bit too “convenient” and slightly misrepresented the music.

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