Mycenaean and Protogeometric Tombs in the Halicarnassus PeninsulaAuthor(s): George F. BassSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Oct., 1963), pp. 353-361Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/501620 .Accessed: 10/06/2011 08:58

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Mycenaean and Protogeometric Tombs

in the Halicarnassus Peninsula*

GEORGE F. BASS

PLATES 81-84

During the summer of 1962, while directing the University Museum's underwater excavation at Yas- st Ada, Turkey,' I found it necessary to make pe- riodic trips to Bodrum (Halicarnassus) for sup- plies. The people of Bodrum take a great interest in ancient pottery because of the vast number of amphoras raised from the sea by sponge-divers and sponge-draggers.2 While sitting in a coffee shop, I was shown a vase (pl. 82, fig. 7) by several friends who wished to know its date. The owner of the piece, Muhittin Helvacioglu, upon learning of its importance, produced another (pl. 81, fig. 6) which had come from the same area. I was told that the vases came from separate tombs near Miis- kebi,3 and that there were a number of tombs in the same place.

Later I was able to visit Miiskebi, accompanied by Haluk Elbe, Director of Antiquities in Bodrum and archaeological commissioner for our underwa- ter excavation, and Machteld Mellink. Haluk Bey explained our mission to a group of townspeople, and soon several more vases were produced from houses in the village. Afterwards we were led along a track, by Bekir Aras, to a low hill about one and a half kilometers from Miiskebi. The face of the hill had been cut away by camel drivers who had been seeking white clay for making mortar. The scarp here revealed at least six chamber tombs, quite close together, which had been cut in half by the digging; all were filled with rocks and soil, and there had been no attempt on the part of the camel drivers to clear this fill any farther back than

the line of the embankment, which was steadily moving backward. The sections of the tombs showed domed chambers, averaging perhaps one and a half meters in width on their floors, and the same in height; because the face of the hill had been cut away, we could not expect to find dromoi.

While we were looking over the area, one of the villagers brushed aside some earth in one of the tombs with his hand, revealing the top of a small false-necked jar just a few centimeters beneath the surface. We quickly told him to leave the tombs untouched, but decided that this piece, now visible, should be noted and taken to the museum. It was photographed by Miss Mellink in situ, but its re- moval revealed two more vases packed closely be- hind it. There was nothing to do but to photograph and remove these, and another pair of vases ap- peared. When these were recorded and removed, we covered the area with earth and Haluk Bey left instructions that no one should be allowed to work there in the future. It was an unplanned salvage operation, but luckily no evidence was lost, and a full report was sent to the Department of Antiquities. During the following weeks, a number of new pieces were brought to Haluk Bey by Halil Oztiirk, and these were placed with the others in the Bodrum Museum. I am unable to provide here a plan showing the location of the cemetery or the location of the tomb which yielded the pottery, for a planned return to the site proved impossible during the summer.

In the following catalogue, the first five vases * This is an annotated version of my talk at the 64th Gen-

eral Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America. Since that time, new material has been added largely through the great kindness of Vincent Desborough; the views expressed here are not necessarily those of Professor Desborough, how- ever, and any criticism of them should be directed against the author.

1 AA (1962) 537-564. The illustrations for this report were all made by divers from that excavation: Mycenaean objects I-io by Susan Womer, and nos. II, 14 and 15 by Mustafa Kapkin; Protogeometric vases I and 2 by Laurence Joline, and 3-5 by the author with Mr. Joline. Plans of the tomb by Eric Carlson.

2 At the urging of H. Gultekin, P. Throckmorton, and M. Kapkin, most of the boat captains of Bodrum have become amateur archaeologists; amphoras caught in nets are no longer thrown back into the sea, but are labeled with the captain's name, with the location and depth at which they were found, and placed in the Bodrum Museum. Civic pride in the project is great and will hopefully set an example for other com- munities.

8 For a map of the area, see G. Bean and J. Cook, "The Halicarnassus Peninsula," BSA 50 (1955) 86, fig. i; the pos- sibility that Lelegian Telmissus was located at, or near, Miis- kebi is discussed here

(153-I155).

354 GEORGE F. BASS [AJA 67

are those found together in the tomb. Nos. 6 and

7 were the original pieces given by Muhittin Hel-

vacioglu, and the others were given by Bekir Aras and Halil Oztiirk.

i. False-necked jar (pl. 81, fig. i). H. o.131. D. o.iii. Buff fabric with very smooth yellowish buff

slip. Widely flaring foot with deep depression, below

stem, in center of slightly concave base. Wide, short stem curves out to form body. Top of lip in same

plane as top of flat disk, which has very slightly raised point at its center.

Decoration in glaze turning from dark brown on base to quite red on upper part of vase. Thin, orangeish lines between lower and upper pairs of bands on body, and between base coating and band

just above it. Spout banded near its base, and lip coated. Handles coated on top except for thin con- centric circles on disk. Four stylized flowers on

top of shoulder, each tangent to the uppermost body band.

The shape finds its best parallels in Athens in LH IIIC.' The wide foot, more like that normally found on kylikes, makes it uniquely Attic; Rhodian false-necked jars with such wide feet are dissimilar in many respects. 0. Broneer has found examples in the fill of the underground fountain on the

Acropolis, although the shoulder of his sole com-

plete piece is more rounded.5 These would pre- sumably have been dumped into the passage after the fountain had fallen into disuse, and would, therefore, also be dated to IIIC, when local peculi- arities were common.6 The broad, flat disk with small pointed bump in its center is assignable to LH IIIC:I,7 as is one of the Mycenaean flowers used as decoration.8

2. Skyphos (pl. 81, fig. 2). H. o.o10. Mouth d. 0.149. Base d. 0.052. Orange-red fabric.

Ring base with slightly convex bottom of body within. Body flares at mouth and terminates in thin lip. Loop handles remain close to body and rise almost to height of lip.

Decoration is very streaky red-brown glaze over buff slip on exterior. Band on base, two thin bands at bottom of body, three bands just below handles, and thin band covering lip. Horizontal row of daubs, or crude vertical strokes, in handle zone. Handles are striped and are ringed with glaze around their bases. Interior is plain orange-red.

The shape is closely matched by Furumark's

bell-shaped bowl 284,' which lasts from LH IIIA:2 through IIIC:ie, but the thin paint and the strong- ly flaring lip might point to the later date. I have found no exact parallels for the decoration, but

Desborough points out that it occurs on other

shapes in IIIB-C.10

3. Kylix (pl. 81, fig. 3). H. o.ii5. Mouth d. o.i25. Base d. 0.067. Creamy buff fabric (as pyxis no. 4), covered completely except for bottom of base with

crackling, very dark brown glaze. Base disk has convex upper surface and a hemi-

spherical concavity directly under the stem in cen- ter of slightly concave bottom. Completely open, with greatest diameter at the mouth. Handles, level with plane of rim at their highest points, are not

quite vertical; the base of each is twisted in clock- wise fashion away from the point directly beneath the junction with the rim.

The shape corresponds to Furumark's no. 264," and the description follows closely his description of the monochrome type of IIIA:2.12 The very dark coloring points, however, to either an earlier or later date.,3

4. Pyxis (pl. 81, fig. 4). H. o.I27. D. o.156. Mouth d. 0o.o104. Creamy buff fabric (as no. 3).

Slightly convex bottom. Sides of body slightly constricted, or concave. Three loop handles, almost round in section, on shoulder. Beveled lip.

Pattern of concentric circles on bottom. Body banded with three wide bands of streaky brown glaze. Net pattern in handle zone on shoulder, banded at top and bottom, with one thin band be- low and four above. Narrow band on neck, with

4 F. H. Stubbings, "The Mycenaean Pottery of Attica," BSA 42 (I947) 20, type H, with 15, fig. 2, H. The date of this piece is given by Stubbings in his Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant (Cambridge i95i) I9, n.i.

5 Oscar Broneer, "Discoveries on the North Slope of the Acropolis, 1938," AJA 42 (1938) 450, fig. 6; "A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis," Hesperia 8 (i939) 391, with fig. 72.

6 ibid. and 0. Broneer, "Athens in the Late Bronze Age,"

Antiquity 30 (1956) I3, I5. 7 A. Furumark, The Mycenaean Pottery (hereafter MP)

(Stockholm 1941) 86. 8 ibid. 293, fig. 45, nos. 146 and 149. 9 ibid. 48-49, figs. 13-14. 1o The parallel objects are as yet unpublished. 11 Furumark, MP 60, fig. 16. 12 ibid. 62. 13 ibid. 428.

1963] MYCENAEAN TOMBS IN HALICARNASSUS 355

glaze coat over upper part of neck, lip, and into mouth. Handles coated.

The shape most closely corresponds to Furu- mark's closed cylindrical squat jars of IIIA:2-IIIB.14 The net pattern covers the wide range from IIIA : to IIIC:I.1"

This vessel contained spindle-whorl no. 14, and a mass of grey earth which may have contained

particles of either bone or ash, but which has not been analyzed.

5. One-handled jug (pl. 81, fig. 5). H. 0.107. D. o.io. Mouth d. 0.05. Orange-red fabric (as no. 2). Dark reddish brown slip over all of exterior and into mouth.

Perhaps closest in shape to Furumark's no. 112, which he assigns to IIIA:2e.16

6. Spouted jug (pl. 81, fig. 6). H. 0.232. D. 0.185. Part of lip and end of spout missing. Light brown- ish buff fabric (as no. 7).

Bottom of base very slightly concave. Thick ribbon handle, with light groove down its center, joins slightly flaring lip, but extends higher than mouth. Spout is completely open.

Decoration in streaky brown glaze. Three bands just below base of handle, with wider band at

junction of body and neck. Between lower bands and upper band is a curve-stemmed spiral pattern. Lip coated. Banded chevron pattern on handle.

The most similar shapes are found on Crete. The closest parallel was excavated at Gournia, dated to LMI by its excavator." A less similar, somewhat

squatter piece appeared in a good context from LM

IIIA:2,"1 a date which matches that assigned by Furumark to the use of the curve-stemmed spiral (IIIA:i to IIIA:2 I).19

7. Three-handled piriform jar (pl. 82, fig. 7). H. 0.32. D. 0.241. Light brownish buff fabric (as no.

6). Base very slightly concave on bottom. Piriform

body with concave splaying neck and beveled lip.

Rounded rib runs down center of each of three loop handles.

Decoration in dark brown glaze. Base and bot- tom of "stem" coated. Three sets of triple bands on body. Shoulder decoration made up of eight groups of arched lines, paired between handles, possible variations on Furumark's "bivalve shell" motive,20 sharing top arched line in each group, and fill ornaments of stylized birds or arrows. Bases of handles, neck, and mouth coated.

I have found no exact parallels for shape or decoration, but this would seem to be closest in date to the transitional IIIA:2/B vase no. 24 from Tomb 520 at Mycenae;21 cf. also vase no. 7 from the same tomb, but from an earlier date. The "bivalve shell" motive does not seem to appear earlier than IIIA.

8. Amphoriskos (pl. 82, fig. 8). H. 0.228. D. 0.19. Mouth d. 0o.o104. Brownish buff fabric.

Hollow base filled with hard lime deposit at time of cataloguing. Hole, perhaps from pick, in lower part of body. Two vertical loop handles, al- most round in section, on shoulder.

Decoration in quite streaky brown glaze. Base and "stem" coated, with band just above. Two bands below, and three bands on and above plane of maximum body diameter. Quadruple wave pat- tern on shoulder. Wavy line between two bands on neck. Five groups of stripes (3 to 5 lines in each

group) on lip, and wide band of glaze inside mouth. Splash of glaze over each handle.

A similar vase has been found in a Late Myce- naean cemetery on Cos,22 and a less similar, but still noteworthy, example appears in a LH IIIB-C necropolis at Diasela, near Olympia.23 Such vessels seem to be the forerunners of the crude sub-My- cenaean amphoriskoi, such as those excavated in the cemetery north of the Eridanos.24

9. Three-handled piriform jar (pl. 81, fig. 9). H. 0.098. D. 0.089. Mouth d. o.o66. One handle miss- ing. Reddish brown-buff fabric.

14 ibid. 599, no. 94. 15 ibid. 383, fig. 67: "diaper net," 2. 16ibid. 30, fig. 5, no. 112/129. 17'H. B. Hawes et al., Gournia (Philadelphia 1908) pl. 8,

nos. 3 and 39. Is Sinclair Hood and Piet de Jong, "A Late Minoan III

'Kitchen' at Makritikhos (Knossos)," BSA 53-54 (1958-59) i86, no. 8, with 19o, fig. 6, no. 8.

19 Furumark, MP 362, with 363, fig. 62. 20 ibid. 315, fig. 53.

21 A. J. B. Wace, "Chamber Tombs at Mycenae," Archae- ologia 82 (1932) 2Iff, with pl. 17, no. 24. The date is from Furumark, The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery (Stockholm 1941) 58.

22 L. Morricone, "Scavi e Ricerche a Coo (1935-1943) Re- lazione Preliminare," BdA 35 (1950) 323, fig. 97, upper right.

23 "Chronique des Fouilles en 1956," BCH 81 (I957) 574- 579, with fig. 6.

24 W. Kraiker and K. Kiibler, Die Nekropolen des 12. bis

,o. Jahrhunderts, Kerameikos I (Berlin 1939) pls. 16, 18 and ig.

356 GEORGE F. BASS [AJA 67

Body flares out strongly, above thick, disk-like base, and joins shoulder with sharp angle. Groove in the form of a flat ledge between shoulder and neck. Handles, with bases just above carination, are round in section.

Decoration in dark brown streaky glaze. Base and bottom of body coated, with band just above. Pair of narrow bands on body with single band at base of handles. Hatched zigzag on shoulder. Neck coated, but lip reserved except for groups of paral- lel diagonal lines. Top of each handle coated.

Although small vessels of approximately the same shape are not uncommon, the quite angular shape is not found elsewhere. The hatched zigzag is as- signed by Furumark to IIIC:I.25

io. Cup (pl. 8I, fig. Io). H. 0.057. Body h. 0.034- Mouth d. 0.093. No break to reveal fabric, but ex- terior is reddish buff with bands in orange-red, and interior is light brown-buff with quite brown glaze.

Flat base. Flaring lip with one loop handle. Base coated, with two bands just above, and

third band just below lip. Ladder pattern on han- dle. Lip, with short strokes as rays, banded inside. I have found no really close parallel for this piece.

I1-13. Fragments of a small one-handled jug with orange bands (pl. 81, fig. ii), a second kylix, and a small plain-ware jug may be completely restored after excavation of the site.

14. Terracotta spindle whorl (pl. 82, fig. 12). L. 0.02. Hole d. 0.006. Part of one end broken around hole. Coarse brown micacaeous clay with white grit. Shaped like two truncated cones joined at bases, then pierced.

Such whorls, or buttons, were in use throughout the Mycenaean period.26

15-17. Cylindrical faience beads (pl. 82, fig. 13). Lengths, o.oi6, o.o19, and 0.02o respectively, with diameters in same order: 0.008, 0.009, 0.010; hole diameters ca. 0.004. Blue-green faience. One bead

flattened in firing. Decoration impressed: net pat- terns framed by bands at both ends of each bead.

Although such patterned beads are frequently called cylinder seals, it seems much more likely that groups such as this, which may have contained many more beads, were strung as necklaces. Al- most identical beads have been found at Gezer, but the context did not allow accurate dating.27

It would be premature to attempt a full inter- pretation of these finds until the results of the recently planned Turkish excavation of the site are published. The mere knowledge of a Mycenae- an colony near Halicarnassus, from at least LH IIIA to LH IIIC:I, is, however, in itself significant. Tentative answers to problems of preclassical Ca- ria, partially caused by disagreement among ancient writers, have been based almost completely on nega- tive archaeological evidence.

J. M. Cook, after his thorough and exhaustive survey of the area with G. Bean,28 doubts that the Carians occupied Caria during the second millen- nium B.c. for, with the exception of Miletus, and Mylasa with its scanty Mycenaean remains, "the coast appears a blank on the map . . . and the in- terior of Caria seems to have been virtually un- inhabited throughout prehistoric times."29 Paton and Myres had previously suggested that the lack of Mycenaean remains in Caria, within sight of so many islands which were occupied by Mycenaeans, must have been due to some unknown mainland opposition."a

One solution to the problem of the position of Ahhijawd is subject to the same lack of archaeo- logical evidence. D. Page places Ahhijawd on Rhodes after concluding that Arzawa lies in the southwestern section of Asia Minor;

Ahhijaw. must lie, according to Page, westward of Arzawa,31 and there is simply no room for a powerful king- dom on the west or southwest coast of Asia Minor.32 But is it not more a question of "inhabited room" than simply of "room"? And was Arzawa really on the southwestern coast? Once more negative evidence has provided one possible answer. J. Mel-

25 Furumark, MP 383, fig. 67, zigzag no. I8. 26 Furumark, Chronology (supra, n. 21) 89-91. 27 R. A. S. Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer II (London

1912) 346, no. 29, with pl. 214.10. L. Morricone informs me that he has also found a similar bead in Tomb 38 (Myc. IIIA) at Langada on Cos.

28G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook, BSA 47 (1952) 17Iff; BSA 50 (i955) 85ff; BSA 52 (1957) 58ff.

29 J. M. Cook, "Greek Settlement in the Eastern Aegean and

Asia Minor," CAH II, Chap. 38 (rev. ed., fasc. 6; Cambridge 1961) 22; "Greek Archaeology in Western Asia Minor," Ar- chaeological Reports for 1959-60, 50.

So W. R. Paton and J. L. Myres, "Karian Sites and Inscrip- tions," JHS I6 (1896) 264-265.

a' Denys L. Page, History and the Homeric Iliad (U. of California 1959) 9.

32ibid. 13.

1963] MYCENAEAN TOMBS IN HALICARNASSUS 357

laart, certainly a master at spotting prehistoric sites, concluded after a look at the area that "the negative result of this survey of the south and south-western coast of Anatolia will seriously affect attempts by scholars of Anatolian geography to locate the Ar- zawa and Lugga on this coast during the second millennium B.c."33

Our cemetery does not, of course, signify a king- dom, nor even a large city, but its discovery in an area thought to offer "singularly few antiquities"" emphasizes the futility of making further judg- ments on early Caria before more study takes place in the field. Apparent contradictions among the ancient sources may be partially resolved by future excavation, and the relationship between Leleges, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Carians, and, possibly, the

people of Ahhijawd better understood.35

A PROTOGEOMETRIC TOMB NEAR DIRMIL

This site was found exactly as was the first, and from the same coffee shop. I was again visiting Bo- drum for supplies when Captain Kemal Aras"6 beckoned me to look at a pile of pottery in the back of a jeep parked nearby; there were six Proto-

geometric vases. Again I consulted Haluk Elbe, and we traced the pieces to the office of a local official. All of the material was eventually given to the Bodrum Museum, where it was cleaned and

catalogued. Meanwhile, we located the owner of the land

where the pottery had been found and he told us of the spot where he had discovered the pieces. The season's diving had stopped by this time and,

accompanied by several members of the Yassi Ada

staff, I visited the site with Haluk Elbe and Belkis

Mutlu, one of the assistant commissioners of the underwater excavation. Eric Carlson and Laurence

Joline made plans of the tomb ?by flashlight and

gas lantern (pl. 82, fig. I4a, b, c).

The tomb lies less than halfway up the south slope of Burgaz Tepesi, which in turn lies to the south of the village of G6kgebel (Dirmil). There seems to be some confusion as to the names of these places, for both Paton and Myres,37 and Bean and Cook38 discuss the remains on top of Burgaz, and each presents a plan of the site; the latter pair of surveyors tentatively equate it with Lelegian Uranium."9 Although I was assured by the people who took me to the hill that it was Burgaz, and it would seem strange for them not to know the name of the mountain beneath which they live, the standing walls do not coincide with those in the plans mentioned above. The remains, however, do match the plan of the fort which Paton and Myres describe as lying above Tremil.40 Bean and Cook mention the same fort (here called Dirmil), and reject an earlier identification of it as ancient Termile on the grounds that Termile probably never existed;`" they suggest that it may have been Pliny's Nariandos, but admit that there is "no posi- tive evidence."42 Recently the modern village has changed its name from Dirmil to G6kgebel.

The farmer who owned the land had struck the southeast corner of the tomb's cover slab, while dig- ging into the side of the hill, and had broken away a large piece of stone. Whether or not the resultant hole was subsequently enlarged I do not know, but on our arrival it allowed a man to lower himself into the chamber. The discoverer of the tomb said that the vases were all lying near the back of the chamber, with only the skyphos standing upright. He also said that there were no bones, and it seems likely that he would have noticed any, for he showed us teeth and bones which had come from a later tomb found nearby.

The tomb consists of a chamber entered by a short dromos (ca. 1.20 m. long). The dromos is

i.o meter wide and i.15 meters high at its outer

33 James Mellaart, "Preliminary Report on a Survey of Pre- Classical Remains in Southern Turkey," AnatSt 4 (1954) 177-178.

34 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (I955) 129. 38 Homer calls Miletus Carian (1. 2.867-68) and mentions

the Leleges separately (II. 10.428-29), but Pausanias (7.2.8) says that the Leleges formed a section of the Carian race. Herodotus (I.17I) states that the Carians were called Leleges when they lived in the islands, once as subjects of King Minos, before they were driven to the mainland by the lonians and Dorians. Thucydides (I.4) agrees that the Carians once in- habited the islands, but believes that it was Minos himself who drove them out. Strabo (14.2.27) says that it is most probable that the Carians, known as Leleges while living in the islands under Minos, migrated to the mainland where they met other

Leleges and Pelasgians and took away much of their land. The Carians themselves believed that they were indigenous to Caria (Herod. 1.171). For Leleges in Greece, see George Hux- ley, Crete and the Luwians (Oxford I96I) 41.

36 Captain Kemal, who was in charge of our boats and crew, is already noted for supplying the information to Peter Throck- morton which led to the excavation of the Bronze Age ship- wreck at Cape Gelidonya and the Byzantine wreck at Yassi Ada.

37 Paton and Myres, JHS I6 (I896) 206, with fig. 7 on 207. 38 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (I955) 118-I20, with fig. 6(a). 39ibid. i55. 40 Paton and Myres, JHS I6 (1896) 207-208, with fig. 8. 41 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (I955) 130, 16o. 42 ibid. I6o, n. 315.

358 GEORGE F. BASS [AJA 67

end, which is walled up with roughly rectangular stones. The walls of the dromos contain the best

masonry in the tomb, approaching ashlar in the bottom courses; the walls rise vertically to half the height of the dromos, above which they are corbelled and no longer are built of good stone. Three large slabs roof the dromos.

The chamber, which is entered by the dromos in the center of one of its short sides, is almost rectan- gular in its bottom course (2.15 m. wide at south end, 2.14 m. at north end, but 2.45 m. and 2.55 m. on east and west sides, respectively). Above the first course, however, the walls converge with cor-

belling, and the corners begin to disappear until the plan of the chamber becomes a rough oval. In the north wall, opposite and at approximately the same height as the roof of the dromos, is a large slab wider than the chamber; above this slab and above the height of the dromos roof, the rubble ma-

sonry continues for two courses, and on this rests the large slab which roofs the entire chamber. The

purpose of the slab in the north wall is not clear, unless the tomb-builder feared the rubble corbelling would not support the roof; the chamber diminishes in width from 2.15 meters to i meter in a height of

2.31 meters. The floor was not excavated, but it seems to have been only of earth.

Tombs of this type are not uncommon in Caria, and have been well described by both Paton and

Myres,43 and Bean and Cook;44 they are some- times called Lelegian because of their frequent proximity to Lelegian sites.45 The earliest discov- ered are those at Asarlik which contained early Protogeometric pottery,46 and the same mode of construction would seem to continue into the fifth

century B.c.47 Whether or not the tomb at G6kge- bel originally protruded above the surface of the surrounding terrain, as is usual, cannot be known before soundings are made.

It is noteworthy that tombs of this type and size, which are almost certainly related to Mycenaean

tholos tombs,48 also appear on Crete during the

Early Iron Age, although these had made their first appearance in the Late Minoan period.49 Hood lists, for the Late Bronze Age, four rectangular chamber tombs with corbelled beehive vaults like those of tholos tombs; three are in eastern Crete, one in western Crete, and one on Samos.50 For the Iron Age there are, besides those mentioned in Caria, ten similar tombs in eastern Crete."1 It is

possible that there are still more in Crete, among excavated tombs, for Pendlebury has shown that a number of tombs which were originally published as "true tholoi, i.e. circular from the foundations," are actually rectangular. Indeed, almost all of those which were re-examined have domes beginning about a meter from the ground.52 The tombs at Karphi are especially interesting because they, like those of Caria, so obviously projected well above the surface of the earth.53

Until further work is done on the Mycenaean re- mains in ICaria, it would be presumptuous to in- terpret this relationship between Cretan and Ca- rian tomb construction; all that may be said at the moment is that, in spite of the obvious differences in the pottery found within the tombs, we may be seeing some echo of the traditional connection be- tween Lego-Carians and Minoans, which is the one point on which most early historians agree.

The catalogue of pottery from the tomb fol- lows: unless otherwise indicated, both sides of each vessel may be considered the same and only one side of each is described.

I. Krater (pl. 83, fig. 15). H. 0o.469. Mouth d. 0.405- Part of conical base and half of one double handle

missing. Body cracked. Orange-red fabric with some grit.

High flaring foot. Beveled lip. Two double loop handles set horizontally on each side of body.

Decoration, applied over very light buff slip on exterior, is too badly worn to give original quality

43Paton and Myres, JHS i6 (1896) 245- 44 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (1955) 165-166. 45 ibid. On 127 they explain why certain sites are considered

Lelegian. 46 W. R. Paton, "Excavations in Caria," JHS 8 (1887) 66ff. 47 Bean and Cook, BSA 50 (i955) 166. 48Paton and Myres, IHS i6 (1896) 265. K. Bittel, Klein-

asiatische Studien (Istanbul 1942) 70. Ekrem Akurgal, Die Kunst Anatoliens (Berlin 1961) 161-162; "The Early Period and the Golden Age of Ionia," AJA 66 (1962) 370.

49 M. S. F. Hood, "Tholos Tombs of the Aegean," Antiquity 34 (I96o) 175.

50 ibid. 167, with fig. i. Cf. St. A. Xanthoudides, ArchEph (1904) 23-24, figs. 5a and 5b. The Samos tomb seems to be unpublished except for brief notices.

51 ibid. Cf. E. H. Hall, Excavations in Eastern Crete, Vro- kastro (U. of Pa. Mus. Anthrop. Publ. III, 3; Philadelphia 1914) 124-

52 J. D. S. Pendlebury, The Archaeology of Crete (London 1939) 306-307.

53Pendlebury, "Excavations in the Plain of Lasithi III. Karphi ...," BSA 38 (1937-38) iiI; for other tombs, looff, with table on Io9.

1963] MYCENAEAN TOMBS IN HALICARNASSUS 359

of glaze. Foot banded at bottom and at junction with body, with pair of bands between and nearer bottom. Wide band on body, just beneath handles, with three smaller bands above and below. Handle zone in three panels, each containing a reserved cross, with dark center, circumscribed by concentric circles. Panels are framed by vertical rows of loz- enges, but these differ in the following manner: a and b are both flanked by pairs of vertical lines; c is flanked by single lines, but lozenges are wid- ened by being divided and separated by a pair of reserved vertical lines running down their centers; and d is simply flanked by vertical lines. (It must be noted that the circles do not overlap the vertical panels, as in illustration, but were all centered as is the central circle shown there.) A small band runs along the top of the panel zone, with groups of irregular, short lines pendant from it on either side of each circle and above the handles. Above, wide band covers lip and continues into interior coating. Handles each with three banners, and beneath handles are crude "horns" which may be only splashes.

The piece finds its closest parallels at Marma- riani, especially in the group I45-I49.4" In common are the shape and decoration. The deep body and high flaring foot are the same, and the slight ridge below the lip, which is common in Attica, also occurs at Marmariani, where it is usually more pronounced and serrated, as at Miletus.55 Many of the features described by Desborough in defining the group at Marmariani are found here: circles cramped between dividing zones and filled with re- served crosses, rectilinear panels adjacent to the handles, and solid diamonds as rectilinear motives. Desborough places this group late in the Proto- geometric period and would suggest, in terms of absolute dating, that Protogeometric began at Mar- mariani after the middle of the tenth century;56 the Dirmil krater is closest to the later examples from that site.

Another close parallel was found on the island of Thera,57 but in that case the central panel is filled with a net or cross-hatched pattern rather than concentric circles.

2. Shoulder-handled amphora (pl. 83, fig. 16). H. 0.456. D. 0.322. Mouth d. 0.192. Buff fabric.

Low ring base; handles, oval in section, from shoulder to junction of shoulder and neck; high neck flares out sharply at mouth. Small round hole in body near base seems to have been made inten- tionally in antiquity.

Decoration in very dark brown, crackling glaze, which varies from nearly black to red. Dark band at junction of base and body with two narrow bands just above. Belly covered with two broad bands, with pairs of smaller bands between, below, and above; the last is adjacent to the bottoms of handles. Handle zone is reserved for a pair of con- centric semicircles with solid hourglass fillings. A ten-brush compass was used for each semicircular pattern, and the compass needle was set neither on the base line nor in the center of the hourglass (which would, in any case, have been added last), but somewhere in between. Semicircles, flanked by pairs of wiggly vertical lines, are separated by a pair of nearly vertical dotted lines, and are attached to the upper panel border by pairs of oblique dotted lines. Zone of upper handle attachment filled with dotted horizontal line framed by solid bands. Neck and rim, to a point just inside mouth, are coated with very dark brown glaze. The handles are striped horizontally on outer surfaces.

Although several differences exist, the closest parallel seems to be from Andros.58 Again the date is in the late Protogeometric period,"9 a date further suggested by similarities to the late Proto- geometric neck-handled amphora, no. 2024, Tomb 44, from the

Kerameikos.o? The use of the "leaning" vertical rows of dots to separate concentric semicircles with hourglass fill- ings, I have found only in Athens on a jug which also bears horizontal stripes on its one handle."

3. Trefoil-lipped oinochoe (pl. 84, fig. 17). H. 0.32. D. 0.25. Bright orange, slightly micacaeous fabric.

Low conical base, rather globular body, with slight bulge at base of neck.

Decoration in reddish-orange glaze. Thin band

54 V. R. d'A. Desborough, Protogeometric Pottery (hereafter PgP) (Oxford 1952) I43f, with pl. 23. T. C. Skeat and W. A. Heurtley, "The Tholos Tombs of Marmariani," BSA 31 (1930- 31) 32-33, pl. II.

55 Peter Hommel, "Der Abschnitt 6stlich des Athenatempels," IstMitt 9/10 (1959-60) pl. 51.

56 Desborough, PgP 147. 57 Hans Dragendorff, Thera II (Berlin 1903) 30, fig. 81.

58 Desborough, PgP pl. I6, no. 150. Theophil Sauciuc, An- dros (Wien 1914) 47, fig. 58, center.

59 Desborough, PgP 37, 39-40. 60 ibid. I I, with pl. 3. 1 A. Skias, Praktika (I900) 92ff. S. Wide, "Die Altesten

Dipylonvasen in Attika," Opuscula Archaeologica Oscari Mon- telio (Holmiae 1913) 208-209, with fig. 3.

360 GEORGE F. BASS [AIA 67

on bottom of base, and wider band on lower part of body. Group of nine concentric semicircles on shoulder, below spout, resting on group of three bands, of which the middle band is wider. Twelve languettes from band at base of neck. Lip is glazed inside and out.

The globular body, the clay ground, the lack of central filling in the semicircles, and the use of languettes (a hold-over from sub-Mycenaean) would point toward an early date in the Proto- geometric period.62 It is not wise to compare deco- rations on different shapes, but the similarity of the decoration to that of a belly-handled amphora (no. 549, Tomb 4, from the Kerameikos)63 from the very early Protogeometric period should be noted. It should also be borne in mind that oinochoai of Desborough's Class I, however, of which this is an example, do continue until the late phases of Proto- geometric, although the coated shoulders of Class II are then more popular."'

4. Conical-footed skyphos (pl. 84, fig. 18). H. 0.175. Mouth d. 0.173. Light brownish buff fabric. Wheel marks prominent on interior surface.

Conical base with horizontal grooves or wheel marks. Sides of rather deep body slightly con- stricted just below splaying rim.

Two narrow, reddish bands near bottom of coni- cal base. Lower third of body covered with red to dark brown glaze, above which are two narrow, red to dark brown bands. Main decorative motives are pairs of grouped concentric circles, nine circles to each group, with a dot in the center of each. The innermost circle of each group is appreciably thicker and darker than the others, but this may be due only to the brushes used. Between, and joining, the groups of circles is a wiggly horizontal line, and on one side, at least, another similar line runs toward the handle at a slightly higher level. Nar- row band just below lip, which is coated with a continuation of the dark brown glaze which covers the inside of the vessel. A pair of strokes begin in the dark area at the bottom of the body and run up over each handle.

Although definite parallels do not come to hand, this is probably closest to Desborough's Type IIb, which would seem to date from the late phase of

Protogeometric.65 The decoration is matched almost identically on a sherd from Miletus which bears concentric circles with a wiggly horizontal line on either side (one slightly higher than the other), a dark dot at the center of the circles, and a narrow band beneath a coated lip.e6 A less certain parallel is from Lindos, but the joining wiggly lines in that example are triple."7 Desborough mentions the similarity to a skyphos from Zagora, Andros;"8 the dating of the Zagora tombs is difficult, but may be transitional from Protogeometric to Early Geo- metric.69

,5. Jug or trefoil-mouthed oinochoe (pl. 84, fig. 19). H. 0.298. D. o.i8. Most of neck and all of lip missing. Brownish buff fabric.

Low conical base. Slimmer body than that of no. 3. Handle joins the shoulder far from the point directly beneath the join with the lip. It is not pos- sible to know if mouth was originally round or trefoil.

Decoration in dark brown glaze. Base complete- ly coated. Most of body below shoulder covered with two wide bands, between and above which are pairs of narrower bands. Shoulder pattern of concentric semicircles rests on topmost band; cen- ter of circles in bottom half of hourglass filling. The nine-brush compass was carelessly used so that the lines run together in places and have jagged ends. Semicircles flanked by pairs of dotted lines, neither of which is truly vertical, and attached to band at base of neck by a single dotted line. Base of handle ringed with glaze.

The more slender body, and the use of central filling in the semicircles points to a date somewhat later than that of no. 3. That its mouth may have been round is suggested by its closest parallel, the one-handled jug from the southwest slope of the Acropolis mentioned above."1

6. Belly-handled amphora (pl. 84, fig. 20). H. 0.405- D. o0.285. Mouth d. o0.17. Orangeish fabric (as no. 3). Wheel marks pronounced inside neck.

Low conical base, flat inside. Pair of loop handles, horizontally placed at point of maximum diameter of rather globular body, slant upward. Strongly splaying lip.

62 Desborough, PgP 64-65. 63 ibid. 21-22, with pl. 5, no. 549. 64 ibid. 65. 65 ibid. 80, 85. 66 P. Hommel, op.cit. (supra, n. 55) 55, pl. 55, no. 6.

67 Chr. Blinkenberg, Lindos I (Berlin 1931) 239, no. 831, with pl. 33.

68 Desborough, PgP pl. 16, no. 146. 69 ibid. I6I, 163.

1963] MYCENAEAN TOMBS IN HALICARNASSUS 361

Decoration in very reddish glaze. Bottom part of vase in very poor condition, but it is doubtful that body was painted beneath handles. Shoulder decoration, which rests on broad band with narrow band just beneath, consists of concentric semicircles with hourglass fillings. Between two of these is a vertical panel of solid lozenges framed by a pair of vertical lines. Neck and lip are coated.

A vase found at Knossos, which seems to be an

import, is similar in shape and, to a lesser extent, in decoration, except for its neck and lip.70 The neck of the Dirmil vase is closer to the Attic exam-

ples of Desborough's Class I amphoras."

The pottery and the practice of cremation found at Asarlik had suggested a connection between At- tica and Caria during the early Protogeometric pe- riod,72 and a continuation of this connection may be seen at Dirmil where cremation, although not cer- tain, again seems likely. Exact parallels for the Dirmil pottery are not found in Attica itself, but

Desborough has pointed out that "the vases are

much closer to the Attic series than those found in the cist tombs on Cos," which is so much closer

geographically. His suggestion that better parallels would probably be found at Miletus has been proven true, at least in the case of the skyphos, and we would expect to find still closer ties between the two sites in the future. The discovery of a krater at Dirmil having its best parallels in Thessaly and on Thera, however, is disturbing if one seeks com- mon Ionian traits; this factor may be due only to the fortunes of excavation, for few Protogeometric kraters are known elsewhere.

With a Turkish investigation of this site also being planned, it would again be premature to speculate too broadly on its significance. Hopefully the current and planned work in the Halicarnassus Peninsula will lead to the discovery of still more

early Carian sites, whose excavation, as Professor Cook has stated often, is so urgently needed.73

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PHILADELPHIA

70 ibid. 35, with pl. 33, no. xI, 4. 71 ibid. 23, with pl. 5. 72 V. Desborough, "The End of Mycenaean Civilization and

the Dark Age," CAH II, chapt. 36 (revised ed., fasc. 13; Cam-

bridge 1962) 17.

73 J. M. Cook, Archae. Reports for 1959-60 (supra, n. 29) 50; CAH (supra, n. 29) 23.

BASS PLATE 8I

FIG. 2

FIG. I

FIG. 9

FIG. 3 FIc. 5

FIG. 4 FIG. II FIG. IO

FIG. 6

PLATE 82 BASS

FIG. 7

FIG. 12

"_ID!

FIG. 8 FIG. 13

FIG. i4a FIG. I4C FIG. I4b

FIG. 14. Protogeometric tomb at Dirml. a: plan; b: longitudinal section; c: section through A-A on plan

BASS PLATE 83

FIG. 15

FIG. 16

PLATE 84 BASS

FIG. 17

FIG. 18

FIG. I9 FIG. 20