BASKETBALLBASKETBALL

HistoryThe Brief History of Basketball

Basketball is a team sport played by millions the world over, and its popularity seems to increase constantly. It is one of the world’s fastest sports, and accomplished play requires speed, stamina, and high degree of skill. It can be enjoyed on an amateur basis as well, so intensive training or previous experience is not required.

Origin of the Game

The game of basketball was invented in 1891 by a Canadian by the name of Dr. James Naismith. His intention was to develop a sport that could be played indoors and that would keep players fit between the football and baseball seasons. Essentially, it had to be non-contact in nature fast, and be able to be completed within a reasonably short period of time.

Dr. James NaismithJames Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian and naturalized American sports coach and innovator. Naismith invented the sport of basketball in 1891 and is often credited with introducing the first football helmet. Naismith wrote the original basketball rulebook, founded the University of Kansas basketball program, and lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event in 1936. Naismith's contributions to basketball have earned him several posthumous enshrinements.The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame carries his name.

The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (Springfield, Massachusetts) honors exceptional basketball players, all-time great coaches, referees, executives, and other major contributors to the game.Named after basketball inventor Dr. James Naismith, its mission is to preserve and promote basketball at all levels and serve as the ultimate library of the sports's history.To date, it has honored 285 individuals.

Spread of the GameThe new game was a huge and immediate success with the Young Men’s Christian Association ( YMCA ) students. Within a short time, basketball was being played across the United States and Naismith’s native Canada. The game spread rapidly as the YMCA students graduated and took the game with them all over the country and to other countries in their new positions as YMCA directors. Basketball’s rise in popularity also resulted from its adaptability-an indoor sport ( recreational plus competitive ) for all skill levels and genders.

Significant MilestonesThe game spread like wildfire. There were several significant milestones in the development and growth of basketball. These milestones were the development of standardized rules, the coaching profession, international basketball, and tournaments.

The RulesThe basketball rules were, initially, a list of thirteen typewritten statements that James Naismith posted on the gymnasium bulletin board in December of 1891. The rules were first published in the college newspaper in January 1892 and later that year printed in book form. The first Basketball Rules Committee was formed in 1895. High schools, colleges, professionals, and international basketball all have separate rules. There rules and their development have served well to standardize and provide the operating boundaries for playing the game.

The CoachesCoaching proved to be a difficult challenge. The game is simple yet challenging. The first coach was Forrest “Phog” Allen who was hired at Kansas University in 1910 and coached there for 46 years. The acceptance of basketball coaching as a profession fostered the continued development of the game and improvements in the level of competition.

An Olympic SportBasketball was played for the first time as an Olympic Sport in Berlin in 1936. Dr. Naismith, then 75 years old, was sent to those games by the National Association of Basketball Coaches and awarded the first medals. When the game was introduced in the world’s greatest amateur sports spectacle, the Olympics, its popularity throughout the

world was ensued.

TournamentsThe National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) and the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) began in 1937. In 1939 the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the National Association of Basktball Coaches ( NABC ) sponsored their first national tournament, which eventually developed into the “Final Four”. High schools also developed tournaments at the state and even the national levels in the 1930s. Tournament play has become so popular that the time during the national tournaments is referred to by sports fans as “ March Madness.”

Basketball TodayModern basketball remains the same basic game Naismith invented over 100 years ago. But it has become a game for everyone. A uniqueness of the sport is the myriad of ways the game has been modified. Basketball can be played for competition or recreation, 5-on-5 fullcourt down to 4-on-4, 3-on-3, 2-on-2, or 1-on-1 halfcourt. 3-on-3 tournaments are widespread. Individualized competitions and shooting contests are also common. Also in the year 1932 the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) founded and in the year 1946 the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) founded.

The Essentials for Basketball Games

A ball and basket on a basketball court, combined with socks, shoes, shorts and shirt are the essentials to practice or play the game.

Basketball CourtThe boundary area where a game is played is a rectangular basketball court. The area within the rectangle is called in bounds ( inside the playing area ), while the territory outside of this rectangle is called out of bounds.”length” boundaries are called sidelines and the “width” boundaries are termed endlines or baselines.

Basketball Court

Arena

Home/Guest(Road)

Name Lengthsideline 28m

endline(baseline)

15m

free throw line 3m

midcourt line 15m

center circle

Free throw lane (restricted area)

Three-point line 6.6m

Equipment

The ball is molded from leather or composition materials. For playing on outdoor courts, a rubber or composition all should be used because of the hight degree of wear of the ball when it is used on asphalt and concrete surfaces, common materials on outdoor courts.

Basket

rim hoop airball

The basket is 18 inches in inside diameter and is attached to the backboard with its upper edge 10 feet above the floor and its nearest edge 6 inches from the backboard.

BackboardThe backboard is a rectangle with a flat surface. It measures 6 feet horizontally and either 3.5 or 4 feet vertically. A rectangular box measuring 24 inches horizontally and 18 inches vertically is centered on the backboard behind the ring (rim), with the top edge of its baseline level with the ring.

ClothingPersonal equipment such as basketball shoes and socks are important for playing basketball. Basketball shoes are necessary for traction on the court. Athletic shorts, tank tops or loose-fitting T-shirt, and white socks are recommended. You may wear soft pads to protect your knees and elbows and eyeglass protectors or goggles to protect your eyes. Wearing jewelry is prohibited.

Clothing

shoes

uniform

Shoes and Uniforms

Strategies• give-and-go （传切配合） pass the ball to your

teammate and cut to the basket, looking to receive a return pass for a layup.

• flash （快速切入） any time you see a teammate being denied the pass and you are the next player away, you should automatically flash to an open area between the passer and overplayed receive.

• backdoor cut （背后切入） when overplayed by a defender who denies you the pass, make a backdoor cut all the way to the basket.

• dribble screen （运球掩护） a dribble screen is set by dribbling toward a teammate and screening the defender while handing off the ball to a teammate.

• down screen （向下掩护） a screen set by a player screenin for a teamate is called a down screen.

• back pick （背后掩护） when you screen for a teammate by setting a pick behind the teammate’s defender, it is called a back pick or up screen.

• cross screen （交叉掩护） a cross screen is set by starting on one block and screening across the lane for a teammate at the opposite block.

• draw-and-kick （挤过掩护） when you penetrate past a defender and a teammate’s defender leaves to give defendsive help on you, an open passing lane to your teammate is created.

• pivot （策应） the pivot is a fundamental skill that can get a player relief from pressure defense, and can be a great skill to have to begin an offensive move.

• zone offense （区域进攻） the most popular attack for the 2-3 or 2-1-2 zone defenses is the 1-3-1 zone offense.

• fast break （快攻） a fast break is to rush toward the goal in an attempt to score before the opposing team readies a defense. The most common fast break situations are the 3-on-2 and the 2-on-1.

• surge （猛攻）

• assist （助攻） assist enables a teammate to score a goal by a pass of a basketball.

Basketball Position

Point Guard

The point guard, also known as the "1", is the team's floor general and the best ballhandler on the team. The point guard can also be called the basketball team's "quarterback". Essentially the team's captain, the point guard's job is to make his teammates better and hand out assists. Prime examples are Isiah Thomas, John Stockton, Steve Nash ,Jason Kidd, Chris Paul, Chauncey Billups, Deron Williams. The point guard is typically the smallest player on the court. There are two more in-depth classifications of point guards; the scoring PG and the

passing PG or the "pure" PG.

Shooting GuardThe shooting guard, also known as the "2", is usually the team's best shooter. A quality shooting guard should be able to consistently hit 20-foot (6-meter) jump shots. Besides being able to shoot the ball, shooting guards must also have good ball-handling skills because they have to be able to create their own shots off the dribble. Finally, they should also be able to make good passes. The shooting guard needs to be able to take long-shots, around the three-point line. This is because there will be much tighter defense inside the key; thus, the shooting guard needs to learn how to get free for his shots. Perhaps the best example from NBA history is Michael Jordan. Kobe Bryant is the NBA's current top shooting guard along with Dwyane Wade, Manu Ginobili and Tracy McGrady.

Small ForwardThe small forward, also known as the "3", is typically somewhat shorter, quicker, and leaner than power forwards and centers The small forward position is considered to be perhaps the most versatile of the main five basketball positions, due to the nature of its role, which is sometimes similar to that of a power forward, and other times more resembles the role of a shooting guard. The small forward and shooting guard positions are often interchangeable. Small forwards have a variety of weapons, such as quickness and strength inside. Examples include Paul Pierce, LeBron James, Scottie Pippen, Larry Bird and Carmelo Anthony.

Power ForwardAlso known as the "4" position and abbreviated as "PF", the power forward plays a role similar to that of the center, down in the "post" or "low blocks". On offense, he can "post up", playing with his back to the basket, or set up for mid-range jump shots. On defense, he plays under the basket in a zone defense or against the opposing power

forward in man-to-man defense. The greatest power forwards of all time include Charles Barkley , Kevin Garnett, Tim Duncan,Karl Malone, Dirk Nowitzki, Amar'e Stoudemire and Pau Gasol.

CenterThe center, also referred to as the "5" or the "pivot", usually plays near the baseline, close to the basket (referred to as the "bottom of the key" or the "low post"). The tallest player is most likely to be assigned to the position of center. The center usually scores "down low, in the paint" Centers contribute to the team by using their physique and skill to score close to the basket, as well as both gather rebounds and "set the pick" in pick and roll plays. Some centers can be good perimeter shooters, which can draw a good

rebounding and shot-blocking center away from the basket. Yao Ming,Shaquille O'Neal,Dwight Howard,Bill Russell, Bill Walton, Hakeem Olajuwon, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, George Mikan and Wilt Chamberlain are considered all-time greats at the center position.

Vocabulary Appendix• basketballer; basketball player 篮球运动员• basketball team 篮球队• dream team 梦之队• most valuable player(MVP ）最有价值球员 • guard 后卫• point guard 组织后卫• shooting guard 攻击后卫• forward 前锋• center 中锋• inside man 内线球员• player with/without the ball 有 / 无球队员• sixth man 第六人；头号替补

• pick No.1 状元秀• referee 主裁判• umpire 副裁判• jump ball 跳球• toss 抛球• dead ball 死球• live ball 活球• in/out of bounds 界内 / 外• throw in 掷界外球• 3-sencond rule 三秒钟规则• 3-second violation 三秒违例• traveling; walking 走步违例• basket interference; goaltending 干扰球• turnover 失误• striking 打人犯规• hacking 打手犯规• charging 撞人犯规• charging with the ball 带球撞人

• blocking foul 阻挡犯规• holding; grabbing 拉人犯规• foul out 犯规达到限定次数被罚下场• pass 传球• long pass 长传• close pass 短传• chest pass 胸前传球• over pass 头上传球• single-hand pass 单手传球• two-hand pass 双手传球• baseball pass 单手肩上传球• quick pass 快传• jump pass 跳起传球• bounce pass 反弹传球• receive a pass 接球• dribble 运球• ball-control 控球能力 • dribbler 控球者• standing dribble 原地运球

• air dribble 空中运球• low dribble 低运球• behind-the-back dribble 背后运球• spin dribble 后转身运球• between-the-legs dribble 胯下运球• sudden stop 急停• shoot for a goal; shot 投篮• lay-up 上篮• twisting lay-up 篮下转身上篮• tip-in 补篮• three-point shot; three pointer 3 分球• hook shot 勾手投篮• jump shot 跳投• stop shot 急停投篮• dunk;slam;sink 扣篮• alley-oop 空中接力扣篮• bank shot 擦板球• miss the basket; missshot 投篮不中• goal; find the basket; make a goal 投中

• sharpshooter 神投手• rebound 篮板球• offensive rebound 前场篮板球• defensive rebound 后场篮板球• secure a rebound 抢到篮板球• rebounder 善于抢篮板球的队员• set up 组织进攻• playmaker 进攻组织者• assist 助攻• fast break 快攻• drive; break 突破• trail; follow up 跟进• break away 摆脱对方防守• screen 掩护• cut (in; through);penetrate 切入• pass-and-go play 传切配合• pivot 策应• individual defense 个人防守• fill in 补防

• shift 补位• double-team 夹击• triple-team 三夹一• intercept 断球• steal 抢球；夺球；偷袭• block a shot 盖帽• press defense 紧逼防守• all (full)-court press 全场紧逼• marking 盯人• zone defense 区域联防• combined defense 混合防守• front court; offensive half of court 前场• back court; defensive half of court 后场• midcourt 中场• outside 外围• inside 内线• double post 双中锋• draw a foul 造成对方犯规• three-point play 3 分战术

• transition 攻防转换• delaying tactics 拖延战术• control game 控球战术• basketball court 篮球场• center circle 中圈• three-second area(lane); restricted area 3 秒区；限制区• (jump) circle 跳球圈• free throw circle 罚球圈• free throw lane 罚球区• foul line 罚球线• three-point line 3 分线• basket; goal; bucket 球篮• rim; ring; hoop 篮圈• (back) board 篮板• time-out clock 暂停计时器• shot lock 24 秒计时器• scorers’ table 记录台

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