Basics Tap Water

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Wirsbo Tap Water SystemBasic Manual

Dec. 2001


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2 Wirsbo Tap Water System Basic Manual

Page

Introduction......................................................................................................4

Chapter 1 System description

The Wirsbo Tap Water System.........................................................................5Wirsbo-PEX pipe ..............................................................................................5Easy to install ...................................................................................................6Security against water damage ......................................................................6Wirsbo conduit .................................................................................................7Marking and identication ..............................................................................7Longitudinal expansion...................................................................................7Longitudinal contraction (shrinkage) .............................................................8

Joining methods..............................................................................................8

Chapter 2 Calculation principles

Water ow demand .........................................................................................9Design ow...................................................................................................... 10Velocity of ow................................................................................................ 11Hot water circulation (HWC) .......................................................................... 11Pressure drop.................................................................................................. 11Generally .........................................................................................................13

Chapter 3 Diagrams and tables

Pressure drop nomograms ............................................................................14

Heat emission loss..........................................................................................16Working pressure/temperature......................................................................18Thermal expansion.......................................................................................... 19

Chapter 4 Calculation methods

Calculation example 1 ....................................................................................20Calculation example 2 ....................................................................................22

Chapter 5 Installation methods/directions

Traditional method..........................................................................................25Manifold system .............................................................................................25Conduit Pipe-in-Pipe system......................................................................26Securing the conduit ......................................................................................26Location of the manifolds ..............................................................................27Location of the pipes ......................................................................................28Installation in concrete structures .................................................................28Installation in wooden structures..................................................................29Installation in single-family houses...............................................................29Installation in a block of ats .........................................................................30Installation in basements and ceilings..........................................................30Installation not allowing for thermal expansion..........................................31Installation allowing for thermal expansion.................................................32Fixing and clamping pipes on to a rack ........................................................32Installation in a vertical pipe duct..................................................................33Expansion compensating devices.................................................................34

Calculation of a exible arm and expansion loop........................................34

Contents


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Wirsbo Tap Water System Basic Manual 3

Page

Chapter 6 General directions

Storage and general care...............................................................................36Uncoiling the pipe...........................................................................................36Method of cutting ...........................................................................................36Assembling a Wirsbo Q&E tting..................................................................37

Assembling a compression tting.................................................................38Assembling a WIPEX Coupling......................................................................39Minor repairs...................................................................................................40Inserting a PE-X pipe into a conduit..............................................................41Replacing a damaged pipe.............................................................................42Pipe bending ...................................................................................................44Minimum bend radius....................................................................................44Filling the system............................................................................................44Pressure test....................................................................................................44Fire protection.................................................................................................45

Chapter 7 Wirsbo-PEX Technical data .............................................................................46

Chapter 8 Quality Assurance, tap water approvals .......................................................47

Chapter 9 Conversion tables ...........................................................................................49

Chapter 10 List of gures, tables and diagrams

Figures .............................................................................................................55Tables................................................................................................................56Diagrams .........................................................................................................56


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This manual will give basic information regarding the design of tap watersystems incorporating Wirsbo-PEX pipes and is intended mainly for use inthe design of systems for apartments and houses.

Wirsbo systems are easy to install and calculation principles, with theexception of material and installation costs, are the same as for other systems.

However it is recommended that design and installation be carried out byexperienced personnel. Local authority regulations in any case govern the kindof persons authorised to carry out this work, which in most instances will becertied plumbers. Moreover, although recommendations given here are ingeneral based on Nordic norms (NKB), individual requirements specic to thecountry concerned should be taken in to account where necessary.

In the case of high-rise buildings such as hotels or ofces, necessaryadditional information is available from Uponor Wirsbo AB or one of ourmany agents and distributors throughout the world.

Uponor Wirsbo AB

Uponor Wirsbo AB, Sweden in December 2001.

Reprinting, copying or any kind of reproduction is allowed provided the source of the

material is mentioned.

Introduction


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Chapter 1System description

For years, selecting a tap water system was done in a routine fashion. Choiceof material was limited, and attention was paid only to basic requirements.Today, selecting a tap water system involves taking into consideration a widerrange of aspects. Although the purpose is the same, a modern tap water systemhas a number of additional features, features which have a direct impact onthe overall performance of a system.

As in other aspects of modern life, development and improvement arecontinuous. Wirsbo piping systems are by no means new on the market.These have been developed and improved on since 1972.

Wirsbo offers a complete system for domestic hot and cold water. Thesystem consists of a wide range of pipes and accessories. It is clean, easy toinstall and exible. Being exible means for example, that longer lengths of

pipe can be installed, resulting in fewer joints and less associated installationwork. The Wirsbo Tap Water System includes components for installation innew buildings as well as in renovation projects, and is suitable for concealedruns in building structures of wood, concrete and brick, and for exposedruns in basements or ceilings.

Wirsbo-PEX is a pipe for hot and cold water applications. The pipes aremade from cross-linked high-density polyethylene (PE-X) in accordance withthe Engel process. Cross-linking is a process which changes the chemicalstructure of the plastic material in such a way that the polymer chainsare connected with each other to form a strong three-dimensional net ofchemical bonds.

The new chemical structure makes it impossible to melt or dissolve thepolymer, without rst destroying its structure. Wirsbo-PEX pipes are thereforesuitable for use at pressures and temperatures for which previously onlymetal pipes were appropriate.

In addition, Wirsbo-PEX pipes have a unique elasticity. Thus, whenexpanded, a pipe will always strive to resume its original dimension (unless itis expanded beyond the breakpoint which is over 300%). Using this feature

for example means that pipes can be simply and securely connected to eachother (see joining methods below).

The Wirsbo Tap WaterSystem

Wirsbo-PEX pipe

Figure 1 Molecule chain for a cross-linked

polyethylene pipe


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Wirsbo-PEX pipes have excellent long-term properties and are proofagainst corrosion. The internal diameter will not be reduced due to corrosionor to sediment build-up that can often occur in metal pipes. The pipe materialalso boasts the advantage of not being affected by high ow velocities orby low pH-valued water (aggressive water). Nor is it affected by buildingmaterials such as concrete, lime mortar, gypsum, etc. Wirsbo-PEX pipes havea very high resistance to chemicals and are thus resistant to chemical additives

in water. Wirsbo-PEX does not give off taste and smell, or add any harmfulsubstances to the drinking water.The material used for Wirsbo-PEX pipes is elastic and has a shock-

absorbing effect in situations such as when a mixing tap is suddenly shutoff. Water hammer in fact is reduced to one third compared with traditionalmetal pipes.

Note Prevent tape, paint and sealing compounds containing plasticizers and

other products containing solvents from coming into contact with thepipe as the compositions in these products affect the long-term propertiesof the pipe negatively.

Since UV radiation affects the pipe, a Wirsbo-PEX pipe should notbe stored or installed in such a way as to be exposed to sunlight (UVradiation).

Wirsbo-PEX pipes have many features that simplify the installation work.They are light and flexible and there is no need for high-temperatureoperations such as soldering or welding. Connecting a Wirsbo-PEX pipeis made simple using Wirsbo Quick & Easy couplings and the pipe can be

easily cut and bent by hand. Furthermore the pipes are delivered in coils foreasy transportation and handling.

Wirsbo tap water pipes can be safely placed in concealed locations withinbuilding structures because they offer security against water damage. This isbecause the pipes are channelled through a conduit, a protective outer pipe,

which can be installed in a single seamless length around the water-bearingpipe from the manifold all the way to the draw-off point (a pipe in pipesystem). Thus any water leakage, due for example to a pipe being damaged bya misplaced nail, will be carried and discharged beyond the building structureand will be detected at an early stage.

In addition as a further guarantee against damage, the various cabinets

in the Wirsbo range, such as the manifold cabinets, are tted with leakageindicators.

Easy to install

Security against waterdamage

Figure 2 Wirsbo-PEX pipe



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The conduit itself is corrugated, which makes it highly exible and gives ita high load-bearing capacity. As well as ensuring against water damage, italso provides mechanical protection and allows for the substitution of anaccidentally-damaged water pipe.

Wirsbo pipes are always marked with the product name, outer diameter,wall thickness, date of manufacture, and continuous metre marks. Theyare also marked with the current standard, together with a type approvallabel and depending on the type of pipe, with the relevant productionmonitoring authority.

Wirsbo-PEX tap water pipes are approved according to the relevantinternational standards with respect to material properties, installationtechnique and health requirements.

Wirsbo conduit

Marking and identication

Longitudinal expansion

Figure 3 Conduit pipe

Figure 4 The marking on Wirsbo-PEX

pipe

Compared to metal pipes, Wirsbo-PEX pipes have a high longitudinalexpansion (although associated expansion forces are low).

If a pipe in pipe system is installed in concealed pipe runs, longitudinalexpansion is taken up in the space between the water-bearing pipe andthe conduit.

In exposed pipe runs, the expansion forces are transmitted to expansioncompensating devices or to the structure of the building via anchor points.

Dimension (outside

diameter and wall

thickness)

Approval for tap water

in Germany

Identication:

material, machine, year,

month, day

The name of

the product

Production

monitoring authority

Manufacturing

process (Engel)

DIN standard

specifying pressure

and temperature

rating



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When a pipe has been in use for a while, the pressure and temperature ofthe water can drop and so the pipe may shrink longitudinally by up to1.5%. If the pipe is prevented from shrinking, a tensile force will be builtup. However, since the grip of the coupling on the pipe is stronger thanany tensile force and the pipes are often laid somewhat slack, longitudinalshrinkage is normally not a problem.

A wide range of couplings and ttings are available for the easy and secureconnection of plastic pipes; mainly compression ttings, press ttings amongothers of various manufacture.

Wirsbo has developed its own joining method, Wirsbo Quick & Easy(Q&E), based on the unique properties of the Wirsbo-PEX pipe.

A Wirsbo Quick & Easy joint is made by gradually expanding the pipewith a ring of PEX material tted on its outside, and then by allowing the pipeand support ring to shrink back onto the tting nipple.

This demonstrates the elastic properties of the PE-X material which alwaysstrives to resume its original shape as mentioned above and helps give WirsboQuick & Easy the reputation of being probably the most efcient and safePE-X coupling available today.

The WIPEX coupling is the other main coupling in Wirsbos assortment,designed especially for connecting larger dimension Wirsbo-PEX pipes, usedin tap water systems or in district heating installations.

WIPEX couplings are available for pipe dimensions, ranging from outerdiameters of 32 mm up to 110 mm. The joints here are sealed with o-rings.

Note For the safest couplings, Wirsbo-PEX pipes should be connected with

approved ttings recommended by Wirsbo or any of our retailers.

Longitudinal contraction(shrinkage)

Joining methods



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The water ow requirements do vary in each country, therefore the followinggures should be veried with the relevant authorities in your area.

Water ow demand l/s

Application Nordic (NKB) prEN 806*

Water closet with ush tank 0.1 0.13Wash basin 0.1 0.07Shower 0.2 0.15Bath 0.3 0.30Sink 0.2 0.10Washing machine 0.2 0.20Bidet 0.1 0.20

Example 1: BathroomIn a bathroom with bath tub, wash basin, water closet and bidet the maximumow, according to Nordic norms, is:

Cold water (l/s) Hot water (l/s)

Bath 0.3 0.3Wash basin 0.1 0.1Water closet 0.1 Bidet 0.1 0.1

Total ow rate 0.6 0.5

Bathrooms are normally used by one person at a time, the largest volume ofwater being taken by the bath. Therefore the maximum water ow would be0.3 l/s and used as design ow rate.

Example 2: ApartmentAn apartment has a bathroom, a toilet and a kitchen:

a) The bathroom is similar to the bathroom in example 1

b) The toilet has one water closet and one wash basin (only one usedat a time)c) The kitchen has a sink and a washing machine

The total ow rate in l/s to be considered for cold water is:

a) Bathroom in example 1 0.6b) WC and wash basin 0.2c) Sink and washing machine 0.4

Total ow rate 1.2

Chapter 2Calculation principles

Water ow demand

Table 1 Water ow demand

(* method 4)



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According to Nordic norms, when the demand ow of an apartment islarger than 0.7 l/s, it is sufcient to calculate with 0.7 l/s for both cold andhot water supply. If hot water is to be heated in the apartment, then thesupply to the apartment should be 1.6 l/s.

In practice, most faucets used in tap water installations have a predominantly

short usage time (less than 15 minutes per 24 hours) and not all faucets are inuse at the same time. For this reason the design ow is based on the total ow(total volume required), and accordingly reduced by a design factor.

The table below shows design ow (Nordic norms) according to varioustotal ows.

Total Design Total Design Total Design Total Designow ow ow ow ow ow ow ow

0.3 0.30 3.2 0.59 12.0 0.98 27.0 1.460.4 0.35 3.4 0.61 12.5 1.00 28.0 1.490.5 0.37 3.6 0.62 13.0 1.01 29.0 1.520.6 0.39 3.8 0.63 13.5 1.03 30.0 1.55

0.7 0.40 4.0 0.64 14.0 1.05 32.0 1.600.8 0.41 4.2 0.65 14.5 1.07 34.0 1.600.9 0.42 4.4 0.66 15.0 1.08 36.0 1.711.0 0.43 4.6 0.67 15.5 1.10 38.0 1.771.1 0.44 4.8 0.68 16.0 1.12 40.0 1.821.2 0.45 5.0 0.69 16.5 1.13 45.0 1.951.3 0.46 5.5 0.71 17.0 1.15 50.0 2.081.4 0.47 6.0 0.74 17.5 1.17 60.0 2.331.5 0.48 6.5 0.76 18.0 1.18 70.0 2.571.6 0.49 7.0 0.78 18.5 1.20 80.0 2.811.7 0.49 7.5 0.80 19.0 1.22 90.0 3.041.8 0.50 8.0 0.82 19.5 1.23 100.0 3.26

1.9 0.51 8.5 0.84 20.0 1.25 110.0 3.492.0 0.52 9.0 0.86 21.0 1.28 120.0 3.702.2 0.53 9.5 0.88 22.0 1.31 130.0 3.922.4 0.54 10.0 0.90 23.0 1.34 140.0 4.132.6 0.56 10.5 0.92 24.0 1.37 150.0 4.342.8 0.57 11.0 0.94 25.0 1.40 160.0 4.553.0 0.58 11.5 0.96 26.0 1.43 170.0 4.76

Note For hotels, ofce buildings and other large installations the above in-

formation should not be used. Consultation with your local authority isrecommended in these instances.

Design ow

Table 2 Design ow



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Velocity of ow Velocity of ow in a tap water system has a direct inuence on:- Internal erosion- Noise level- Water hammer- Pressure drop

With the use of copper pipes, limiting the velocity of ow to a maximum of

1.5 m/s is recommended. Wirsbo-PEX pipes are not subject to this restriction.Tap water system installations with Wirsbo-PEX pipes can be designed to amaximum calculated water velocity of 2.5 m/s.

When designing a hot water system, consideration should be given to theinstallation of a circulation system, which reduces to a minimum the timebetween turning on the tap and the arrival of the hot water. This not only savestime but also reduces water consumption, since water need not cool betweentap usage and unwanted cold water need not therefore be drawn off.

The following example shows the method for calculating the time with thehot water circulating relatively close to the manifold.

Example:The waiting time requirement is 10 seconds. The distance between the faucet(wash basin; 0.1 l/s) and the manifold is 10 m. The pipe from the manifoldto the faucet is a Wirsbo-PEX pipe of 16x2.2 mm.

The internal volume of a Wirsbo-PEX pipe of 16x2.2 mm is 0.099 l/m.Since the distance is 10 m, there will be 0.99 l in the pipe between theconnection points. The water ow is 0.1 l/s.

0.99 l0.1 l/s

= 9.9 s

Thus the time of under 10 seconds is acceptable.

Once the total ow (total volume required) in each main supply pipe has beencalculated and the design ows have been determined, pressure requirementsmust then be considered before selecting a pipe dimension. The pressure dropin valves, mixers, ow metres, shut-off valves, ttings, etc., has to be taken intoaccount when calculating these requirements. The pressure drop diagrams for

Wirsbo-PEX pipes in the next chapter can now be used. These are based onspecic temperatures. Calculations based on other temperatures are subjectto a correction factor as shown in the table below.

Temp. Correction Factor

C 70C 10C

90 0.95 0.7680 0.98 0.7870 1.00 0.8060 1.02 0.8250 1.05 0.8440 1.10 0.8730 1.14 0.9120 1.20 0.9610 1.25 1.00

Hot water circulation (HWC)

Pressure drop

Table 3 Correction factors



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1. The design ow for a room is the maximum volume needed to supplythe faucet which requires the maximum flow. In bathrooms this isnormally the bath tub.

2. The pressure drop for ttings supplied in the Wirsbo Tap Water Systemis equivalent to a pipe length of less than 0.5 m. (0.1 m for Wirsbo Q&Eand 0.5 for WIPEX).

3. When a pipe dimension is selected the common acceptable value is 1-10kPa/m (10-100 H2O).

4. There are occasions where approximations can be useful for selecting apipe dimension. The following table gives an indication of the required

Wirsbo-PEX pipe dimension considering three various selection criteria.The values in the table are based on the examples, rules and tables shownin this manual.

A. Number of B. Number of

Pipe Apartments bathrooms C. Total

dimension (acc.to ex 2 (acc.to ex 1 ow l/s

mm in section 2.1) in section 2.1)

20x2.8 1 2 1.425x3.5 3 6 3.732x4.4 12 24 14.240x5.5 29 57 34.250x6.9 43 86 51.563x8.7 107 213 127.9

Example1:Dimension a supply pipe for 30 apartments of the same sort as in example 2in Chapter 2, Water ow demand.

Conclusion: Wirsbo-PEX 40x5.5 mm is sufcient for 29 apartments but

not for 30. Select Wirsbo-PEX 50x6.9 mm.

Example 2:Dimension a supply pipe for two bathrooms of the same sort as in example 1in Chapter 2, Water ow demand.

Conclusion: Wirsbo-PEX 20x2.8 mm is sufcient for these two bath-rooms.

Example 3:Dimension a supply pipe for a total ow of 3 l/s.

Conclusion: Wirsbo-PEX 25x3.5 mm is sufcient for this ow.

Note

You have to consider the pipe length, hoisting height and availablepressure.

Generally

Table 5 Indication of required Wirsbo-

PEX pipe dimension


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Chapter 3Diagrams and tables

Pressure drop nomogram Wirsbo-PEX 1.0 MPa 90C

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 kPa/m

m/s

Correction factors for Temperature C 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

other temperatures Factor 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00

0.1 0.15 0.2

0.25

0.3

0.4

0.50.6

1.0

1.25

1.51.75

2.0

2.53.0

4.0

5.0

6.07.0

10.0

12.063x8

.7mm

50x6

.9

40x5

.5

32x4

.4

25x3

.5

20x2

.8

16x2

.2

12x2

.0

l/sWater temperature 10C

Diagram 1 Pressure drop nomogram Wirsbo-PEX 1.0 MPa 90C


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Pressure drop nomogram Wirsbo-PEX 0.6 MPa 90C

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 kPa/m

m/s

Correction factors for Temperature C 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10other temperatures Factor 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.20 1.25

0.20.25

0.3

0.4

0.50.6

1.0

1.251.5

1.752.0

2.53.0

4.05.0

6.07.0

10.0

12.0

63x5

.8

50x4

.6

40x3

.7

32x3.0

25x2

.3

20x2

.0

16x2

.0

75x6

.9

l/s

Water temperature 70C

90x8

.2

110x

10mm

Diagram 2 Pressure drop nomogram Wirsbo-PEX 0.6 MPa 90C


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Heat emission loss Heat emission loss can be calculated according to the formula in gure 5. Thediagrams show heat emission loss for Wirsbo-PEX pipes rated 1 MPa, 90Cand 0.6 MPa, 90C. Temperature difference (water - ambient).

T = + T2Q

d4

2

Q = (T

1-T

2) l

1 1 1 d2

1 d3

1 d4

1d

1

2d

42

1d

12

2d

22

3d

3

+ + ln + ln + ln

Q = WT = Cd = m = W/m K = W/m2 Kl = m

1 = Piping wall

2 = Insulating layer

3 = Insulating layer

3

d1d

2

d3

d4

T1

1

T2

3

2

1

2

2

1

Figure 5 Heat loss from a pipe based

upon a length of 1 metre.

Surface

temperature T


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140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C

W/m

Heat emission loss Wirsbo-PEX 1.0 MPa 90C

63x8.7 50x6.9

40x5.5

32x4.4

25x3.5

20x2.8

16x2.2

12x2.0

110x10 90x8.2

50x4.8

40x3.7

32x3.0

25x2.3

20x2.0

16x2.0

75x6.9 63x5.8W/m

Heat emission loss Wirsbo-PEX 0.6 MPa 90C

Diagram 3 Heat emission loss Wirsbo-PEX 1.0 MPa 90C

Diagram 4 Heat emission loss Wirsbo-PEX 0.6 MPa 90C

mm

mm


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Working pressure/temperature

The following diagram shows the applicable working pressure for Wirsbo-PEXpipes series S = 3.2 (10 bar at 95C) and series S = 5 (6 bar at 95C) atdifferent continuous temperatures.

Diagram 5 Working pressure as a

function of temperature for normal hot

water use

ISO/DIS 15875 is the standard documentation which classies serviceconditions for plastic pipes and ttings for hot and cold water systems.

The service conditions with safety factors for 10 bar (class 2, hot watersupply, 70C) are specied below.

Dimen- Opera- Time Max. Time Malfunc. Time Typicalsion tive at temp. at temp. at eld

series temp. Top

Tmax

, Tmax

, Tmal

, Tmal

of appli-

Top, C Years C Years C Hours cation3.2 70 49 80 1 95 100

Hot watersupply

Note Systems are not always in operation throughout their 50-year service life,

and therefore, when calculating the projected service life to ensure that itequates with the actual service life, allowance must be made for the timethe system is not in use. A temperature of 20C, approximating to roomtemperature, must be used for calucation purposes for this period.

Pipes in series 3.2 should be installed in a hot water supply system with a maximum design pressure of 10 bar. Pipes in dimension series5 should be installed in a hot water supply system with a maximumdesign pressure of 6 bar.

Pressure (bar) Sf 1,3 = Safecty factor 1.3

30

20

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature C

S = 5

S = 3.2

Table 6 Service conditions with safety

factors


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The diagram below shows the thermal expansion of a Wirsbo-PEX pipe asa function of the temperature.

Thermal expansion

25

20

15

10

5

0

Expansion, mm/m

Temperature, C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Diagram 6 Thermal expansion

This diagram is used in the example on page 35.


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Chapter 4Calculation methods

In this chapter we will show two calculation examples to do with risers. Forthe sake of simplicity any pressure loss through manifolds and ttings has beenomitted since it would have an insignicant effect upon calculations.

Example 1 shows a pressure loss calculation for the dimensioning of a riserin a small-size building.

Calculation example 1

The basic criteria required for pressure loss calculations:

A ve oor buildingA bathroom on each oorEach oor has a height of 3 mThe available water pressure at ground level is 400 kPa (hypothetical gure)The pressure loss through the heater is 100 kPa (hypothetical gure)The pressure loss in every faucet is 50 kPa (hypothetical gure)

Step 1 Calculate the known pressure loss

Pressure loss in the heater 100 kPaPressure loss due to the forceof gravity 147.2 kPa (9.81 x 3 m x 5 oors)Pressure loss in each faucet 50 kPa 297.2 kPa

l/s

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

5

4

3

2

1Heater

Figure 6 Outline drawing of an installation

MP

0

l/s 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1kPa/m

7.30 1.01 1.01 3.52


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Step 2 Calculate the average pressure loss/m of the riser

This calculation gives an indication of the pressure loss when a pipe dimensionis to be selected. Approximate pipe length = 15 m (3 m x 5 oors) + 5 m(bathrooms) = 20 m

The average pressure loss will be the difference between the availablepressure from the pump (400 kPa) and the known pressure loss (297.2 kPa),

which is 102.8 kPa. Thus

102.8 kPa20 m

= 5.14 kPa/m

Step 3 Calculate the maximum pressure loss in the bathroom

The maximum ow in the bathroom comes from supply to the bath whichis 0.3 l/s and gives a pressure loss of 7.3 kPa/m for a Wirsbo-PEX pipe of16x2.2 mm. The distance from the manifold to the draw-off point is 4 m.The pressure loss will therefore be:

7.3 kPa/m x 4 m = 29.2 kPa

The maximum pressure loss is a function of the ow requirement, pipedimension and pipe length. It is not always the outlet with the highest water owrequirement that gives the maximum pressure loss. That is why a comparison ofpressure loss for all the outlets in the bathroom should be made.

Distance to Pipe Pressure Pressure

Outlet manifold dim Flow loss/m loss

(m) (mm) (l/s) (kPa/m) (kPa)

Bath 4 16x2.2 0.3 7.30 29.2Wash basin 6 16x2.2 0.1 1.01 6.06

Toilet 7 16x2.2 0.1 1.01 7.07Bidet 4 16x2.2 0.1 1.01 4.04

Step 4 Calculate the pressure loss in the riser

According to Nordic norms, (NKB), the required ow for every bathroomis 0.3 l/s. However, the riser must be dimensioned for the total ow rate ofeach bathroom. In this case 0.6 l/s.

The total ow will thus be 3.0 l/s. From table 2 (Chapter 2; Design ow)we know the design ow is 0.58 l/s. Using this value in table 4 (Chapter 2;Pressure drop) will give an indication of a suitable pipe dimension.

In step 2, the average pressure loss/m was calculated at 5.14 kPa/m. Thisshould not be exceeded. If we select a pipe dimension of 25x3.5 mm this willgive a pressure loss of 2.77 kPa/m.

By using table 2 and then table 4 the value of the pressure loss in the risercan be determined. Here for example are comparison values obtained fromthe tables for a dimension of 25 x 3.5 mm.

Pressure loss Design Total ow

kPa/m ow l/s l/s

1.35 0.39 0.61.74 0.45 1.22.11 0.50 1.82.44 0.54 2.4

2.77 0.58 3.0

Table 7 Calculated pressure loss for all

outlets in the bathroom

Table 8 Values based on total ow


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1.35 kPa/m x 3 m = 4.05 kPa1.74 kPa/m x 3 m = 5.22 kPa2.11 kPa/m x 3 m = 6.33 kPa2.44 kPa/m x 3 m = 7.32 kPa2.77 kPa/m x 3 m = 8.31 kPa 31.23 kPa

Step 5 Add together the calculated pressure loss

Known pressure loss (step 1) 297.20 kPaMaximum pressure loss (step 3) 29.20 kPaPressure loss in riser (step 4) 31.23 kPa 357.63 kPa (


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Step 1 Calculate the minimum available pressure from the watertank

The minimum available pressure is the pressure in the manifold nearest thewater tank. In this example the vertical distance to the nearest manifold is 9m. Thus the available pressure is:

9.81 x 9 m = 88.3 kPa

Step 2 Calculate the pressure loss from the water tank down tothe nearest bathroom

If we calculate initially for a 32x4.4 mm pipe, using the same tables (tables 2and 4) as in example 1 will give a pressure loss of 0.82 kPa/m for 0.58 l/s. Thevertical pipe length to be calculated for is 9 m.The pressure loss is then:

0.82 kPa/m x 9 m = 7.38 kPa

For Wirsbo-PEX 32x4.4 mm

Pressure loss Design Total ow

kPa/m ow l/s l/s

0.82 0.58 3.00.72 0.54 2.4

Step 3 Calculate the maximum pressure loss in the nearest bath-room

As the water tank is located on top of the building, the nearest bathroomwill be on the top oor. This bathroom is the same as the one in the previous

example. The calculated pressure loss will thus be 29.2 kPa.

Step 4 Calculate if the available pressure is sufcient to supplythe bathroom on the top oor

Available pressure 88.30 kPaPressure loss in riser - 7.38 kPaPressure loss in bathroom - 29.20 kPaPressure loss in faucet - 50.00 kPa 1.72 kPa

There is sufcient pressure available to supply water to the bathroom. Again,

if the pressure loss had been greater than the available pressure, a larger pipediameter would have had to be used.

Step 5 Check the available pressure for the floors below thetop oor

Due to the force of gravity, the available pressure will increase for every oorbelow the top oor, as the riser descends. This nal check is intended to:

a) Ascertain if the available pressure is sufficient to supply the requiredow to the 4th oor.

The pressure loss from the riser is:

0.8 kPa/m x 3 m = 2.4 kPa



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The pressure increase due to the force of gravity is:

9.81 x 3 m = 29.43 kPa

Since the pressure increase is higher than the pressure loss, the availablepressure will be sufcient for the demand ow on the 4th oor.

b) Ascertain if the available pressure on the bottom floor is excessive.If so this would indicate that a reduction in pipe size is necessary tolimit the pressure.

For Wirsbo-PEX 25x3.5 mm

Pressure loss Design Total owkPa/m ow l/s l/s

2.11 0.50 1.81.74 0.45 1.21.35 0.39 0.6

The pressure loss from the riser is:

0.72 kPa/m x 3 m = 2.16 kPa2.11 kPa/m x 3 m = 6.33 kPa1.74 kPa/m x 3 m = 5.25 kPa1.35 kPa/m x 3 m = 4.05 kPa 17.79 kPa

The pressure increase is:

9.81 x 12 m = 117.72 kPa

Comment:The available pressure is in fact excessive so that the dimension of the risershould be reduced from the 4 th oor downwards in order to reduce thepressure in the system.



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Chapter 5Installation methods/directions

The Wirsbo Tap Water System can be installed in the same fashion as atraditional system made of metal pipes i.e. a Tee system. The advantage

with this installation method is that it does use less piping than the manifoldsystem described below. However, the traditional method has some inherent

disadvantages that should be taken into consideration.The design work for example is more complicated. Most engineers wishto reduce the pipe dimension, from a larger one at the beginning of thesystem to a smaller one at the end, which is why calculations are needed todetermine the various pipe sizes.

Also, there are temperature and pressure variations due to the fact thatone supply pipe normally has more than one draw-off point. In addition,there are more connection points than with the manifold system and theseare often inaccessibly situated within the walls. Furthermore, because of thevarious pipe dimensions and the large number of corresponding ttings, stockkeeping is more complicated on-site.

The manifold system does not present any of the above-mentioned difculties.It can be designed with one single pipe dimension from the manifold tothe draw-off point, which simplies design and installation work. Withconnection points only at the manifold and the faucet, the risk of leakagefrom joints is considerably reduced and there are no awkward connections

within the walls. Since also there are no other draw-off points on thesame supply pipe, pressure and temperature variations are minimal whenfaucets are turned on and off in varying sequences. Furthermore fewer pipedimensions and ttings allow for easier stock keeping and save on installationtime and labour costs.

Traditional method

Figure 8 Traditional method with 16 joints

Manifold system


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Figure 9 Manifold system with 10 joints

Although a properly installed Wirsbo piping system is secure from leakage,there may be occasions when extra precautions against damage from leakage

within the construction of a building are required. Different local standardsand regulations or simply the demands of the purchaser may require this.Using a manifold system in conjunction with Wirsbo Pipe-in-Pipe, the factoryprefabricated Wirsbo-PEX pipe within a conduit, will meet these requirements.

With Wirsbo-PEX Pipe-in-Pipe, any leakage caused by accidental damageis retained within the conduit and easily detected after being carried safelybeyond the building structure. In addition, in a concealed pipe run, withoutthe complicating Tee-joints of a traditional pipe system, an accidentallydamaged length of pipe can be substituted from within the conduit without

causing structural harm in the process.Wirsbo-PEX Pipe-in-Pipe comes in ready-to-install prefabricated lengths.

However if so desired, the conduit may be installed separately with the waterpipe being inserted at a later stage.

Conduits should be properly secured, particularly so if run in woodenstructures. This not only simplies the insertion of the water pipe into theconduit as required, but also helps reduce any noise from water hammer andpipe expansion. Note that Wirsbo-PEX Pipe-in-Pipe should be laid with thefewest possible bends and the largest possible bend radii. This too will helpminimise noise, but in addition, it will make easier the removal of the water

pipe at a later stage if this should prove necessary.Securing to timber studs and joists is done with nailed clips placed at

suitable intervals and with straps or securing plates, specially designedand supplied by Wirsbo. Pipes should be secured to concrete structures

with tying wire.However please note the following:

Conduits running in stud walls, a timber oor structure or in a pipeduct should not be secured above an interval of 1000 mm (as measuredfrom the centre of the clips).

Pipes run at right angles through studs or wooden frames should besecured to these by securing plates.

When studs or joists are spaced 600 mm apart they should be securedat every other stud or joist.

Where the pipe run bends, the conduit should be fastened at eitherside of the bend.

Conduit Pipe-in-Pipe system

Securing the conduit


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Figure 10 A conduit run through joists

with pipe clips and securing plates

Manifolds should be positioned for easy access to maintenance and in closeproximity to all faucets. Location should also permit convenient connectionto the supply mains, provide adequate protection from freezing, especially inareas with very low winter temperatures, and should be situated away fromload-bearing parts of the building.

It may sometimes be appropriate to have more than one manifold location.In some cases, in keeping with local standards and regulations, a manifold may

be best located where any leakage can be quickly detected, such as near a oordrain. Alternatively, manifolds can be placed in special watertight cabinetswhere any leakage, from for example a pipe damaged during installation, canbe run off and quickly discovered at an appropriate detection point awayfrom a buildings structure. Location could for example be on the wall in thelaundry room, under a wash basin, or in a kitchen cabinet.

Location of the manifolds

Figure 11 Manifold in a watertight

cabinet (left)

Figure 12 An example of a manifold

attached to the wall (right)


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Figure 13 Example of a manifold situated

in a ceiling

Location of the pipes

Installation in concretestructures

Figure 14 A temporary stand supports

the pipe and manifold (left)

Figure 15 A temporary stand supports a

pipe. Note the end cap is retained as long

as the pipe remains unconnected (right)

The pipe runs should be located where there is no risk of freezing andwhere there is least danger of an accidental drilling. The length of pipebetween the manifold and the faucet should be kept to a minimum soas to reduce the number of bends, which in turn will keep pressure lossas low as possible.

Wirsbo-PEX pipes are not affected by concrete. Thus they can be cast directlyinto structural concrete or run in recesses made after casting.

Always allow some extra piping at the beginning and at the end of theruns to simplify connection to manifolds and ttings. The pipes shouldbe tied to the reinforcement mesh at a maximum spacing of 750 mm,

with wire or plastic straps. These must not deform or damage the pipeor the conduit.

A pipe bend support supplied by Wirsbo is recommended for perpendicularupturns from the oor whilst a temporary stand is often used to hold inplace a loose pipe end, and in some cases even a manifold, if it is mountedbefore the wall is built.

Note When installing Wirsbo-PEX Pipe-in-pipe make sure that no concrete or

mortar forces its way into either water pipe or conduit.

Before casting or otherwise concealing the conduit, make sure it hasnot been deformed or blocked. An obstruction may affect the insertionof the water pipe.



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If pipes are run in wooden oor structures and stud walls, they shouldbe laid in runs which are simple to locate in order to help prevent anypuncturing with nails or screws.

A pipe bend support is recommended for vertical upturns from the ooror where a small bend radius is needed.

Openings cut in joists along inner and outer walls should be under 250 mmfrom joist supporting points.

If the pipes are run in load-bearing structures, they must be laid so that theload-bearing capacity of the oor will not be impaired.In general if an opening for a pipe run is to be made in a wooden structure,

always check with the building constructor rst as to how this will affect thestructural strength of the building.

Installation in woodenstructures

An installation here could, for example, start with pipes run from thewater heater to the manifold. The manifold could be located near the waterheater, as long as any extra pipe length incurred between the manifoldand the faucets does not increase pressure loss to the extent that it willaffect the function of the system. In such cases it may be convenient toinstall several manifolds.

The pipe runs can be concealed in the foundation slab, stud walls, oorstructures or loft oor structure.An outside water outlet could ideally be located under the sink in the

laundry room or kitchen, or under the wash basin in the bathroom.

Figure 16 Suggested run of pipes along

an outer wall (left)

Figure17 Suggested run of pipe along an

inner wall (right)

Figure 18 Suggested run of pipes in

secondary boarding in the ceiling

Installation in single-familyhouses

Figure 19 An example of manifolds

vertically connected to each other in a

single-family house (left)

Figure 20 An example of manifoldshorizontally connected to each other in a

one-storey house (right)



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In keeping with good design, manifold cabinets should be used in installationsin multi-family houses where concealed pipe runs are used. These cabinetsare designed to be built into the wall for close connection to a pipe duct.Using Wirsbo-PEX pipes in straight lengths, running from oor to oor,

will facilitate installation work.

Installation in a block of ats

Installation in basements andceilings

Figure 21 Riser installation using

watertight cabinets

The installation of Wirsbo-PEX pipes in a basement or under a ceiling in thetraditional manner, with pipes suspended from hangers, can be carried out

with or without allowance for expansion.Linear expansion in plastic pipes is greater than in metal pipes (although

associated expansion forces are low). Plastic pipes may expand to such anextent that, without any support along their length, they may sag between thehangers. Although this does not affect the operation of the system, in exposedruns it gives a poor general impression.

To give the impression of neat installation work, Wirsbo recommend thatchannels should be used to support the pipes. The examples shown below arein accordance with European draft standards (prENV 12108).

Figure 22 Pipe runs in support channels

Figure 23 Pipes run on a rack



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Table 11 Binding distances in accordance

with prENV 12108

Pipes should be anchored and clamped so that expansion forces are transmittedto the structure of the building. The exible Wirsbo material will ensurea low load on the anchor points because, when the longitudinal expansionis restrained, the pipe will expand radially. In line with prENV 12108 the

maximum permitted distance between anchor points is 6 m. Therefore factorysupplied 6 m lengths are ideally suited for this purpose.

These examples also illustrate the recommended manner of clampingand xing Wirsbo-PEX pipes.

The support channels should overlap by 100 mm and pipes should besecured with straps to these. Otherwise because of axial material stress relatedto temperature change, the pipes will climb out of the channels. Strapsshould be tted at the following recommended intervals:

Distance (mm) Wirsbo-PEX pipe,Cold water Hot water D

o(mm)

500 200 16, 20500 300 25750 400 32750 600 40750 750 50, 63, 75

1000 1000 90, 110

Installation not allowing forthermal expansion

Figure 25 Wirsbo-PEX pipes in support

channels with anchor points at every 6 m

and supporting hangers inbetween

Hanger Hanger support bar Binding Anchor support bar

Channel

Anchor point

Anchor point Clamp

Figure 24 Branched pipe run in support

channels

Support bars, which act as anchor points, should be secured to the ceilingin pairs at intervals of 6m, and pipes must then be xed to them at pipecouplings by means of U-bolts. Support between the anchor points shouldbe provided by hanger support bars xed securely to the ceiling. These arethen tted with hangers clamped to supporting channels. Both hangers andchannels should be securely tightened in order to prevent lateral movement.Hanger lengths should not exceed 150 mm. Hanger support bars should bemounted between the anchor support bars at the following recommendeddistances:



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Distance (mm) Wirsbo-PEX pipe,Cold water Hot water D

o(mm)

1500 1000 16, 201500 1200 25, 32, 401500 1500 50, 632000 2000 75, 90, 110

In general, pipes should be installed with supports tted so that the pipe isfree to move. The expansion will then be taken up by expansion compensatingdevices, such as an expansion loop or a exible arm. (see below)

Hangers should be provided as in the preceding example above, with theclamps tted at the above recommended distances and tightened so that thepipe is free to move between the anchor points, which must be set at branchesand at expansion compensating devices.

For particulars of securing the pipe to the support channels, see also thepreceeding example above.

Laying on racks is appropriate where there are pipes of longer lengths andwhere only a few tees are to be tted. The pipes are then free to move on the

rack and will, by themselves, take up the linear expansion. In order to controlexpansion movements it is important to fasten the pipes to the rack at max.1000 mm intervals and anchor at each tee branch.

Installation allowing forthermal expansion

Figure 26 Pipe runs in support channels

Fixing and clamping pipes onto a rack

Figure 27 Wirsbo-PEX pipes on a

rack where thermal length variation is

compensated by the snaking of the

pipe

Table 12 Distances between hanger

support bars in accordance with prENV

12108



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In a vertical pipe duct, pipes must beanchored at each oor. This can bedone by means of a rubber-lined pipeclamp located on each side of a teebranch. This prevents the spreadingof linear expansion from one floorto another. If the riser passes severaloors without branches, it should beanchored at intervals of max. 6 m asearlier explained.

As the riser is concealed, the pipeneed only be supported at the anchorpoints. However, in order to avoid

unwanted sounds generated by pipemovement caused by rapid changesin ows and pressures, it is recom-mended that pipe supports should beinstalled between each oor.

Note If a conduit is used it should be

clamped to the pipe duct wall atintervals of max. 1000 mm.

Figure 28 Wirsbo-PEX Pipe-in-Pipe on

a rack will protect the pipes from dirt

accumulation

Installation in a vertical pipe

duct

Figure 29 Pipe supported only by anchor

points



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FIX

L L

Figure 31 Flexible arm

A vertical exposed pipe run withsupporting channels could be instal-led in the same way as a horizontalinstallation which does not allow forthermal expansion (see above).

Note Some of the accessories used inthe described installations are notincluded in our list of compoentsas they are available locally inmost countries.

Asexplainedearlierpipesshouldbe insulated according to thestandards of each country. Adhe-sives should not be used for faste-ning insulation to the pipe assome of them can damage thePE-X material.

No special expansion compensators are needed if: the water pipe is supported and anchored at a maximum spacing of 6 m the water pipe is run in a conduit where the necessary space for expansion

is provided in the gap between water pipe and conduit the pipe is run in long lengths on a rack.However, in installations allowing for thermal expansion, where the pipes

are expected to stay straight, expansion compensators should be used.

The exible arm should be long enough to prevent damage, and supportclamps should be placed sufciently far from the wall to allow for longitudinalthermal expansion.

Use the formula below to calculate the minimum length of the exiblearm.

LB = C Do x L

Where:

LB

is the exible arm in mmC is the material constant (12 for PE-X)D

ois the outside diameter of the pipe

L is the thermal length variation in mm

Expansion compensatingdevices

Figure 30 A vertical exposed pipe run

Calculation of a exible armand expansion loop

Anchor

point

Anchor

point

LB



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When designing an expansion loop it is preferable to design it sothat l

2= 0.5l

1. In this case the exible arm is calculated according to the

equation below:

LB

= C Do x 2L = 2l1

+ l2

2

FIX

L

L/2

FIX E/2

L/2

E/2

E/4

FIX

25

20

15

10

5

0

Expansion, mm/m

Temperature, C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Diagram 7 Thermal expansion, example

Figure 32 Expansion loop

Example:

A Wirsbo-PEX pipe with an outside diameter (Do) of 50 mm is installed with

30 m between anchor points. The hot water it carries is 70C and the ambient

temperature is 20C. Calculate the length (LB) of the exible arm.

Calculate the thermal length variation by using the diagram from Chapter 3.

Anchor

point

Anchor

point

l2

l1

l1

From the graph, the thermal expan-sion at 20C is 2.5 mm/m, while theexpansion at 70C is 12.5 mm/m.

The expansion of the pipe will be12.5-2.5 = 10 mm/m when carryingwater at 70C. The total thermallength variation in this case is:L = 10 mm/m x 30 m = 300 mm.

LB

= 12x 50x300 = 1470 mm



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Chapter 6General directions

Wirsbo-PEX pipes are supplied in various dimensions, lengths and packages.Product information including some installation recommendations and setsof special end plugs are included in the packaging.

To ensure a long-term service life, pipes should be stored in a clean,dry environment and away from exposure to UV radiation (sunlight).They should also be kept in their packaging as long as possible in orderto avoid dirt accumulation.

Pipes should be kept clean from dirt, grease, mortar etc. To avoid theintroduction of dirt into the system during installation, end plugs should bexed to the pipes and retained for as long as possible. With Wirsbo Pipe-inPipe, no concrete or mortar should force its way between the water pipeand conduit. If this happens any future substitution of the water pipe willbe made more difcult.

A Wirsbo pipe uncoiler can be used to facilitate uncoiling. The uncoiler shouldbe positioned as close to the current working area as possible. In this way, thelength of pipe pulled over the oor is kept short and the number of cornersaround which the pipe is pulled are kept to a minimum.

Wirsbo-PEX pipes are manufactured to close dimensional tolerances andttings are provided to meet those tolerances. A pipe cutter purposely designedfor use with plastic pipes is recommended. However for larger pipe dimensions

a cutter with large cutting discs should be used. When cutting the pipes,always ensure that the cut is straight and square. No excess material or burrsshould remain that might affect the tting connection.

Storage and general care

Uncoiling the pipe

Method of cutting

Figure 33 Wirsbo pipe uncoiler



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Assembling procedure:1. Cut the pipe.2. Fit the Q&E ring to the pipe.3. Use the expander tool to expand the pipe end with the ring. It is important

to rotate the tool slightly before the segments of the tool are pushed furtherinto the pipe, prior to the next expanding. Rotate the tool alternating tothe right and to the left between each expansion.

4. Push the pipe onto the tting nipple. The Q&E ring and pipe will strive toresume their original shape and in so doing will grip the coupling.

Assembling a Wirsbo Q&Etting

Figures 34-37 Methods of cutting a pipe

Figures 38 and 39 Assembling a Wirsbo

Q&E tting steps 1 and 2

Figures 40 and 41 Assembling a Wirsbo

Q&E tting steps 3 and 4



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A correctly tted Wirsbo Q&E joint can be pressurised after 30 minutes attemperatures above +5C. At room temperature the joint will be as strong asthe pipe itself after six hours. However ambient temperature affects the time ittakes for the pipe and ring to shrink rmly on to the tting nipple to make a

watertight seal; the lower the temperature, the slower the contraction.If uncertain as to how long the pipe will take to contract on to the

tting a small test using a short piece of pipe can be made. When correctly

mounted the pipe should grip the tting nipple within 3 seconds althoughfor dimension greater than 16 mm this may tale from 3-10 seconds. If it takeslonger, the number of expansions may have been too many or the durationof each expansion too long.

Useful tips Keep the number of expansions to a minimum. Expand just enough to

allow the pipe to slip comfortably onto the tting nipple. Warming up the ttings and expander rings speeds up contraction time.

Heat the pipe for a maximum of about 30 seconds until it reaches 40-50C,which is the temperature at which you can hold the pipe in your handwithout discomfort. Never use a naked ame for heating.

Approximate waiting times before pressurising a joint are presented in theassembly instructions enclosed with the Wirsbo Q&E toolbox.

For further product information about the Wirsbo Q&E tting, pleasesee the separate Wirsbo Q&E catalogue.

Note Wirsbo Quick & Easy is a tting intended and designed only for Wirsbo

pipes. Only genuine Wirsbo ttings, rings and expander tools shouldbe used.

When Wirsbo Q&E ttings are used with pipes in concealed runs, theyshould be insulated to prevent condensation.

The ttings used with Wirsbo-PEX pipes must be approved connectionttings recommended by either Wirsbo or one of our retailers. Pipe insertsmust always be used.

Assembling procedure:1. Slide the nut and the compression ring over the end of the pipe.2. Push the pipe insert into the pipe by hand. Ensure that the insert is pressed

in as far as the ange in order to get a secure joint. If manual pressure isinsufcient a rubber hammer may be used.

3. Fit the pipe to the connector and tighten rstly by hand and then with theaid of a spanner, until the tightening torque increases noticeably.

Assembling a compressiontting

Figures 42 and 43 Assembling a

compression tting, steps 1 and 2



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Note When using compression ttings, pipe inserts must always be used. Tighten the nut in line with manufacturers recommendations. If for any reason the fitting is dismantled, a new compression ring

should be tted.

In some countries it is not allowed to conceal compression ttings within walls. Therefore consultation with local authorities and standards isrecommended.

The WIPEX coupling is an excellent pipe tting, intended mainly for usewith Wirsbo pipe dimensions greater than 32 mm.

Assembling procedure:1. Chamfer the square cut pipe end with a deburring tool or knife. Ensure that

the pipe end is clean and that any external burrs are removed.2. Unbolt the clamping sleeve, prise it apart as shown with pliers and remove

it from the coupling.

3. Mount the sleeve on to the end of the pipe. Note that the clamping sleeve isstrong and will resist being prised apart. Therefore, once the bolt has beenremoved and the sleeve forced open, place the head of the bolt into the gapbefore removing the pliers, in order to keep the lugs apart.

4. Connect the pipe to the coupling pressing it as far as the locking groove.5. Reunite the clamping sleeve with the coupling ensuring that the locking

groove on the support sleeve of the coupling engages with the clampingsleeve.

6. Lubricate the threads on the bolt and the washer with a suitable lubricantand insert the bolt into position. Tighten until the lugs on the outersleeve are drawn together.

Figures 44 and 45 Assembling a

compression tting, steps 3 and 4

Assembling a WIPEX coupling

Figures 46 and 47 Assembling a WIPEX

tting



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Note Because the nut, bolt and washer are made of acid-resistant stainless steel,

the threads and the washer mustbe lubricated. For a correctly tted, secure connection follow the instructions enclosed

with the WIPEX coupling. O-rings are used for sealing all joints in the WIPEX assortment and are

supplied with the ttings. If a coupling is to be tted to some othercomponent, seal the threaded joint with linen yarn, ux or a linseedoil based compound.

For further product information please consult the WIPEX catalogue.

Because cross-linked polyethylene cannot be welded or repaired with adhesives,if a pipe is accidentally sliced or punctured, the safest and simplest repairingmethod is to cut away the damaged area and replace it with a Wirsbo

Q&E joint.However if a pipe has been buckled, after for example being bent too

far, an alternative repair method, which actually reforms the pipe and takesadvantage of cross-linked polyethylenes unique thermal memory (see chap 1above), can be applied as shown below.Reforming method:1. Straighten the damaged section by hand2. Carefully heat the damaged area with a hot-air gun, rotating the gun

around the pipe throughout the process for an even application. Heat untilthe pipe has returned to its original shape or until the material begins tobecome transparent round its whole circumference. This will happen at

around 130C. However see note below.

Figures 48-50 Assembling a WIPEX tting

Minor repairs



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3. Allow the pipe to cool to room temperature before use. Using cold wateror blowing cold air on the repaired section will accelerate cooling. Oncecooled it will return to its original appearance and regain all of its strength.However see note below.

Note Do notuse an open ame for heating. Use a hot-air gun. Do notheat Wirsbo-pePEX or Wirsbo-evalPEX pipes. They have an outer

oxygen diffusion barrier which, if heated, will be damaged. Keep heating to a minimum. It is not always necessary to heat the pipe

until it is transparent before it resumes its original shape. Note any changein the pipes surface. If heating has discoloured the pipe, this indicates thatthe material has been damaged and the pipe needs replacing.

When a hot-air gun is used, the factory calibrated tolerances are lost.Therefore the reheated section should not be used for joining to a tting.However Wirsbo Q&E joints, if mounted as recommended, can stillbe used.

The conduit and the PE-X pipe can be installed together or separately. If theconduit is installed on its own, check before it is concealed that it has not beendeformed or otherwise obstructed. Also check that clamping has been carriedout properly before inserting the water pipe (see also Chapter 5).

Useful tips The water pipe will be easier toinsert into the conduit, if the pipeend is cut into a sharp tongueabout 150 mm long. Ifinsertionisfoundtobedifcult,a drawing wire, attached to the pipeend and then threaded through theconduit beforehand, can be usedto pull the pipe through.

Figure 51 Reforming a Wirsbo-PEX pipe

Inserting a PE-X pipe into aconduit

Figure 52 Pipe end with sharp tongue



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One of the advantages of using Wirsbo-PEX Pipe-in-Pipe is that, if required,the water pipe can be replaced without causing structural damage to thebuilding. Replacement is made easier if the conduit has been correctlyinstalled. It should have been well secured, be one seamless run from manifoldto draw-off point, and should have as few bends as necessary with bends beingas gradual as possible (see chapter 5).

Before removing the pipe see useful tips below.

Normally it is possible to pull out the pipe by hand but sometimes thismay prove difcult, for example in an installation where there are many sharpbends. If this is the case, having once disconnected the pipe from the manifoldand faucet/mixing tap, and having removed the ttings from the manifoldend of the pipe, take the following steps:

1. Pull out the termination elbow in order to expose more of the PE-X pipe.2. Mount the forked extender supplied by Wirsbo on a crowbar end as

shown.3. Insert protection in the form of, for example a piece of plywood, between

the crowbar and the wall.4. Press the exposed pipe end into the fork and lock it with pliers if

necessary.5. Lever the crow bar downwards and pull out a section of pipe.6. Relocate the extender next to the wall and repeat steps 4 and 5. Repeat as

necessary or until the pipe has been totally removed from the conduit.

Replacing a damaged pipe

Figures 53-56 Replacing a damaged pipe



43/58


Once the pipe has been removed the new pipe can be inserted (seesection above).

Useful tips Removing the old pipe is made easier if it is rst softened either by blowing

warm air or by running warm water through it. Installing a new Wirsbo-PEX pipe can be done at the same time as

removing the old one by connecting the pipes to each other and thenpulling both pipes through at once. Connect the pipes, for example, with a100 mm length of close-tting electrical cable using a staple gun as shown.Make sure that the pipe ends are as close to each other as possible and thatthe staples do not stick out on the other side of the pipe, as in both casesthis could cause the pipe to catch on the inside of the conduit.

Taping the join to give it extra strength is permitted since it will becut away later.




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Pipe bending Wirsbo-PEX pipes are normally bent without the need for any special tool. Ifbends with small radii are necessary, a bending support should be used.

Alternatively, the pipes can be bent after being heated up in accordancewith the procedure described below.

1. Heat the pipe carefully with a hot-air gun. Move the gun around the pipethroughout the process for an even application.

2. Heat the pipe until the material begins to become transparent where thepipe is to be bent, which will occur at around 130C.3. Bend the pipe at once to the required angle.4. Hold the pipe at the required angle and cool it with water or air. The

pipe will maintain the new shape. If it is heated once more it will resumeits original shape.

Useful tips Where a sharp bend with a narrow radius is required, a exible support

should be placed in the pipe at the bending point prior to bending (step3), in order to prevent the pipe from folding.

Note An open ame must not be used for heating the pipe. Do not heat more than necessary. If heating has discoloured the pipe,

this indicates that the material has been damaged and the pipe mustbe replaced.

Note any change in the surface of the pipe during the heating operation. Do not heat Wirsbo-pePEX or Wirsbo-evalPEX pipes. They have an outer

oxygen diffusion barrier which, if heated, will be damaged.

The gures below give the minimum bending radius for pipe dimensions usedin the Wirsbo Tap Water System. D

o= outer diameter.

Cold bending 8 x DoCold xture bending 5 x D

o

Hot bending 5 x Do

Note It is not practical to manually bend dimensions larger than 32 mm to

the minimum bending radius. The radius with which Wirsbo-PEX pipes can be bent, depends on the

installation temperature, pipe wall thickness and type of pipe.

All pipe systems should be lled slowly in order to expel as much air as

possible. In order to remove any remaining air pockets, venting the systemafterwards is recommended. Examine the coupling points and pipe runswhilst lling the system.

Note In extremely cold areas the system should be protected at all times

from freezing.

PE-X systems can be pressure tested in accordance with the local standardsand regulations which apply to metal pipes. However there is a moreappropriate method of testing, which takes into account the fact thata PE-X system expands and contracts radially when pressure is applied.

This is as follows:

Filling the system

Pressure test

Minimum bend radius



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Vent all air from the system and pressurise the system to 1.5 x operatingpressure. Maintain this pressure for 30 minutes and inspect the jointsand pipe runs. Quickly drain off water to reduce the pressure to 0.5 xoperating pressure and close the drain valve. If the pressure rises to a valuehigher than 0.5 x operating pressure and remains constant, this indicatesthat the system is watertight. Leave the system pressurised for 90 minuteskeeping it under continued inspection. If the pressure drops during this

period, this indicates leakage in the system.

Fire protection

Diagram 8 Pressure testing

When pipes are installed in a re-resistant construction/structure, re-resistanceratings must be maintained.

In general:

Pipes should be run within one continuous length of conduit througha hole in a construction.

The space between the water pipe and the conduit must be sealed toprevent the spread of fumes caused by re between re cells. This seal mayconveniently be mounted at the end of the conduit.

The gap between conduit and wall must be lled with an incombustiblehomogenous material such as mortar.

In order to prevent the spread of fumes, spaces between building structuresand pipes and between separate pipes should be large enough to alloweach conduit to be sealed separately.

Note

All fire precaution has to be carried out according to regulations bylocal authorities.

Operating pressure

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Time (min)



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Material Properties

Table 13 Material properties

Mechanical properties Value Unit Standard

Density 0.938 g/cm3Tensile strength (at 20C) 1926 N/mm2 DIN 53455

(at 100C) 913 N/mm2Modulus of elasticity E (at 20C) 800900 N/mm2 DIN 53457

(at 80C) 300350 N/mm2Elongation on failure (at 20C) 350550 % DIN 53455

(at 100C) 500700 %Impact strength (at 20C) No failure kJ/m2 DIN 53453

(at 140C) No failure kJ/m2Moisture absorption (at 22C) 0.01 mg/4d DIN 53472Coefcient of friction with steel 0.08-0.1 Surface energy 34 x 103 N/mOxygen permeability (at 20C) 80 m3 mm/m2 x day x atm ASTM D1434

(at 55C) 250 m3 mm/m2 x day x atm ASTM D1434

Thermal properties

Temperature range 100 to +110 CCoefcient of linear expansion (at 20C) 1.4 x 104 m/mCCoefcient of linear expansion (at 100C) 2.05 x 104 m/mCSoftening temperature +133 CSpecic heat 2.3 kJ/kgCCoefcient of thermal conductivity 0.35 W/mC DIN 4725

Electrical properties

Specic internal resistance (at 20C) 1015 mDielectric constant (at 20C) 2.3 Dielectric loss factor (at 20C/50 Hz) 1 x 103 Rupture voltage (at 20C) 6090 kV/mm

Forces of expansion andcontraction

These can appear when a pipe hasbeen installed at an ambient tempe-rature of about 20C and is then sud-denly exposed to a water temperatureof 90C. Forces can appear duringboth expansion and contraction.However if the temperature changesgradually or if the pipe can givesideways, the strength of the forces

will diminish. Naturally sidewaysmovement can be inuenced by pipelength and by clamping, but notethat the length of the pipe has nobearing on the size of the force.

Dimension Max force

mm N22x3.0 250

25x2.3 20025x3.5 30028x4.0 40032x2.9 40032x4.4 50040x3.7 60040x5.5 80050x4.6 90050x6.9 130063x5.8 150063x8.7 210075x6.8 210090x8.2 2900

110x10.0 4400

Table 14 Forces of expansion and contraction

Chapter 7Wirsbo-PEX Technical data



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Chapter 8Quality Assurance, tap water approvals

Wirsbo-PEX approvals for hotand cold water installationshave been issued in:

Germany The NetherlandsSweden DenmarkNorway AustriaSwitzerland BelgiumFrance PortugalGreat Britain SpainFinland PolandUSA CanadaChina AustraliaIceland HungaryBulgaria EstoniaLithuania LatviaCroatia SlovakiaRumania KazakhstanRussia The UkraineMalaysia JapanHong Kong

Standards and other qualityguidelines relating to Wirsbo-PEX

The following published guidelines are available at present:

1) DIN 16892 - 2000 (Germany)2) DIN 16893 - 2000 (Germany)3) DVGW Arbeitsblatt W 544 - 1988 (Germany)4) DVGW Arbeitsblatt W 534 - 2000 (Germany)5) Australian Standard 2537 - 1994 (Australia)6) Australian Standard 2492 - 1994 (Australia)7) Guide Technique Specialis TE Q/1 No 30142 (France)8) UNE 53381 (Spain)9) ASTM F 876 -8410) F877 -84 (USA)11) KIWA CRITERIA No. 41 (Netherlands)12) NORM B 5153 (Austria)13) Type approval requirements for hot water pipes

- NKB Product rule 3 (Nordic countries)

14) Type approval requirements for mechanical ttings of metalfor PEX and PB pipes for tap water installations- NKB Product rule 18 (Nordic countries)

15) UNI 9338 (Italy)16) UNI 9349 (Italy)

The following standards are under preparation:

17) prEN 1231818) ISO/DIS 15875



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Production of Wirsbo-PEX is monitored by the following bodies:

1) MPA Darmstadt (Germany)2) Statens Provningsanstalt (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland)3) Centre Scientique et Technique du Btiment (CSTB) (France)4) KIWA (Netherlands)

5) National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) (USA)6) Plastico y Caucho (Spain)7) sterreisische Kunststoff Institut (KI) (Austria)8) Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) (Portugal)9) BCCA Belgium10) QAS Australia



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Chapter 9Conversion tables

1.06299 27 685.81.10236 28 711.21.14173 29 736.61.1811 30 762.01.22047 31 787.41.25984 32 812.81.29921 33 838.21.33858 34 863.61.37795 35 889.01.41732 36 914.41.45669 37 939.81.49606 38 965.21.53543 39 990.6

1.5748 40 1016.01.61417 41 1041.41.65354 42 1066.81.69291 43 1092.21.73228 44 1117.61.77165 45 1143.01.81102 46 1168.41.85039 47 1193.81.88976 48 1219.21.92913 49 1244.61.9685 50 1270.02.00787 51 1295.4

2.04724 52 1320.82.08661 53 1346.22.12598 54 1371.62.16535 55 1397.02.20472 56 1422.42.24409 57 1447.82.28346 58 1473.22.32283 59 1498.62.3622 60 1524.02.40157 61 1549.42.44094 62 1574.82.48031 63 1600.22.51968 64 1625.6

2.55905 65 1651.02.59842 66 1676.42.63779 67 1701.82.67716 68 1727.22.71653 69 1752.62.7559 70 1778.02.79527 71 1803.42.83464 72 1828.82.87401 73 1854.22.91338 74 1879.62.95275 75 1905.02.99212 76 1930.4

in mm

Length Inches into millimetres and vice versa

in mm

1/32 0.7941/16 1.5883/32 2.3811/8 3.1755/32 3.9693/16 4.7627/32 5.556

1/4 6.3509/32 7.1445/16 7.93811/32 8.731

3/8 9.52513/32 10.3197/16 11.11215/32 11.9061/2 12.700

17/32 13.4949/16 14.288

19/32 15.0815/8 15.875

21/32 16.66911/16 17.462

23/32 18.2563/4 19.050

25/32 19.84413/16 20.63827/32 21.4317/8 22.225

29/32 23.019

15/16 23.81231/32 24.606

1 25.400

Length Inches (fractions) into millimetres

0.03937 1 25.40.07874 2 50.80.11811 3 76.20.15748 4 101.60.19685 5 127.00.23622 6 152.40.27559 7 177.80.31496 8 203.20.35433 9 228.60.3937 10 254.00.43307 11 279.40.47244 12 304.80.51181 13 330.2

0.55118 14 355.60.59055 15 381.00.62992 16 406.40.66929 17 431.80.70866 18 457.20.74803 19 482.60.7874 20 508.00.82677 21 533.40.86614 22 558.80.90551 23 584.20.94488 24 609.60.98425 25 635.01.02362 26 660.4

Metric and nonmetric (English and American) units

Table 15 Length Inches (fractions) into millimetres

Table 16 Length Inches into millimetres and vice versa

in mm in mm

in mm in mm



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ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2

ft m ft m ft m

Length Feet into metres and vice versa

3.2808 1 0.30486.5616 2 0.60969.8424 3 0.9144

13.1232 4 1.2192

16.404 5 1.52419.6848 6 1.828822.9656 7 2.133626.2464 8 2.438429.5272 9 2.743232.808 10 3.04836.0888 11 3.352839.3696 12 3.657642.6504 13 3.962445.9312 14 4.267249.212 15 4.57252.4928 16 4.876855.7736 17 5.181659.0544 18 5.4864

62.3352 19 5.791265.616 20 6.09668.8968 21 6.400872.1776 22 6.705675.4584 23 7.010478.7392 24 7.315282.02 25 7.6285.3008 26 7.9248

88.5816 27 8.229691.8624 28 8.534495.1432 29 8.839298.424 30 9.144

101.7 31 9.4488104.99 32 9.7536108.27 33 10.0584111.55 34 10.3632114.83 35 10.668118.11 36 10.9728121.39 37 11.2776124.67 38 11.5824127.95 39 11.8872131.23 40 12.192134.51 41 12.4968137.79 42 12.8016141.07 43 13.1064144.36 44 13.4112

147.64 45 13.716150.92 46 14.0208154.2 47 14.3256157.48 48 14.6304160.76 49 14.9352164.04 50 15.24167.32 51 15.5448

170.6 52 15.8496173.88 53 16.1544177.16 54 16.4592180.44 55 16.764

183.72 56 17.0688187.01 57 17.3736190.29 58 17.6784193.57 59 17.9832196.85 60 18.288200.13 61 18.5928203.41 62 18.8976206.69 63 19.2024209.97 64 19.5072213.25 65 19.812216.53 66 20.1168219.81 67 20.4216223.09 68 20.7264226.38 69 21.0312

229.66 70 21.336232.94 71 21.6408236.22 72 21.9456239.5 73 22.2504242.78 74 22.5552246.06 75 22.86249.34 76 23.1648

290.6185 27 2.508382301.3822 28 2.601285312.1458 29 2.694188322.9095 30 2.787091333.6731 31 2.879994344.4368 32 2.972897355.2004 33 3.0658365.9641 34 3.158703376.7277 35 3.251606387.4914 36 3.344509398.255 37 3.437412

409.0186 38 3.530316419.7823 39 3.623219430.5459 40 3.716122441.3096 41 3.809025452.0732 42 3.901928462.8369 43 3.994831473.6005 44 4.087734484.3642 45 4.180637495.1278 46 4.27354505.8915 47 4.366443516.6551 48 4.459346527.4188 49 4.552249538.1824 50 4.645152548.9461 51 4.738055

559.7097 52 4.830958570.4734 53 4.923861581.237 54 5.016764592.0007 55 5.109667602.7643 56 5.20257613.528 57 5.295473624.2916 58 5.388376635.0553 59 5.481279645.8189 60 5.574182656.5826 61 5.667085667.3462 62 5.759988

678.1099 63 5.852892688.8735 64 5.945795699.6372 65 6.038698710.4008 66 6.131601721.1645 67 6.224504731.9281 68 6.317407742.6918 69 6.41031753.4554 70 6.503213764.2191 71 6.596116774.9827 72 6.689019785.7464 73 6.781922796.51 74 6.874825807.2736 75 6.967728818.0373 76 7.060631

10.76365 1 0.09290321.5273 2 0.18580632.29095 3 0.27870943.05459 4 0.37161253.81824 5 0.46451564.58189 6 0.55741875.34554 7 0.65032186.10919 8 0.74322496.87284 9 0.836127

107.6365 10 0.92903118.4001 11 1.021933

129.1638 12 1.114836139.9274 13 1.20774150.6911 14 1.300643161.4547 15 1.393546172.2184 16 1.486449182.982 17 1.579352193.7457 18 1.672255204.5093 19 1.765158215.273 20 1.858061226.0366 21 1.950964236.8003 22 2.043867247.5639 23 2.13677258.3276 24 2.229673269.0912 25 2.322576

279.8549 26 2.415479

Surface Square feet into square metres and vice versa

Table 17 Length Feet into metres and vice versa

Table 18 Surface Square feet into square metres and vice versa



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gallons l gallons l gallons l

ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3

Table 19 Volume Cubic feet into cubic metres and vice versa

Table 20 Volume US gallons into litres and vice versa

35.31338 1 0.02831770.62676 2 0.056634

105.9401 3 0.084951141.2535 4 0.113267

176.5669 5 0.141584211.8803 6 0.169901247.1936 7 0.198218282.507 8 0.226535317.8204 9 0.254852353.1338 10 0.283168388.4472 11 0.311485423.7605 12 0.339802459.0739 13 0.368119494.3873 14 0.396436529.7007 15 0.424753565.0141 16 0.45307600.3274 17 0.481386635.6408 18 0.509703

670.9542 19 0.53802706.2676 20 0.566337741.5809 21 0.594654776.8943 22 0.622971812.2077 23 0.651287847.5211 24 0.679604882.8345 25 0.707921918.1478 26 0.736238

953.4612 27 0.764555988.7746 28 0.792872

1024.088 29 0.8211891059.401 30 0.849505

1094.715 31 0.8778221130.028 32 0.9061391165.341 33 0.9344561200.655 34 0.9627731235.968 35 0.991091271.282 36 1.0194061306.595 37 1.0477231341.908 38 1.076041377.222 39 1.1043571412.535 40 1.1326741447.849 41 1.1609911483.162 42 1.1893081518.475 43 1.2176241553.789 44 1.245941

1589.102 45 1.2742581624.415 46 1.3025751659.729 47 1.3308921695.042 48 1.3592091730.356 49 1.3875251765.669 50 1.4158421800.982 51 1.444159

1836.296 52 1.4724761871.609 53 1.5007931906.922 54 1.529111942.236 55 1.557427

1977.549 56 1.5857432012.863 57 1.614062048.176 58 1.6423772083.489 59 1.6706942118.803 60 1.6990112154.116 61 1.7273282189.429 62 1.7556442224.743 63 1.7839612260.056 64 1.8122782295.37 65 1.8405952330.683 66 1.8689122365.996 67 1.8972292401.31 68 1.9255462436.623 69 1.953862

2471.936 70 1.9821792507.25 71 2.0104962542.563 72 2.0388132577.877 73 2.067132613.19 74 2.0954472648.503 75 2.1237632683.817 76 2.15208

0.246 1 3.7850.492 2 7.570.738 3 11.3550.984 4 15.141.23 5 18.9251.476 6 22.711.722 7 26.4951.968 8 30.282.214 9 34.0652.46 10 37.852.706 11 41.635

2.952 12 45.423.198 13 49.2053.444 14 52.993.69 15 56.7753.936 16 60.564.182 17 64.3454.428 18 68.134.674 19 71.9154.92 20 75.75.166 21 79.4855.412 22 83.275.658 23 87.0555.904 24 90.846.15 25 94.6256.396 26 98.41

6.642 27 102.1956.888 28 105.987.134 29 109.7657.38 30 113.557.626 31 117.3357.872 32 121.128.118 33 124.9058.364 34 128.698.61 35 132.4758.856 36 136.269.102 37 140.045

9.348 38 143.839.594 39 147.6159.84 40 151.4

10.086 41 155.18510.332 42 158.9710.578 43 162.75510.824 44 166.5411.07 45 170.32511.316 46 174.1111.562 47 177.89511.808 48 181.6812.054 49 185.46512.3 50 189.2512.546 51 193.035

12.792 52 196.8213.038 53 200.60513.284 54 204.3913.53 55 208.17513.776 56 211.9614.022 57 215.74514.268 58 219.5314.514 59 223.31514.76 60 227.115.006 61 230.88515.252 62 234.67

15.498 63 238.45515.744 64 242.2415.99 65 246.02516.236 66 249.8116.482 67 253.59516.728 68 257.3816.974 69 261.16517.22 70 264.9517.466 71 268.73517.712 72 272.5217.958 73 276.30518.204 74 280.0918.45 75 283.87518.696 76 287.66

Volume Cubic feet into cubic metres and vice versa

Volume US gallons into litres and vice versa



52/58

lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3

lb kg lb kg lb kg

Table 21 Mass, weight Pounds into kilograms and vice versa

Table 22 Density Pounds per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic metre and vice versa

2.2046 1 0.45364.4092 2 0.90726.6138 3 1.36088.8184 4 1.8144

11.023 5 2.26813.2276 6 2.721615.4322 7 3.175217.6368 8 3.628819.8414 9 4.082422.046 10 4.53624.2506 11 4.989626.4552 12 5.443228.6598 13 5.896830.8644 14 6.350433.069 15 6.80435.2736 16 7.257637.4782 17 7.711239.6828 18 8.1648

41.8874 19 8.618444.092 20 9.07246.2966 21 9.525648.5012 22 9.979250.7058 23 10.432852.9104 24 10.886455.115 25 11.3457.3196 26 11.7936

59.5242 27 12.247261.7288 28 12.700863.9334 29 13.154466.138 30 13.608

68.3426 31 14.061670.5472 32 14.515272.7518 33 14.968874.9564 34 15.422477.161 35 15.87679.3656 36 16.329681.5702 37 16.783283.7748 38 17.236885.9794 39 17.690488.184 40 18.14490.3886 41 18.597692.5932 42 19.051294.7978 43 19.504897.0024 44 19.9584

99.207 45 20.412101.4116 46 20.8656103.6162 47 21.3192105.8208 48 21.7728108.0254 49 22.2264110.23 50 22.68112.4346 51 23.1336

114.6392 52 23.5872116.8438 53 24.0408119.0484 54 24.4944121.253 55 24.948

123.4576 56 25.4016125.6622 57 25.8552127.8668 58 26.3088130.0714 59 26.7624132.276 60 27.216134.4806 61 27.6696136.6852 62 28.1232138.8898 63 28.5768141.0944 64 29.0304143.299 65 29.484145.5036 66 29.9376147.7082 67 30.3912149.9128 68 30.8448152.1174 69 31.2984

154.322 70 31.752156.5266 71 32.2056158.7312 72 32.6592160.9358 73 33.1128163.1404 74 33.5664165.345 75 34.02167.5496 76 34.4736

Mass, weight Pounds into kilograms and vice versa

Density Pounds per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic metre and vice versa

0.062428 1 16.0190.124856 2 32.0380.187284 3 48.0570.249712 4 64.0760.31214 5 80.0950.374568 6 96.1140.436996 7 112.1330.499424 8 128.1520.561852 9 144.1710.62428 10 160.190.686708 11 176.209

0.749136 12 192.2280.811564 13 208.2470.873992 14 224.2660.93642 15 240.2850.998848 16 256.3041.061276 17 272.3231.123704 18 288.3421.186132 19 304.3611.24856 20 320.381.310988 21 336.3991.373416 22 352.4181.435844 23 368.4371.498272 24 384.4561.5607 25 400.475

1.623128 26 416.494

1.685556 27 432.5131.747984 28 448.5321.810412 29 464.5511.87284 30 480.571.935268 31 496.5891.997696 32 512.6082.060124 33 528.6272.122552 34 544.6462.18498 35 560.6652.247408 36 576.6842.309836 37 592.703

2.372264 38 608.7222.434692 39 624.7412.49712 40 640.762.559548 41 656.7792.621976 42 672.7982.684404 43 688.8172.746832 44 704.8362.80926 45 720.8552.871688 46 736.8742.934116 47 752.8932.996544 48 768.9123.058972 49 784.9313.1214 50 800.953.183828 51 816.969

3.246256 52 832.9883.308684 53 849.0073.371112 54 865.0263.43354 55 881.0453.495968 56 897.0643.558396 57 913.0833.620824 58 929.1023.683252 59 945.1213.74568 60 961.143.808108 61 977.1593.870536 62 993.178

3.932964 63 1009.1973.995392

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Basics Tap Water