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SDH
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1 Current transmission technologies (PDH) The Synchronous Digital Hierarchie (SDH) Bit rates, frame structures and interfaces in SDH Basic elements of STM-1 SDH network elements Synchronization architecture in SDH Monitoring, maintenance and measurements in SDH International SDH Network standards Future Trends
Basics on SDH from STM-1 up to STM-16
2Current Transmission Technologies
3The Telephone System
LE LE
4T1 T2 T3T4 T5 T6 T7
time Audio Signal
Sampler Output
timeT1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
Pulse AmplitudeModulated (PAM)
signal
Sampling
5+V0 0 0 0 X XXX0 0 0 1 X XXX0 0 1 0 X XXX
1 0 0 0 X XXX1 0 0 1 X XXX1 0 1 0 X XXX1 0 1 1 X XXX1 1 0 0 X XXX1 1 0 1 X XXX1 1 1 0 X XXX1 1 1 1 X XXX
digital codesQuantization
Level
3248648096112
-VIn accordance with
CCITTs A-law
1/2V1/4V
1/8V1/16V
1/32V
1/64V
Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding
68bits persample
x = 64kbit/s8000
samplesper sec
PCM Signal Data Rate
7Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
82048 kbit/s2048 kbit/s
64 kbit/s64 kbit/s
x 4
x 30/31x 24
x 3
x 7x 5
x 3
Japan USA Europe
primary rate
2. order
3.
4.
5.
32064 kbit/s32064 kbit/s
x 3
97728 kbit/s97728 kbit/s
397200 kbit/s397200 kbit/s
x 4
x 4
34368 kbit/s34368 kbit/s
139264 kbit/s139264 kbit/s
x 4
564992 kbit/s564992 kbit/s
x 4
8448 kbit/s8448 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s44736 kbit/s
274176 kbit/s274176 kbit/s
x 6
1544 kbit/s1544 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s6312 kbit/s
x 4
PDH Systems Worldwide
964 kbit/sData Signals
15 kHzSound ProgramSignals
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
1
2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)
8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)
64 Channel Capacity:64 x 30 = 1920
0.3 to 3.1 kHzAF signals
DSMX34/140
DSMX8/34
DSMX2/8
1
30
DSMX64k/2
1
30
PCMX 301
PCMX 30
5
1
30
4
1
4
PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex
10
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125sencoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signallinginformation
timeslots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
11
Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message baseddata links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Non frame alignment signal
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signallinginformation
timeslots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
12
Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message baseddata links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signallingsubscr. n
signallingsubscr. n+15
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signallinginformation
timeslots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFASframe 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
13
2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
multiframe
sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2
Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message baseddata links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signallingsubscr. n
signallingsubscr. n+15
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signallinginformation
timeslots
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFASframe 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
14
2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
multiframe
sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2
Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)E: CRC error indication (0=Error)M: Transmitting CRC multiframe alignment signal
( CRC MFAS: 001011 )Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
signallingsubscr. n
signallingsubscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8
FAS(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS(frames 1,3,5...)(M)
0 0 0 0 x Y x x
a b c d a b c d
MFAS NMFASframe 0
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:
sub
mul
tifra
me
1su
b m
ultif
ram
e 2
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125sencoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
signallinginformation
timeslots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 FAS C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
E2 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
1 NFAS
6 FAS7 NFAS8 FAS9 NFAS
14 FAS15 NFAS
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
15
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
A: Alarm BitN: National Spare Bit1a: Stuffing Control BitS: Stuffing Bit
10 200 208 208 2042 4 4 4 4
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - FrameStructures
16
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
A: Alarm BitN: National Spare Bit1a: Stuffing Control BitS: Stuffing Bit
10 200 208 208 2042 4 4 4 4
10 372 380 380 3762 4 4 4 4
1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s41a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - FrameStructures
17
139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751
A: Alarm BitN: National Spare Bit1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control BitS: Stuffing Bit
1a 2a 3a 4a 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d1b 2b 3b 4b 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A N N N
12 472 484 484 4844 4 4 4 4844 48044
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - FrameStructures
18
AISPDHEquipment
AISPDHEquipment
LOSLOFAIS
D-Bit
BER 10-3
D-Bit
BER 10-6
N-Bit
PDH Maintenance Signals
19
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
OLTU
34 - 140
8 - 34
2 - 8
main
stand-by
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
Line TerminatingUnit
Line TerminatingUnit
Drop & Insert Station
1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64
Plesiochronous Drop & Insert
08.12.2013 06:17 The World of Synchronous Networks 20
The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)
21
Simpler multiplexing(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
Simple D&I of traffic channels(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems SDH is open for new applications
(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN,...)
SDH provides TMN (ECCs)(for centralized network control)
Why SDH
22
2Mbit/s34Mbit/s
140Mbit/sSTM-1
STM-4
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADMADMATM
Switch
STM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop MultiplexerDXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal MultiplexerDSC: Digital Switching CenterLAN: Local Area Network
DSC
Synchronous Network Structure
23
Packet Network Telephone Network
VC-3 VC-4
VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3
Multiplex section layer
Regenerator section layer
Physical media layer
. . . . . .
LowerOrderPathLayer
HigherOrderPathLayer
SectionLayer
Cic
uit L
ayer
SDH
Tra
nspo
rt L
ayer
Tran
smis
sion
Med
iaLa
yer
Layered Model of the SDH Network
24
VC-2VC-1
VC-2VC-1
VC-4VC-3VC-12
VC-4VC-3
VC-2VC-1
VC-4 VC-3 VC-12
VC-4VC-3
Reg
S M
X
S M
X
MultiplexSection
RegeneratorSections
Higher Order PathLower Order Path
STM-nRSOH
STM-nRSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POHVC-1/2/3 POH
Path Denominations
25
MU
X /
DEM
UX
MU
X /
DEM
UXPDH PDH
SDH SDH SDH
Reg.
CC
NNI NNI NNI
ITU-T Rec.:G.707 BitratesG.708 Signal Structure (NNI)G.709 Synchronous Multiplex StructureG.703 Electrical characteristicG.957 Optical interface characteristic
The Network Node Interface (NNI)specifications are necessary toenable interconnection ofsynchronous digital network elementsfor transport of payloads
Network Node Interface (NNI)
26
Bit Rates, Frame Structure andInterfaces in SDH
27
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
DS3: 44.736 kbit/sE3 : 34.368 kbit/s
AUG C-4
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
C-3AU-3
x1
x3
x7
x7
x3
x1
STM-NSTS-3N
AU-4STS-3C
VC-4STS-3C
SPE
STS-1
VC-3STS-1SPE
TUG-2VT
group
x3
xN
x1
x4
DS1: 1.544 kbit/sTU-11 VC-11
C-11VT-1.5 VT-SPE
E1: 2.048 kbit/sTU-12 VC-12
C-12VT-2 VT-SPE
SDHSONET ITU-T G.707BELLCORE GR.253ANSI T1.105
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
DS2: 6.312 kbit/sTU-2 VC-2
C-2VT-6 VT-SPE
x1
STM-0STS-1
Pointer processing
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
SDH ETSI
SDH and SONET are International Standards
28
RSOH: Regenerator section overheadMSOH: Multiplex section overheadPayload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/sFrame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/sFrame repetition time: 125 s
1
3
5
9
4
270270 Columns (Bytes)
1 9transmitrow by row
RSOH
MSOH
AU Pointer Payload(transport capacity)
STM-1 Frame Structure
29
CC--44
STM-1 Frame Structure
30
VCVC--44
CC--44
VCVC--4
PO
H4
POH
STM-1 Frame Structure
31
AU PointerAU Pointer
AUAU--44
VCVC--44
CC--44
VCVC--4
PO
H4
POH
STM-1 Frame Structure
32
1
3
5
9
4
270270 Columns (Bytes)
1 9
RSOHRSOH AUAU--44
MSOHMSOH
AU PointerAU PointerVCVC--44
VCVC--4
PO
H4
POH
CC--44
STM-1 Frame Structure
33
12341234123412 . . . .
11111
22222
33333
44444
STM-1 #1
STM-1 #2
STM-1 #3
STM-1 #4
STM-4
The STM-4/16 bit rate is obtained by byte-interleaved multiplexing of the STM-1tributary signals.
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation onthe STM-n output signal.
B1B2
B1B2
termination new
Higher SDH Bitrates
34
STM-4 SOH
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1 D2 D3 X
D4
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D7
D10
S1Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X
D5
D8
D11
D12
D9
D5
36 bytes
B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculatedBytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1
A U Pointers
Payload
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
STM-4 Frame Structure
35
Basic Elements of STM-1
36
MU
X /
DEM
UX
MU
X /
DEM
UX
back-up line
PDH PDHSDH SDH SDH
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
Reg.
CC
clock
clock
clock
B1 B1B3
B2B2
P a t h
Parity Bytes
F2 E1, F1, D1 ... D3E2, D4 ... D12
Comm.Channels
Synchronous Network
37
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
V5J2N2K4
AU - PTR
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
STM-1 SOH
Media dependent bytesX Reserved for national use
SOH: Section overheadPOH: Path overheadThe overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance andsupervision of the SDH transmission network.
RSOH
MSOH Payload
P O
H
Pointer
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M 1 E2 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Embedded Overhead Bytes
38
Parity check(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Data communication channels(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)
Voice communication channels(E1 between regenerators)
Frame Alignment(A1, A2)
Section Trace(J0 Identficationof regenerator source)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9D10 D11 D12S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead
39
Parity check (B2) Alarm information (K2) Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching(K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communication channels(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1) Voice communications channels
(E2 between multiplexers)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9D10 D11 D12S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead
40
Parity checkB3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
Alarm and performance information(V5, G1)
Structure of the VCSignal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4) User communications channel
between path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source(Path Trace J1, J2)
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K4N1
V5J2N2K4
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/2POH
Functions of Path Overhead
41
The Container (C) Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH) Synchronous to the STM-1 Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC) Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead) Transport as a unit through the network (SDH) A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
Functions and Characteristics of theIndividual Elements of the NNI
42
The Tributary Unit (TU) Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG) Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU) Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1) Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the AU
pointer area byte by byte stuffing
Functions and Characteristics of theIndividual Elements of the NNI
43
A1, A2 Frame synchronisationB1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoringJ0 Regenerator section traceD1... D3 Regenerator section DCCD4.. D12 Multiplex section DCCE1, E2 Orderwire for voice communicationF1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)S1 Synchronisation status messageM1 MS-REI (remote error idication)
J1 Higher order path traceB3 Path parity byte for error monitoringC2 Signal Label (composition of payload)G1 Path status and performanceF2, F3 Path user channelsH4 Payload specific byteK3 Automatic protection switching (APS)N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
V5 Error check, path status, signal labelJ2 Lower order path traceN2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)
SOH
VC-3/4POH
VC-1/2POH
Overhead Byte Functionality
44
ContainerContainer
Virtual ContainerVirtual Container
Administrative UnitAdministrative Unit
Synchronous Transport ModuleSynchronous Transport Module
Path Overhead
Pointer
Section Overhead
Plesiochronous signal 140Mbit/s
C4
VC-4
AU-4
STM-1
The way of integrating PDH signals intoSTM-1
45
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDHnetworks.The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
AU-Pointer
1
9
TU-PTR
VC
-4 P
OH
VC-12POH
VC-12
VC-4
STM-1
Pointers
46
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Opportunity fornegative stuffing(more capacity)
Pointerinc/decIDIDIDID
NDF,mapping struc,pointer inc/dec
J1C4 payload
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
H1 byte H2 byte
0 1 1 01 0 0 1
1 00 1
X X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X
1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Opportunity forpositive stuffing(less capacity)
Pointer interpretation :
New data flag (NDF) disabled :New data flag enabled :AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 :AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 :AU-4 pointer 0...782 :TU-3 pointer 0...764 :Null pointer indication (NPI) :
Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding
47
Frequency justification of several STM-1 signals running into a networknode (Pointer Stuffing)
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
1 9 270
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2
RSOH
MSOH
H1 H2 H3
125s
250s
375s
500s
Start of VC-4
negative justification byte (data)
Pointer withinverted D bits
New pointer
Actual pointer
Not Synchronous SDH Networks
48
AU Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
9 261
J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5
20 x 13 bytes per row
C-4140 Mbit/s
260
C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s
Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary
Mapping 140 Mbit/s
49
W = I I I I I I I I Y = RRRRRRRR X = CRRRROOO Z = I I I I I I SR
I = Information bitS = Justification opportunity bit
R = Fixed stuffing bitC = Justification control bit
O = Overhead bit
The figure shows one row of the VC-4
96 IW 96 IY96 IY96 IY96 IX
96 IX 96 IX96 IY96 IY96 IY
96 IY 96 IY96 IX96 IY96 IY
96 IY 96 IZ96 IY96 IX96 IY
J1
Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC-4
50
AU Pointer
RSOH
MSOHJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5
H1 H1 H1H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
260
fixed stuffing
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s84
C-3
J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5
J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5
J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5
C334 Mbit/s
9 261
VC-3 #1VC-3 #2
VC-3 #3
VC-4 POH
VC-3 POH
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
51
RSOH
MSOH
AU pointer
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-1
2
VC-12
Tu pointer
Mapping 2 Mbit/s
52
AU-4 Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................261
A B C A B C A A B C
S T
U F
F I
N G
S T
U F
F I
N G
. ......
1 86TUG-3(A)
. ......
1 86TUG-3(C)
. ......
1 86TUG-3(B)
Mapping and Multiplexing (1)
53
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86
NPI
E3 F3 G3S T
U F
F I
N G
S T
U F
F I
N G
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12#1
TUG-2(A)
TU-12#3
.....
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12#1
TUG-2(B)
TU-12#3
.....
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TU-12#1
TUG-2(G)
TU-12#3
.....
TUG-3NPI: Null Pointer Indication1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
TU-12s occupy36 bytes perframe
Mapping and Multiplexing (2)
54
V5R
32 bytes (32x8I)
RJ2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
32 bytes (32x8I)
32 bytes (32x8I)
RK4
R
N2R
C1 C2 O O O O R R
S2 I I I I I I I
140
Byt
es
35 bytesin oneVC-4
500 s
V5: VC-12 Path OverheadR: fixed stuffing bitsJ2: Path TraceC1/2: Justification control bitO: Overhead bitN2: Network Operator byteK4: APSS2: Justification opportunity bitI: Info-bit
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V1
XXX XX01
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V2
XXX XX10
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V3
XXX XX11
PayloadVC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
VC-12 Structure:
H4: Indicates the number of VxV1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer
H4
H4
H4
H4
H4
VC-4 POH
Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)
55
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
RSOH
STM-4
VC-4-4c
J1
C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
C-4-4cFi
xed
Stu
ff
Fixe
d S
tuff
Fixe
d S
tuff
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
ATM CellThe first Pointer indicates J1All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
B3
VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation
56
ATM switchSDH cross-connect for VC-4
ATM switch
150 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
InOut
OutIn
OutIn
InOut
VC-4-4c
STM-4c portSTM-4c port
STM-4 portSTM-4 port
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
?VC4 VC4 VC4 VC44 xDifferent
delays for VC-4's?
622 Mbit/s622 Mbit/s
How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATMvia 150 Mbit/s SDH?
57
Generation:All Pointers are set to the same valueAll VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
RSOH
STM-4
VC-4-4vc
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
C-4-4vc
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
J1B3C2G1F2
F3K3N1
H4
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
VC-4 Virtual Concatenation (Generation)
58
Termination:VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the(different) pointer values for alignment
VC-4-4vc
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
C-4-4vc
J1B3C2G1F2
F3K3N1
H4
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1
VC-4 #1VC-4 #2 VC-4 #3
VC-4 #4
VC-4 Virtual Concatenation (Termination)
59
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
DS3: 44.736 kbit/sE3 : 34.368 kbit/s
AUG C-4
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
C-3AU-3
x1
x3
x7
x7
x3
x1
STM-NSTS-3N
AU-4STS-3C
VC-4STS-3C
SPE
STS-1
VC-3STS-1SPE
TUG-2VT
group
x3
xN
x1
x4
DS1: 1.544 kbit/sTU-11 VC-11
C-11VT-1.5 VT-SPE
E1: 2.048 kbit/sTU-12 VC-12
C-12VT-2 VT-SPE
SDH
SONET
ITU-T G.707
BELLCORE GR.253ANSI T1.105
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
DS2: 6.312 kbit/sTU-2 VC-2
C-2VT-6 VT-SPE
x1
STM-0STS-1
SDH and SONET are International Standards
60
STS-1 frame structure forSONET systems
TOH SPE 9 Rows
3 8790 Bytes
125 s
The STS-1 bit rate = 810 bytes/frame x 8 bits/byte x 1 frame/125 sor STS-1 = 51.840 Mb/s
TOH = Transport OverheadSPE = Synchronous Payload Envelope
61
Asynchronous DS-3 mapping (SONET)
The first column of the SPE (9 bytes) is taken up by STS-1 path overhead (POH)Remaining 86 columns are treated as a single bundle.The complete STS-1 payload envelope is about 51Mb/s :DS-3 is 44736 Mb/s - approximately 5 Mb/s of insert stuffing must be added.
SPE
Async DS-3
Signal LabelC2
User ChannelF2
TraceJ1
BIP-8B3
Path StatusG15
IndicatorH4
GrowthZ3
GrowthZ4
TandemZ5
FramingA1
BIP-8B1
Data ComD1
FramingA2
OrderwireE1
Data ComD2
STS-IDC1
UserF1
Data ComD3
PointerH1
Bip-8B2
Data ComD4
Data ComD7
Data ComD10
Sync StatusZ1
PointerM2
APSK1
Data ComD5
Data ComD8
Data ComD11
FEBEZ2
APSK2
Data ConD6
Data ComD9
Data ComD12
OrderwireE2
Line
OH
Sect
ion
OH
Pointer ActionH3
87 columns3 columns
62
SDH Network Elements
63
SDH Network Elements
SDH Repeater
STM-n STM-n Applications:Line Signal Regenerationin Point-to-Point and RingNetworks
Terminal Multiplexer
STM-nPDH &STM-mTributariesm
64
STM-1/4STM-1/4
Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)
ADM
......
WEST EAST
Add Drop Multiplexer
65
16x16x
4x 4x
VC11
34
2
SDHMultiplexer
VC 4VC 3VC 12
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s
2.4 Gbit/s
622 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s155 Mbit/s
VC12
VC3
140VC4
VC12
VC3
1402
2VC12
VC122
2140
VC122
234
342
2VC12
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
VC4140
155 VC4
155 Mbit/s
Synchronous Cross Connect
66
OpticalReceive
UnitSyncDEMUX
4
44
4
OpticalTransmit
UnitSyncMUX
4
44
4
ManagementCommunication Unit
Service Channel Unit
OverheadProcessing Unit
DataChannels
ServiceChannels
PC / TMN (Q)
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
STM-16
STM-16
SLX 1/16
Synchronous Line Equipment
67
2Mbit/s34Mbit/s
140Mbit/sSTM-1
STM-4SDH
TM
DXC
ADMADMATM
Switch
STM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
ADM : Add Drop MultiplexerDXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal Multiplexer
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies
68
Local Network
STM-4
STM-16
STM-1
Exchange
FlexMux
SubscriberAccess
Mux64/2M
LocalExchange
Trunk NetworkL 1
Trunk NetworkL 2
SDHNetwork Topology
SDHNetwork Topology
TrunkNetwork L 2
69
Synchronization Architecture in SDH
70
Synchronization Network
PRC
SSU SSU
Primary Reference Clock
Synchronization Supply Unit
SDH Equipment ClockSECSDHEquip.
SECSDHEquip.
SECSDHEquip.
Caesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10-11typ : 5 x 10-12
long term: holdover 24h:
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10typ : 4 x 10-11 , 2 x 10-11
71
Limits:
Max. 10 x G.812 TNCMax. 60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than20 between 2 TNCs
G.811PRC
G.812TNC
G.812TNC
G.813SEC
G.813SEC
G.813SEC
SSU SSU
Synchronization reference model
72
Synchronization of SDH Network Elements
SynchronousSDH Signal
155 Mbit/sData Signal
2 Mbit/sData Signal
2 048 kHzCentral Clock
SDH Network Element
Osc.
InternalOscillator 4.6 ppm
73
Phase error [ ns]
Observation interval [s]0.01 1 100 10000
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Hold-over mode
74
Hold-over measured values (TIE)
75
ITU-T ANSI / Bellcore ETSI
Definitions G.810 T1.101 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-1Network G.825 T1.105 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-3Primary Reference Clocks G.811 T1.101 ETS 300 462-6Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS 300 462-4Equipment Clocks (ST3) G.813 (G.81s) GR-253 ETS 300 462-5
Which Recommendations defineSynchronization Networks
76
Monitoring, Maintenance and ControlFunctions in SDH
77
LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of SignalTSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence ErrorLSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRefOOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of FrameLOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of FrameB1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP ErrorsB2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP ErrorsMS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AISMS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of PointerAU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data FlagAU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AISAU-PJE AU Pointer Just. EventB3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP ErrorsHP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP UnequippedHP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.
PDI-P SP Payload Defect Ind.HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. MismatchHP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label MismatchTU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of PointerTU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data FlagTU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AISTU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of MultiframeBIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors BIP-2 VP BIP ErrorsLP-UNEQ LO Path Unequipped UNEQ-V VP UnequippedLP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. MismatchLP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.
Mux
Sec
t.M
ux S
ect.P
hys.
/Reg
.Sec
t.Ph
ys./R
eg.S
ect.
Hig
her O
rder
Pat
hH
ighe
r Ord
er P
ath
Low
er O
rder
Pat
hLo
wer
Ord
er P
ath
Line
(L)
Line
(L)
STS
Path
(SP)
STS
Path
(SP)
VT P
ath
(VP)
VT P
ath
(VP)
Phys
./Sec
tion
Phys
./Sec
tion
LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610HCOR Correctable Header ErrorsHUNC Uncorrectable Header ErrorsVP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)LOC Loss Of Continuity I.610
ATM
Pat
hAT
M P
ath
EVENTS SDHEVENTS SDH EVENTS SONETEVENTS SONET
78
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes
RSOH
MSOHPayload
B1:- Supervision of thewhole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regeneratorsections of a trans-mission system
B2:- Covers the multiplexsections (from networknode to network node)
B3:- Covers the transmissionpaths from beginning tothe end (tributary totributary)
RSOH
MSOHPayloadPayload
RSOH
MSOH
Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmissionquality of a life STM-N signal !
PayloadAU-PTR
79
Parity Supervison Procedure
Tran
smit
Side
BIP-8 B1
frame nframe n+1
80
Parity Supervison Procedure
Tran
smit
Side
BIP-8 B1
frame nframe n+1
BIP-8 B1Comparisonwith the Tx side value
Rec
eive
Sid
e frame n+1 frame n
recalculation at Rx side
81
How to Built a Parity Byte ?
Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered Field width: BIP-24: 24 bits (B2) BIP-8: 8 bits (B1, B3) BIP-2: 2 bits (V5)
Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"
BIP-24801
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
123
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3
even numbers of "1"
Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)
82
SDH MAINTENANCE INTERACTIONS
LOS/LOFRS-TIMBIP Err.
"1" AIS
MS-AIS "1"
MS-BIP Err.MS-REIMS-RDI
AU-AISAU-LOP
AIS
"1"
HP-UNEQHP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.HP-REIHP-RDI
"1"AIS
TU-AISTU-LOP
LOMHP-PLM
LP-UNEQLP-TIM
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REILP-RDI
LP-PLM
"1"
"1"
"1"
AIS
AIS
RegeneratorSection
MultiplexSection
Higher OrderPath
Lower OrderPath
(J0)(B1)(K2)(B2)(M1)(K2)
(C2)(J1)(B3)(G1)(G1)
(H4)(C2)(V5)(J2)(V5)(V5)(V5)(V5)
83
LOS Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10-3 or worseOOF A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 usLOF If OOF persists of 3msB1 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8MS-AIS K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more framesB2 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-24MS-RDI If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110MS-REI M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocksAU-AIS All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointerAU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointersHP-UNEQ C2="0" for 5 or more framesHP-TIM J1: Trace identifier mismatchHP-SLM C2: Signal label mismatchHP-LOM H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence
B3 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8HP-RDI G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3HP-REI G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors
Maintenance Signal Defenitions (1)
84
TU-AIS All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointerTU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointersLP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;
VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 framesLP-TIM VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatchLP-SLM VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatchBIP-2 Err Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5)LP-RDI V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure receivedLP-REI V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2LP-RFI V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared
Abbreviations:
AU Administration unitHP High pathLOF Loss of frameLOM Loss of miltiframeLOP Loss of pointerLOS Loss of signal
LP Low pathOOF Out of frameREI Remote error indication (FEBE)RDI Remote defect indication (FERF)RFI Remote failure indicationSLM Signal label mismatch
TIM Trace identifierTU Tributary unitUNEQ UnequippedVC VirtualC container
Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)
85
ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block
SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocksor > 1 defect
BBE Background Block Error Errored block, not occuring aspart of SES
ITUITU--T G.826T G.826
ES Errored Second Second with > 1 bit error
SES Severely Errored Second Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3
ITUITU--T G.821T G.821
UAS Unavailable Seconds:Time
10 sec 10 sec< 10sec
Unavailable SecondsUnavailable Seconds
Unavailabilitydetected
Availabilitydetected
Performance Parameter
86
Jitter and Wander
87
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . . .
Time Line
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 0Bit Sequence
1 UI
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Actual Signal(with Jitter
and Wander)
Phase Variations (Jitter or Wander) in a Digital Transmission System
Jitter and Wander Definitions
88
Interference signals Pattern dependent jitter Phase noise Delay variation Stuffing and wait time jitter Mapping jitter Pointer jitter
Sources of Jitter and Wander
89
Pattern
Clock
SignalInput
Ext. Reference Clock Input(Wander Measurement)
ClockInput
N
1
f
f
V
V
Pattern-ClockConverter
FrequencyDivider
Phase Detector
Phase Detector
~ 1 Hz
Filters
HP LP
Peak-to-PeakDetector
Low Pass Filter VCO
JitterandWander
Reference Clock Generator (PLL)
ResultEvaluation
Jitter and Wander Measurement Method
90
Amplitude / dB
Frequency / Hz10 Hz
STM-1: 500 Hz 65 kHz 1.3 MHzSTM-4: 1 kHz 250 kHz 5 MHzSTM-16: 5 kHz 1 MHz 20 MHz
HighFrequency
Jitter
Jitterincluding
lowerFrequency
Components
TotalJitter
Wander
Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813
Max. Jitter Amplitude: 1,5UI 0,15UI
Jitter Measurement Filters
91
JitterAmplitude
(PP)
Measurement Period
Jitter / UIpp
Time
Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude
92
Network output jitter (G.825)
Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813)
Jitter transfer function (G.958)
Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)
Jitter and Wander Measurements
93
Wander Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)
TIE "Time Interval Error"
MTIE "Max. Time Interval Error"
TDEV "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function ofintegration time. Provides information about thespectral content.
TVAR"Time Variation", square of TDEV
ADEV "Allen Deviation"
MADEV "Modified Allen Deviation"
Definitions specified in ITU-T Rec. G.810
WANDER Definitions
94
MTIE
Observation Period
Start End
Wander / UI
Time
TIE at t End
TIE max
TIE minTim
e va
riatio
n ag
ains
t ref
eren
ce
TIE and MTIE Definition
95
Results (MTIE) compared to Standards
96
Network resilience
97
Linear Protection (G.783)
W
P
W
P
W
W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
1 : 1 Protection scheme
1 : N Protection scheme
98
Linear Protection (G.783)
W
P
W
P
W
W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
1 : 1 Protection scheme
1 : N Protection scheme
99
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
Traffic A -> B
Traffic B -> A
Unidirectional Ringtraffic between A-Buses the entire length of ring
Bidirectional Ring- use the shorter or longer path- increase number of paths- short path : traffic
long path : protection
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
B
Traffic A -> B
B -> A
longerpath
100
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Fiber 1 : unidirectional
101
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Fiber 1 : unidirectional
102
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Fiber 1 : unidirectional
103
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
104
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
105
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Tributary
Tributary
A
C
BF
D
E
Protection
Working
Working
106
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring(BLSR)
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
workingprotection
107
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring(BLSR)
workingprotection
108
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring(BLSR)
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
workingprotection
109
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)
110
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
111
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
112
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
113
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
114
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring
Tributary
A
BF
C
D
E Tributary
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Working Fiber 1 + 2
115
TMN in SDH networks
116
Network Management
Basic tasks of network management:
Administrative functions:
Operation: Network supervising (anomalies, defects)Network linking (reserve links, additional links)
Maintenance: Identifing and elimination of impairments
Planning and commissioning: Network configuration
Operative functions: Supervision of network functionsRepairInstallationSelf test
117
TMN Overlay
CC CC
CentralOS
LocalOS
QQ ECC
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Q ECC
118
PerformanceFaultsConfigurationAccountingSecurity
Management of :
DXC DXC
CentralOS
LocalOS
XX
Q3
Q3
Q3
Q ECCADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Q ECC
CentralOS
NEManager
NEManager
Q3
Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN
Telecommunication ManagementNetwork (TMN) Overlay
STM-N
STM-N STM-N
119
TMN Reference Configuration
OperatingSystem
OS
MediationDevice
MD
NetworkElement
NE
Data Communication NetworkDCN
NetworkElement
NE
F
F
F
Q3
Q3
Q2 or Q1
Qx
Q3
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
MD: Conversion between different interfaces(Information Conversion Function ICF:manufacturer-specific information model ->operator specific information model)
Local Communication NetworkLCN
120
Interoperability in TMN
QMonitor provides easy adaptation to the interface
(autoconfiguration) decoding of protocols and management
information automatic detection of errors in
management information SDH/SONET Qecc access with
transmission analyzers (e.g. ANT-20)
QMonitorbased onDominoWANDominoLANDA-30
TMNOperations
System
TMNOperations
System
Qecc Qecc
Qecc
Q3
Q3
XX Interoperability problems because of multi vendor networks heterogenous technology different standards for protocols and
management information
121
SDH BenefitsReduced equipment costsmulti vendor compatibility
Lower maintenance costsbuilt-in defect and anomaly monitoring
Future proof equipmentSDH is the physical layer for BISDN
Efficient drop / insert facilitiesADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)
TMN capabilitiesBuilt-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
More flexibility in provision of servicesadding transmission capacity by routing on demand
122
Pirelli : WaveMux 320032 x OC-48 channels80Gbit/s over 1200km
40 x OC-48 channels100Gbit/s over 600km
Ciena :
There may not be a near term need, but this is the directionthat networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.
Ryan, Hunkin, Kent Consulting '96
Future Trends - WDM Systems
Current Systems : 4, 8, 16 x OC-48 (MCI, Sprint)
123
Future Trends - Optical ComponentsFuture Trends - Optical Components
ADM
Optical D&I
Local Traffic2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1
1, 2, 3, 4
2
1, 2, 3, 4
2
WDM WDM
STM-N,OC-N
STM-N,OC-N
Extract selectively Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth
124
STM-16cVC2-5cPoS
STM-64
DWDMFutureTrendsinSynchronousTechnology
TMN
125
Lets summarize !
Please name the PDH bitrates !Please explain stuffing !
When will stuffing be applied ?
What is the reaction of a Network element after an LOS alarm ?What is the meaning of an LOF alarm ?
Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ?
Why not ?
Please name the SDH bitrates !
Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !
08.12.2013 06:17 The World of Synchronous Networks 126
Lets summarize !
Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !What is a parity byte ?
Please explain the way to build a parity byte !
Which parity bytes do you know ?
Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?
What is a pointer ?
What is a pointer used for ?
127
Lets summarize !
Please name the SDH network elements !What are they used for ?
Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
What is a holdover mode ?
Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?
Please explain Jitter and Wander !
How can jitter be defined ?
Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?
Please explain the term TDEV ?
Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !
128
Lets summarize !
Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !Explain these measurements !
Please explain the methods of linear protection !
What kind of ring structures do you know ?
Please explain DWDM !
What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?
How is the TMN interface called ?