Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Unionin the Teaching Material ofMedical Biotechnology Master’s Programmesat the University of Pécs and at the University of DebrecenIdentification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

BASICS OF GERONTOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Miklós Székely and Erika PéterváriMolecular and Clinical Basics of Gerontology – Lecture 1

Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Unionin the Teaching Material ofMedical Biotechnology Master’s Programmesat the University of Pécs and at the University of DebrecenIdentification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

Gerontology and Geriatrics

• (Géron = „gray“, lógos = „study“) • The study of normal aging

Geriatrics• Characteristic diseases in the elderly,

or age-related changes in diseases that already began in the young

Gerontology

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

WHO categories for late adulthood

• age 50-59: age of transition• age 60-74: elderly• age 75-89: old• age 90-99: very old• over the age of 100: age of Methuselah

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

Dynamic and dramatic increase in the population above the age of 65

Population-wide aging

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011The share of people over the age of 60 in Europe in 2005 and in 2050 (%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Irela

nd

Cypr

us

Slov

akia

Mal

ta

Pola

nd

Luxe

mbu

rg

Neth

erla

nd

Czeh

Rep

ublic

Lithu

ania

Denm

ark

Finla

nd

Hung

ary

Aust

ria

Slov

enia

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Fran

ce

Esto

nia

Latv

ia

Belg

ium

Swed

en

Germ

any

Gree

ce

Spai

n

Portu

gal

Italy

Euro

pe o

f 15

New

acce

ssio

n co

untri

es

Euro

pe o

f 25

2005

2050

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Changes of the population pyramid in Hungary

500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 5000–45–9

10–1415–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–4950–5455–5960–6465–6970–7475–7980–8485–X

Number of inhabitants in thousands

Age

grou

p

1890Male

MaleexcessFemale

Female excess

19412004

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Survival curvesfor different populations

20 40 60 80

20

40

60

80United States (1970)

1,100 BCEurope15,000yrs ago

Africa50,000yrs ago

Age (years)

Perc

ent s

urvi

val

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011Mean life expectancy of males and females in Sweden over two centuries

PeriodMean life expectancy at age

0 60 80

1755-76MaleFemale

33.2035.70

12.2413.08

4.274.47

1856-60MaleFemale

40.4844.15

13.1214.04

3.124.91

1936-40MaleFemale

64.3066.90

16.3517.19

5.255.49

1971-75MaleFemale

72.0777.65

17.6521.29

6.087.28

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Survival curves for male rats fedad libitum or restricted to 60%

GroupAd libitumRestricted to 60%

Age (months)

Perc

ent S

urvi

ving

48

44

40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

8400

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011Age-specific death rates of Swedish females from 1751 to 1950 and for 1988

Deat

h/10

00/y

ear

Sweden (females)

Years1007550250

0.5

1

10

100

500

1751 - 17901851 - 18601901 - 19101920 - 19301941 - 19501988

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How old would you feel if you did not know how old you were?

Chronological and biological aging

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Etiology of agingA Genetic mechanisms

•Mutations (mutation rate is 107-11) • Chromosome abnormalities• Telomeres• Demethylation• Defects of protein synthesis (Normal mistake rate 5/10,000)• Elongation factor-1 levels are also low, just as levels of some types of mRNA, e.g. mRNA for IL-1.

B Acquired mechanisms• Caloric intake – high serum glucose• High metabolic rate• Free radicals• Sedentary lifestyle

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A Genetic mechanisms1 Essential lifespan is stable within the

same species 2 Hayflick phenomenon3 X chromosome4 HLA DR1, DR11 – HLA DRw95 Progeria syndromes Hutchinson-Gilford,

Werner

Etiology of aging

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A Genetic mechanisms6 Experimental models

Drosophila melanogasterTransgenic strains contain extra copies of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase

Caenorhabditis elegans(nematode-worm) SOD, catalase increase survival and thermal tolerance

YeastLongevity associated Gene (LAG)-1

MouseCertain inbred strains may live up to 8 years!!Tumor suppressor p53 deficiency leads topremature aging and death

Etiology of aging

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Factors influencing aging

Aging well

LifeActivity

Social Resources

Material Security

Physical Health and Functional

Status

Cognitive Efficacy

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011Survival curves for different populations: influence of environmental/economic/social factors

Survival at earlier ages has increased with the passage of time and is greater in more developed countries.Note the maximum age achieved has not altered.

Age (years)

Perc

ent s

urvi

val

20 40 60 100

25

50

75

100

UK190

1

UK197

5

British India1921-1930

800

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Expected life-span at birthin different European states

64 – 6767 – 7070 – 7373 – 7575 – 7878 – 8080 – 8282 – 8484 – 8686 – 88

IS

NORU

UA

MD

RO

BY

LV

TK

BGMK

CSHR

HUSK

LT

EE

AL

SL

CZ

PL

DK

PT

IE

FI

UK

BENL

LU

DE

AT

ITBA

GRES

SE

FR CH

TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011Regional pattern of life expectancy in Germany: East-West difference (2003)

life expectancy at birth (years)

males

life expectancy at birth (years)

females

<7474-7575-7676-77>77

<8181-81.581.5-8282-82.5>82.5

Berlin

Frankfurt M.

Köln

München

100 km

Hamburg Hamburg

Berlin

Frankfurt M.

Köln

München

100 km

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male (years)

female (years)

USA 71.3 78.5

Japan 75.5 81.6

Finland 70.0 78.9

Average life expectancy at birth in different European states (1987)

male (years)

female (years)

male (years)

female (years)

Soviet Union 65.1 73.8 Switzerland 73.8 80.6

Hungary 65.7 73.7 Sweden 73.8 79.9

Poland 66.7 75.1 Greece 73.5 78.5

Yugoslavia 66.7 75.1 The Netherlands 73.1 79.9

Rumania 67.1 72.7 Norway 72.6 79.6

Czechoslovakia 67.5 75.0 FRG (West Germany) 71.9 78.5

Bulgaria 68.3 74.2 England 71.9 77.6

GDR (East Germany) 69.5 75.4 France 71.8 80.1