BasicsBasicsofof

Design & Design & GraphicsGraphics

Course BJMC-107Course BJMC-107

Lecture-2Lecture-2

Ratan Mani LalRatan Mani Lal

Making of pagesMaking of pages

When we say page-making, the reference is essentially to a newspaper page, since a full-sized or broadsheet newspaper can ideally accommodate the largest number of elements because of its size, and therefore most design inputs too are required

The same principles are used in page-making of other publications as well, be it a magazine of tabloid size, A-4 size or any other intermediate size

Designing on Designing on computerscomputers

Modern printing systems provide numerous possibilities for planning and typographical designing of pages

On computer screens, an item may be designed in either horizontal, or vertical, or three-column form, with headline, text, sub-heading, rules and spaces used differently in as many appearances as is required

Design & make-upDesign & make-up

By design is meant the problem of the entire format of the paper, ranging all the way from decisions about page size to how to treat fillers or small items

An understanding of design is essential to an effective job of make-up.

Make-upMake-up

By make-up in this sense is meant the day-to-day job of putting together the paper under one set of conditions that means the established set of conditions in the newsroom

Evolution of make-upEvolution of make-up

Make-up and design as we see today was not planned this way but it evolved

The changes in the newspaper and magazine format between Colonial times and the Computer era are considerable and have been largely dictated by chance factors

The Colonial eraThe Colonial era The Colonial newspaper was largely a

copy of the British newspapers of the time. Many of them were very attractively printed but make-up was never really a consideration

They consisted almost entirely of text in body type. There were headings over major items

The headlines were more like essay titles

The items used to be long, there was no problem of how to accommodate it

The changesThe changes

By 1846, it was a common practice to give one and two-line deck headlines, always in single column

Importance was indicated not by type size but by the number of decks

Soon several stories started appearing on page 1, and thus make-up was born

Sensational typographySensational typography

The World War brought about sensational headlines and dramatic announcements through make-up

These included•Scaling down of headlines from

top to bottom•Balancing of headlines•Reduction in number of decks

Other major changesOther major changes

The advent of the tabloid – if they had been credible and respectable enough, the broadsheets would have died years ago

The use of modern type faces, clean and readable type faces came to be used

Shift to horizontal make-up, multi-column headlines

Basic principles of designBasic principles of design

Symmetry & Asymmetry Setting and typographical rules Typographical unity Typographical order Displacement Proportionality Contrast Balance Rhythm Composition

Symmetry & AsymmetrySymmetry & Asymmetry

A symmetrical design is where the typographical elements stand on either side of an imaginary vertical line as if reflected in a mirror

It manifests mostly in centred headlines, but it is the rectangular placement – including the text, headline and illustration – that evolves a completely symmetrical image

AsymmetryAsymmetry

Asymmetrical design is the one when the typographical elements do not lie in equal measure on the either sides of an imaginary axis

It requires much more work than in planning a symmetrical arrangement. The headlines are mostly flushed left

Typographical unityTypographical unity

The link between text and illustration is expressed in design form

The space, proximity, placement of rules etc should be such that there should be no disharmony between text and illustrations, picture and its caption, text and its related picture and so on

Typographical orderTypographical order

It means guiding the reader through various texts so that a sense of order and continuity is maintained for him

The reading order is from left to right and top to bottom

The alphabet basic form remains constant

Headline typefaces are kept uniform

Importance of orderImportance of order

Excessive use of imagination and disregarding the logic

and order of placement can damage the appearance of a

page

Enhancing appealEnhancing appeal

Having similarity, and a conformity in giving space, rules, aligning text and using type faces can

actually make a big difference in the paper’s appeal and

appreciation

DisplacementDisplacement It is done to break monotony of

using a well-ordered and well-balanced design

Examples:•using items in box•using pictures out of alignment•varying column width•breaking an item that is equally

divided into certain number of columns

•‘bleed’ pictures

Displacement of picturesDisplacement of pictures

In case of pictures too, displacement can have remarkable effect

For placing several pictures vertically or horizontally, we often align them in a row

In such cases, the extremes of each picture are in alignment though the other size may differ. This produces similarity of the placing of elements

ProportionalityProportionality

It is an invisible, unwritten rule that means creating a hierarchy of items through their size and the place assigned to them

It is all about having a ratio between the size of the big and the small element on a page

ContrastContrast It means creating impact through the

distinction between differences This can be between:

• Big & small• vertical & horizontal• rounded & square• dark & light• Italics• roman typeface

Contrast cannot be applied if there is no contrast between the content of the elements being planned

BalanceBalance

It means placing two or more typographical elements on two sides or two halves of a page, or on opposite pages, to create a sense of balance to the viewer

It is applicable on text elements as well as on pictures

RhythmRhythm Rhythm is the occurrence of an

effect with periodic regularity It can be in repetition of spaces,

lines, recurrence of pictures, set column width, uniformity of spaces, headlines of same width coming after one another and so on

It adds to the readability and appeal of the publication

CompositionComposition

It is the work of actual putting together of the elements as per a decided design

It means knowing and executing where does a particular item fit best, placing them in order of importance, possibilities of change and availability of additional material

Raw materialRaw material The type area, headline,

illustration, drawing, rule, tone and decorative elements constitute the raw material with which he is working

Attention must be paid to the character of the paper

Certain elements can be taught and learnt but a lot depends on talent of the design editor or designer

Always newAlways new Identical headlines, identical

stories and identical illustrations do not exist

There is a new set of these elements to be accommodated every day

The content itself inspires the typographer to search for the most appropriate design but the final product naturally depends always upon his personality

Unique creationUnique creation

If the make-up editor understands well the material, if he ranks the items in the order of their importance, and is familiar with the latest typographical trends, then he can use his talent and qualification to create a unique, unparalleled composition

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