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70 AABP RECENT GRADUATE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS | VOL. 54 | NO. 1 | FEBRUARY 2021
Basics of dairy diet design: Feeds and how they are included in dietsEnrique Schcolnik, DVMProgressive Dairy Solutions, Inc., Stockton, CA 95207
Abstract
The challenges of feeding dairy cows to maximize production while doing it in an economically sustainable way, requires dairy nutritionists and veterinarians to have a great understanding of rumen microbial output and the feeds we utilize to feed the rumen. It is the purpose of this presentation to describe and explain some very basic con-cepts of rumen dynamics and microbiology that are utilized to make decisions on how to include different feeds into diets while maintaining rumen and cow health and maximizing rumen output.
Key words: dairy, diet, design, feeds
Introduction
With the diversity of feeds available to feed dairy cattle and the challenges of feeding high-producing dairy cows, it is easy to lose perspective of the big picture of what is necessary to make a healthy and profitable diet. I would like to distill the tremendous amount of information for balancing dairy diets into a few basic concepts that may help you get started understanding dairy cattle feeds and how we feed them.
Rumen Microbes, Environment and Microbial Output
The most important concept to understand about the ruminant dairy cow when it comes to feeding them is that the cow is actually fed by an amazing microbial population that lives in the environment of the rumen, producing energy and protein primarily in the form of volatile fatty acids and microbial protein. It is these nutrients produced by the ru-men microbes that feed the cow for maintenance, with the surplus nutrients used to produce milk. The remainder of nutrients not produced in high-enough amounts, or at all, by the rumen microbes, such as vitamins, minerals, soluble protein, fats, amino acids etc., are supplemented by us.
With the help of dynamic nutritional modeling software (CNCPS-based models), we are able to measure rumen out-put and get information on how to properly balance diets to maximize rumen output and also to get information on what nutrients are needed to be supplemented.3 Energy rumen output is measured in metabolizable energy (ME) and protein rumen output is measured in metabolizable protein (MP).
Rumen nutrients and environment are key to keeping the rumen microbial population large and healthy in order
to maximize rumen output. Therefore, a consistent supply of nutrients and a stable rumen pH are extremely important in order to keep the ME and MP outputs consistent. It is the constant outputs of ME and MP that keeps milk production consistent and increasing over time.
In order to keep the rumen microbial population fed, we always need to have feed available to the cow, keep the feed consistently mixed, have the feed not easy to sort, have the feed pushed up within reach of the cow at all times, and keep the feed fresh and palatable.
Types of Nutrients
We can divide the types of nutrients fed to cows into 5 general categories: carbohydrates, protein/amino acid/nitro-gen sources, fats, minerals, and vitamins. Because carbohy-drates are typically the rate-limiting nutrient when it comes to rumen microbial output, they are considered the most important nutrient to drive rumen output, and carbohydrates are generally used as the center for which the rest of the diet is built. Carbohydrates also have the greatest potential for al-tering rumen environment, and therefore should be carefully evaluated not only in quantity, but also for the magnitude of effect they may have upon rumen pH based on their rates of fermentation. The faster-rate carbohydrates have the great-est potential to increase rumen output as well as the greatest potential to exceed the natural rumen buffering capacity. This is because carbohydrates drive volatile fatty acid production (lactic, acetic, butyric) and as their name implies, these fatty acids, if produced in excess of rumen buffering capacity, will drop the rumen pH, with the concomitant negative effect upon the rumen microbial population and health.1
Structural vs Nonstructural Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates can be broken down into 2 classes: nonstructural and structural. Nonstructural carbohydrates are found inside the cells of plants. They are more digestible. They don’t play much of a role in keeping plants standing. Structural carbohydrates are part of plant cell wall and they are less digestible. They play an important role in keeping plants upright. Therefore, the more mature the plants in the field, the higher their structural carbohydrate content.
The most important nonstructural carbohydrates in plants are starches, sugars and pectins, and we use them as a unit of measure for feeds and for diets. We measure their amount in feeds and diets as a percent, and we also measure
196
8
1st
An
nual
Con
vent
ion
Chi
cago
, Il
linoi
s
Nov
embe
r 2
4-2
6
JAV
MA
, Fe
brua
ry 1
, 19
69 h
ad a
rep
ort
on t
he F
irst
Ann
ual
AA
BP
Con
vent
ion
at t
he L
aSal
le H
otel
, C
hica
go o
n N
ovem
ber 2
4-26
, 19
68. H
ither
to, t
he a
nnua
l mee
tings
had
bee
n he
ld in
con
junc
tion
with
the A
VM
A
Ann
ual M
eetin
gs. T
he r
epor
t sta
ted:
“Thi
s w
as th
e fir
st c
onve
ntio
n in
rec
ent y
ears
whe
re a
bov
ine
prac
titio
ner
coul
d el
bow
to th
e ri
ght o
r to
th
e le
ft an
d ev
eryw
here
find
a n
ewly
mad
e fri
end
to t
alk
to a
bout
cat
tle.
Hop
ing
and
pray
ing
for
at le
ast 2
00
regi
stra
nts,
the
AA
BP
offi
cers
wer
e de
light
ed to
find
them
selv
es h
osts
to m
ore
than
350
vet
erin
aria
ns.
Exh
ibi
tors
, sp
eake
rs a
nd g
uest
s sw
elle
d th
e at
tend
ance
to 4
25. ”
One
of
the
high
light
s of
eve
ry A
AB
P C
onve
ntio
n ha
s be
en t
he P
ract
ice
Tips
Ses
sion
. At t
he C
hica
go
mee
ting
ther
e w
ere
livel
y de
scri
ptio
ns o
f nov
el g
adge
ts a
nd p
roce
dure
s.D
r. Jo
e K
napp
enbe
rger
, AV
MA
Pre
side
nt, w
as a
gue
st s
peak
er. H
e sp
oke
of th
e pr
actic
ing
vete
rina
rian
s’ ro
le i
n th
e fu
ture
, tre
nds
whi
ch w
ould
les
sen
the
phys
ical
stra
in o
n th
e pr
actit
ione
r by
usi
ng i
mpr
oved
tec
h-ni
ques
and
spe
cial
ly t
rain
ed a
ssis
tant
s. H
e de
fine
d th
e fu
ture
rol
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns a
s su
perv
isor
s in
stea
d of
sk
illed
lab
orer
s.D
r. K
napp
enbe
rger
exp
ress
ed c
once
rn o
ver
the
slug
gish
ness
of
new
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t, du
e to
the
st
ringe
nt r
egul
atio
ns i
mpo
sed
by t
he F
ood
& D
rug
Adm
inis
trat
ion
and
the
Vet
erin
ary
Bio
logi
cals
Div
isio
n of
U
SDA
. H
e w
as a
lso
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e di
min
ishi
ng p
erce
ntag
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns e
ngag
ed in
foo
d an
imal
pra
c-tic
e. H
e ur
ged
mem
bers
to
take
a d
irect
int
eres
t in
the
act
iviti
es o
f th
eir
stat
e’s
repr
esen
tativ
e in
the
AV
MA
H
ouse
of
Del
egat
es.
AAB
P an
d AV
MA
coun
terp
arts
join
forc
es a
t AA
BP's
firs
t ann
ual m
eetin
g he
ld in
Chi
cago
, Nov
. 24
-26,
196
8. L
eft t
o ri
ght:
Dr. D
on W
illia
ms,
Ada
, O
K,
pres
iden
t of A
ABP
; Dr
. Joe
Kna
ppen
berg
er,
Ola
the,
KS,
pre
side
nt o
f AVM
A;
Dr. R
. A. /
vie,
Fol
lett,
Tex
as, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AA
BP;
and
Dr.
John
B.
Her
rick,
Am
es,
/A, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AVM
A Dr
. /vi
e to
ok o
ver a
s pre
side
nt o
f A
AB
P fo
r 19
69.
AA
BP
offic
ers
(rig
ht to
left)
—D
rs. H
arol
d A
mst
utz
(sec
reta
ry-tr
easu
rer)
, Pur
due
Uni
vers
ity;
Irw
in
Col
linge
(vi
ce p
resi
dent
), E
mpo
ria,
KS;
and
Fra
ncis
Fo
x (1
st D
istr
ict r
epre
sent
ativ
e), N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e V
eter
inar
y C
olle
ge, a
ttend
ing
Boa
rd o
f Dir
ecto
rs
mee
ting.
15
© Copyright American Association of Bovine Practitioners; open access distribution.
AABP RECENT GRADUATE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS | VOL. 54 | NO. 1 | FEBRUARY 2021 71
their relative rates of fermentation in order to estimate total VFA and subsequent ME output. By measuring these param-eters, we can estimate the impact they’ll have on rumen pH.
Structural carbohydrates are composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. They are often measured by ADF (cellulose and lignin) and also by NDF (includes cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose). They are overall less digestible than nonstructural carbohydrates. They promote chewing and saliva production, have a slower passage rate and are a big contributor to rumen fill, so they can limit feed intakes. Just like structural carbohydrates, different feeds have differ-ent rates of fermentation (kd’s). The feeds with higher NDF digestibility will yield higher energy.
In order to keep a healthy rumen environment, there are some guidelines for minimum fiber recommendations. These minimum fiber recommendations are the minimum fiber necessary to stimulate necessary cud chewing. It is the floating mat in the rumen that stimulates the regurgita-tion reflex with the concomitant chewing of the feed and saliva production. Adult cows typically don’t chew their
feed when they eat. They only chew after they regurgitate their cud. It is the chewing that generates saliva produc-tion. No regurgitation=no chewing=no saliva production=no buffering=lower pH=dead or unhealthy rumen microbial population.
There are differences in the NDF measured in forages vs NDF measured in grains. Non-forage fiber has a larger pool of degradable NDF, its particle size is smaller (may not contribute much to the top of the rumen mat) and has a faster passage rate (less of a contributor to rumen fill). Also, some digestible NDF may escape ruminal fermentation.
When we look at NDF recommendations for dairy diets, we have to look at them in the context of:
• Starch availability• Forage particle size• Supplements (rumensin, yeast, etc.)• Farms management (overcrowding, cow comfort,
lock up times, etc)• Consistency of feeds In addition to carbohydrates, when discussing maxi-
mization of rumen microbial production it is important to consider that rumen microbes need an adequate supply of rumen degradable protein. Rumen bacteria require peptides, amino acids and ammonia. Protozoa require peptides and amino acids. This is measured in diets as rumen degradable protein or RDP.
Rumen Environment
The environment in which rumen microbes grow is very important for the output they can generate. The higher the output, the higher the energy and protein available above maintenance requirements and therefore the higher milk and components produced.
In order to maintain a stable rumen environment, we need:
• Physically effective fiber• Feed free from mold and spoilage (biogenic amines)• Appropriate amounts/types of fats• Feed additives
(From NDS – Nutritional Dynamic System – Professional)
(Adapted from NRC 2001 and NRC 1989)
NFC Breakdown
Feedstuff Sugar Starch Pectin VFAs % of NFC
Alfalfa silage 0 24.5 33.0 42.5Corn silage 0 71.3 0 28.7Corn grain 20.9 80.0 0 0Barley 9.1 81.7 9.2 0Beet pulp 33.7 1.8 64.5 0Soyhulls 18.8 18.8 62.4 0Soybean meal 28.2 28.2 43.6 0
Minimum Fiber Recommendations
Min Forage NDF Min Dietary NDF Max Dietary NFC Min Dietary ADF
19 25 44 17 18 27 42 18 17 29 40 19 16 31 38 20 15 33 36 21
Predicted ruminal pHMinimum ruminal pHMaximum ruminal pHRange pHTime below pH 5.6, hours/dTime below pH 5.8, hours/d
pH NDS Feeding Frequency pH Fluctuations
6.511.19
5.905.31
5.879.20
pH NDS min pH max pH time<pH 5.6 time<pH 5.8
7
6
5
pH
15
12
9
6
3
0
Hours
196
8
1st
An
nual
Con
vent
ion
Chi
cago
, Il
linoi
s
Nov
embe
r 2
4-2
6
JAV
MA
, Fe
brua
ry 1
, 19
69 h
ad a
rep
ort
on t
he F
irst
Ann
ual
AA
BP
Con
vent
ion
at t
he L
aSal
le H
otel
, C
hica
go o
n N
ovem
ber 2
4-26
, 19
68. H
ither
to, t
he a
nnua
l mee
tings
had
bee
n he
ld in
con
junc
tion
with
the A
VM
A
Ann
ual M
eetin
gs. T
he r
epor
t sta
ted:
“Thi
s w
as th
e fir
st c
onve
ntio
n in
rec
ent y
ears
whe
re a
bov
ine
prac
titio
ner
coul
d el
bow
to th
e ri
ght o
r to
th
e le
ft an
d ev
eryw
here
find
a n
ewly
mad
e fri
end
to t
alk
to a
bout
cat
tle.
Hop
ing
and
pray
ing
for
at le
ast 2
00
regi
stra
nts,
the
AA
BP
offi
cers
wer
e de
light
ed to
find
them
selv
es h
osts
to m
ore
than
350
vet
erin
aria
ns.
Exh
ibi
tors
, sp
eake
rs a
nd g
uest
s sw
elle
d th
e at
tend
ance
to 4
25. ”
One
of
the
high
light
s of
eve
ry A
AB
P C
onve
ntio
n ha
s be
en t
he P
ract
ice
Tips
Ses
sion
. At t
he C
hica
go
mee
ting
ther
e w
ere
livel
y de
scri
ptio
ns o
f nov
el g
adge
ts a
nd p
roce
dure
s.D
r. Jo
e K
napp
enbe
rger
, AV
MA
Pre
side
nt, w
as a
gue
st s
peak
er. H
e sp
oke
of th
e pr
actic
ing
vete
rina
rian
s’ ro
le i
n th
e fu
ture
, tre
nds
whi
ch w
ould
les
sen
the
phys
ical
stra
in o
n th
e pr
actit
ione
r by
usi
ng i
mpr
oved
tec
h-ni
ques
and
spe
cial
ly t
rain
ed a
ssis
tant
s. H
e de
fine
d th
e fu
ture
rol
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns a
s su
perv
isor
s in
stea
d of
sk
illed
lab
orer
s.D
r. K
napp
enbe
rger
exp
ress
ed c
once
rn o
ver
the
slug
gish
ness
of
new
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t, du
e to
the
st
ringe
nt r
egul
atio
ns i
mpo
sed
by t
he F
ood
& D
rug
Adm
inis
trat
ion
and
the
Vet
erin
ary
Bio
logi
cals
Div
isio
n of
U
SDA
. H
e w
as a
lso
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e di
min
ishi
ng p
erce
ntag
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns e
ngag
ed in
foo
d an
imal
pra
c-tic
e. H
e ur
ged
mem
bers
to
take
a d
irect
int
eres
t in
the
act
iviti
es o
f th
eir
stat
e’s
repr
esen
tativ
e in
the
AV
MA
H
ouse
of
Del
egat
es.
AAB
P an
d AV
MA
coun
terp
arts
join
forc
es a
t AA
BP's
firs
t ann
ual m
eetin
g he
ld in
Chi
cago
, Nov
. 24
-26,
196
8. L
eft t
o ri
ght:
Dr. D
on W
illia
ms,
Ada
, O
K,
pres
iden
t of A
ABP
; Dr
. Joe
Kna
ppen
berg
er,
Ola
the,
KS,
pre
side
nt o
f AVM
A;
Dr. R
. A. /
vie,
Fol
lett,
Tex
as, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AA
BP;
and
Dr.
John
B.
Her
rick,
Am
es,
/A, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AVM
A Dr
. /vi
e to
ok o
ver a
s pre
side
nt o
f A
AB
P fo
r 19
69.
AA
BP
offic
ers
(rig
ht to
left)
—D
rs. H
arol
d A
mst
utz
(sec
reta
ry-tr
easu
rer)
, Pur
due
Uni
vers
ity;
Irw
in
Col
linge
(vi
ce p
resi
dent
), E
mpo
ria,
KS;
and
Fra
ncis
Fo
x (1
st D
istr
ict r
epre
sent
ativ
e), N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e V
eter
inar
y C
olle
ge, a
ttend
ing
Boa
rd o
f Dir
ecto
rs
mee
ting.
15
© Copyright American Association of Bovine Practitioners; open access distribution.
72 AABP RECENT GRADUATE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS | VOL. 54 | NO. 1 | FEBRUARY 2021
General Feeding Guidelines
• Higher production requires higher ration costs• Feeds are packages of nutrients• Every ingredient must add value• Look for opportunities to improve farm management• Look for opportunities to improve forage qualityFocus on science, but don’t forget the art of feeding
cows. Factors that are not easy to quantify or haven’t been quantified yet, can have a tremendous impact of performance.
Cliff Notes1. Focus on rumen output2. Supplement the rest 3. Consistency is king
Feeds and How We Feed Them
Break down feeds by their content of structural (NDF) and nonstructural (starch, sugars, pectins) carbohydrates and secondly, look at degree of digestibility of each of those (NDFd, 7 hs Starch). Once you get an overall idea of each feed, accurately load them up into your ration balancing program to address balancing.
Diet Evaluation
When evaluating a diet, it is important to check that we have enough level of effective fiber in the context of management and facilties. Check to see what level of peNDF is acceptable for the dairy. Also, assess level of fermentable carbohydrates and their respective digestibility. If we have an imbalance between the fiber and fermentable carbohydrates, it will negatively impact feed conversion and health.
Factors to Consider when Bringing a New Feed or Adding More of an Existing Feed
Consider current state of the diet and where it stands in the spectrum of amount of physically effective fiber vs
(Adapted from Feeding the Dairy Herd, NRC 2001 and NRC 1989)
fermentable carbohydrates. If one wishes to bring a highly fermentable feed into a diet that is already in the low spec-trum of peNDF, you may have to limit this new feed to a low inclusion rate or you may have to adjust to feed more forage in order to bring it in to the ration and still have a healthy diet. The opposite can be true as well. If we find a good-value feed that is very high in structural carbohydrates, we may now have to shift to feeding more feeds that have a high content of nonstructural carbohydrates in order to make sure that rumen microbes have enough feed to grow.
Reasons for Bringing a New Feed
• It is more cost-effective per unit of nutrient (carbo-hydrates or other nutrients)
• It brings in needed peNDF or nonstructural carbs to balance other feeds currently fed
• Feed is more consistent than other feeds• Feed is more available than other feeds• Feed is easier to feed than other feeds• Feed is more stable than other feeds
We can learn a lot by comparing and contrasting different feeds and getting a big picture of how they would fit into dif-ferent diets. Take time to compare different byproducts such as almond hulls, citrus pulp and some odd feeds such as pizza sauce, and Twizzler candy against corn silage, rolled or ground corn. How do they stack up against them? What nutrients do they bring in that are similar to traditional forages and grains?
Conclusions
When evaluating diets and feeds, focus on rumen out-put, which is driven primarily by carbohydrates. Measure output in metabolizable energy production and metaboliz-able protein production. Always balance for the correct feed consumption, since cows don’t eat in percentages but instead eat in pounds of nutrients. Create a great rumen environment in order to make microbial output for efficiency and balance the rest of the diet for nutrients that microbes are not able to produce in high-enough amounts or at all.
Summary of Carbohydrates
Lignin Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectin Starch SugarsCell Wall Cell Wall Cell Wall Cell Cytoplasm Cell Cytoplasm Cell CytoplasmADF ADFNDF NDF NDF NFC NFC NFC
Lignin Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectin Starch Sugars Fats Proteins Minerals VitaminsCell Wall Cell Wall Cell Wall Cell Cytoplasm Cell Cytoplasm Cell Cytoplasm Cell Cytoplasm Cell Cytoplasm Cell Cytoplasm Cell CytoplasmADF ADFNDF NDF NDF NFC NFC NFC Lipids AA’s- NPN Cation/Anion Fat/Water Soluble
196
8
1st
An
nual
Con
vent
ion
Chi
cago
, Il
linoi
s
Nov
embe
r 2
4-2
6
JAV
MA
, Fe
brua
ry 1
, 19
69 h
ad a
rep
ort
on t
he F
irst
Ann
ual
AA
BP
Con
vent
ion
at t
he L
aSal
le H
otel
, C
hica
go o
n N
ovem
ber 2
4-26
, 19
68. H
ither
to, t
he a
nnua
l mee
tings
had
bee
n he
ld in
con
junc
tion
with
the A
VM
A
Ann
ual M
eetin
gs. T
he r
epor
t sta
ted:
“Thi
s w
as th
e fir
st c
onve
ntio
n in
rec
ent y
ears
whe
re a
bov
ine
prac
titio
ner
coul
d el
bow
to th
e ri
ght o
r to
th
e le
ft an
d ev
eryw
here
find
a n
ewly
mad
e fri
end
to t
alk
to a
bout
cat
tle.
Hop
ing
and
pray
ing
for
at le
ast 2
00
regi
stra
nts,
the
AA
BP
offi
cers
wer
e de
light
ed to
find
them
selv
es h
osts
to m
ore
than
350
vet
erin
aria
ns.
Exh
ibi
tors
, sp
eake
rs a
nd g
uest
s sw
elle
d th
e at
tend
ance
to 4
25. ”
One
of
the
high
light
s of
eve
ry A
AB
P C
onve
ntio
n ha
s be
en t
he P
ract
ice
Tips
Ses
sion
. At t
he C
hica
go
mee
ting
ther
e w
ere
livel
y de
scri
ptio
ns o
f nov
el g
adge
ts a
nd p
roce
dure
s.D
r. Jo
e K
napp
enbe
rger
, AV
MA
Pre
side
nt, w
as a
gue
st s
peak
er. H
e sp
oke
of th
e pr
actic
ing
vete
rina
rian
s’ ro
le i
n th
e fu
ture
, tre
nds
whi
ch w
ould
les
sen
the
phys
ical
stra
in o
n th
e pr
actit
ione
r by
usi
ng i
mpr
oved
tec
h-ni
ques
and
spe
cial
ly t
rain
ed a
ssis
tant
s. H
e de
fine
d th
e fu
ture
rol
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns a
s su
perv
isor
s in
stea
d of
sk
illed
lab
orer
s.D
r. K
napp
enbe
rger
exp
ress
ed c
once
rn o
ver
the
slug
gish
ness
of
new
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t, du
e to
the
st
ringe
nt r
egul
atio
ns i
mpo
sed
by t
he F
ood
& D
rug
Adm
inis
trat
ion
and
the
Vet
erin
ary
Bio
logi
cals
Div
isio
n of
U
SDA
. H
e w
as a
lso
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e di
min
ishi
ng p
erce
ntag
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns e
ngag
ed in
foo
d an
imal
pra
c-tic
e. H
e ur
ged
mem
bers
to
take
a d
irect
int
eres
t in
the
act
iviti
es o
f th
eir
stat
e’s
repr
esen
tativ
e in
the
AV
MA
H
ouse
of
Del
egat
es.
AAB
P an
d AV
MA
coun
terp
arts
join
forc
es a
t AA
BP's
firs
t ann
ual m
eetin
g he
ld in
Chi
cago
, Nov
. 24
-26,
196
8. L
eft t
o ri
ght:
Dr. D
on W
illia
ms,
Ada
, O
K,
pres
iden
t of A
ABP
; Dr
. Joe
Kna
ppen
berg
er,
Ola
the,
KS,
pre
side
nt o
f AVM
A;
Dr. R
. A. /
vie,
Fol
lett,
Tex
as, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AA
BP;
and
Dr.
John
B.
Her
rick,
Am
es,
/A, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AVM
A Dr
. /vi
e to
ok o
ver a
s pre
side
nt o
f A
AB
P fo
r 19
69.
AA
BP
offic
ers
(rig
ht to
left)
—D
rs. H
arol
d A
mst
utz
(sec
reta
ry-tr
easu
rer)
, Pur
due
Uni
vers
ity;
Irw
in
Col
linge
(vi
ce p
resi
dent
), E
mpo
ria,
KS;
and
Fra
ncis
Fo
x (1
st D
istr
ict r
epre
sent
ativ
e), N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e V
eter
inar
y C
olle
ge, a
ttend
ing
Boa
rd o
f Dir
ecto
rs
mee
ting.
15
© Copyright American Association of Bovine Practitioners; open access distribution.
AABP RECENT GRADUATE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS | VOL. 54 | NO. 1 | FEBRUARY 2021 73
Build the diet around home-grown forages that are available to feed. Diets can vary from 25% forage to 75% forage, depending on forage quality and availability. Find and use by-product feeds, but make sure you have the cor-rect information to accurately assess their value and how to balance for them. Lastly, fill in the rest with other feeds such as traditional grains.
Acknowledgement
The author declares no conflict of interest
References
1. Cannas A, Van Soest PJ, Pell AN. Use of animal and dietary information to predict rumen turnover. Anim Feed Sci Technology 2003;106:95-117.2. Casper DP, Whitlock LA, Schauff D, Jones D. Consider the intake/efficiency trade-off. Hoard’s Dairyman 2003;148:604.3. Marins TN, Monteiro APA, Weng X, Guo J, Orellana Rivas RM, Bernard JK, Tomlinson DJ, DeFrain JM, Tao S. Response of lactating dairy cows fed dif-ferent supplemental zinc sources with and without evaporative cooling to intramammary lipopolysacharide infusion: metabolite and mineral profiles in blood and milk. J Anim Sci 2020;98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa323.4. National Research Council (NRC) 2001 and NRC, 19895. Nutritional Dynamic System – NDS Professional Ration Formulation Software.
196
8
1st
An
nual
Con
vent
ion
Chi
cago
, Il
linoi
s
Nov
embe
r 2
4-2
6
JAV
MA
, Fe
brua
ry 1
, 19
69 h
ad a
rep
ort
on t
he F
irst
Ann
ual
AA
BP
Con
vent
ion
at t
he L
aSal
le H
otel
, C
hica
go o
n N
ovem
ber 2
4-26
, 19
68. H
ither
to, t
he a
nnua
l mee
tings
had
bee
n he
ld in
con
junc
tion
with
the A
VM
A
Ann
ual M
eetin
gs. T
he r
epor
t sta
ted:
“Thi
s w
as th
e fir
st c
onve
ntio
n in
rec
ent y
ears
whe
re a
bov
ine
prac
titio
ner
coul
d el
bow
to th
e ri
ght o
r to
th
e le
ft an
d ev
eryw
here
find
a n
ewly
mad
e fri
end
to t
alk
to a
bout
cat
tle.
Hop
ing
and
pray
ing
for
at le
ast 2
00
regi
stra
nts,
the
AA
BP
offi
cers
wer
e de
light
ed to
find
them
selv
es h
osts
to m
ore
than
350
vet
erin
aria
ns.
Exh
ibi
tors
, sp
eake
rs a
nd g
uest
s sw
elle
d th
e at
tend
ance
to 4
25. ”
One
of
the
high
light
s of
eve
ry A
AB
P C
onve
ntio
n ha
s be
en t
he P
ract
ice
Tips
Ses
sion
. At t
he C
hica
go
mee
ting
ther
e w
ere
livel
y de
scri
ptio
ns o
f nov
el g
adge
ts a
nd p
roce
dure
s.D
r. Jo
e K
napp
enbe
rger
, AV
MA
Pre
side
nt, w
as a
gue
st s
peak
er. H
e sp
oke
of th
e pr
actic
ing
vete
rina
rian
s’ ro
le i
n th
e fu
ture
, tre
nds
whi
ch w
ould
les
sen
the
phys
ical
stra
in o
n th
e pr
actit
ione
r by
usi
ng i
mpr
oved
tec
h-ni
ques
and
spe
cial
ly t
rain
ed a
ssis
tant
s. H
e de
fine
d th
e fu
ture
rol
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns a
s su
perv
isor
s in
stea
d of
sk
illed
lab
orer
s.D
r. K
napp
enbe
rger
exp
ress
ed c
once
rn o
ver
the
slug
gish
ness
of
new
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t, du
e to
the
st
ringe
nt r
egul
atio
ns i
mpo
sed
by t
he F
ood
& D
rug
Adm
inis
trat
ion
and
the
Vet
erin
ary
Bio
logi
cals
Div
isio
n of
U
SDA
. H
e w
as a
lso
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e di
min
ishi
ng p
erce
ntag
e of
vet
erin
aria
ns e
ngag
ed in
foo
d an
imal
pra
c-tic
e. H
e ur
ged
mem
bers
to
take
a d
irect
int
eres
t in
the
act
iviti
es o
f th
eir
stat
e’s
repr
esen
tativ
e in
the
AV
MA
H
ouse
of
Del
egat
es.
AAB
P an
d AV
MA
coun
terp
arts
join
forc
es a
t AA
BP's
firs
t ann
ual m
eetin
g he
ld in
Chi
cago
, Nov
. 24
-26,
196
8. L
eft t
o ri
ght:
Dr. D
on W
illia
ms,
Ada
, O
K,
pres
iden
t of A
ABP
; Dr
. Joe
Kna
ppen
berg
er,
Ola
the,
KS,
pre
side
nt o
f AVM
A;
Dr. R
. A. /
vie,
Fol
lett,
Tex
as, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AA
BP;
and
Dr.
John
B.
Her
rick,
Am
es,
/A, p
resi
dent
-ele
ct o
f AVM
A Dr
. /vi
e to
ok o
ver a
s pre
side
nt o
f A
AB
P fo
r 19
69.
AA
BP
offic
ers
(rig
ht to
left)
—D
rs. H
arol
d A
mst
utz
(sec
reta
ry-tr
easu
rer)
, Pur
due
Uni
vers
ity;
Irw
in
Col
linge
(vi
ce p
resi
dent
), E
mpo
ria,
KS;
and
Fra
ncis
Fo
x (1
st D
istr
ict r
epre
sent
ativ
e), N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e V
eter
inar
y C
olle
ge, a
ttend
ing
Boa
rd o
f Dir
ecto
rs
mee
ting.
15
© Copyright American Association of Bovine Practitioners; open access distribution.
