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8/4/2019 Basic Windows Stuff
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Basic Windows Stuff
9x
NT4
2k,XP
C:\windows\desktop
C:\winnt\profiles\%user%\desktop
C:\docs&set\%user%\desktop
[edit section]Win 9x
GDI 16bit, Kernel 32bit
VMM32bit Memory Manager
WDMWindows Device Manager
BIOS Post -> Real Mode (io.sys) -> Protected Mode (vmm32.vxd) -> rest
Ifshlp.sys16bit file access
Setverbackwards compatibility
CTRL alters startup
Primary partition1 logical drive (OS)
Extended partitionmany logical drives
Fdisk Format Setup
/mbr (fixes mbr)
/s (system disk)
/q (quick)
/f(floppy size)
/u (unconditional)
/autotext (totally automatic)
/d (if corrupt)
/ir (no mbr update)
/il (Logitech C mouse)
/ih (scandisk)
/in (no network steps)
/id (no disk space check)/is (no scandisk)
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Setuplog.txt
Detlog.txt (Detected hardware)
Msdos.sys
autoscan 0,1 (prompt),2 (auto) bootfailsafe Safe mode display
bootmulti 0,1 bootwarn Safe mode warning message
bootwin 0 (dos),1 (win) bootkeys Enables F keys
bootgui Dos, 9x network Safe mode w/network support
bootmenu No menu, menu logo Text, logo
bootdelay n loadtop Command.com to conventional
bootmenudefault 1-8 (startup menu)
Attribrhs msdos.sys (read, hidden, system)
Drivers = protected mode
[edit section]Win NT 4.0
Cannot access Fat32/HPFS (High performance)
Cannot upgrade from 9x (registry)
Fat16 = 2gb, Fat16(NT4) = 4gb
Boot Phase, Load Phase
PostMBRPrebootNTLDRBoot.ini (root dir/info), ntdetect.com, hal.dllOS Kernel
User Mode OS Support for applications
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Kernel Mode Isolates Hardware, Processor, IRQ, Exception Handling
HAL Hardware Platform Support
VDMVirtual Dos machine. Isolates application in a DOS-like environment
Uses ntvdm.exeNtvdm is 16 bit, ntio.sys, ntdos.sys.
Instruction execution unit (Non-intel processors)
Windows On Windows processeswowexec.exe (win 3.1 emulation), wow32.dll (dll emulation), krnl386, user.gdi. Rest are similar to 3.1 versions.
Hard for 16bit app to communicate out of ntvdm to a 32bit app.
Domainlogical group of computers
PDCPrimary Domain Controller
SAMSecurity Accounts Manager (database)
BDCBackup Domain Controller (Backup of SAM)
HCLHardware compatibility list
NTHQNT Hardware Qualifier
RISCReduced Instruction Set Chip (Fat16)
[edit section]Setup
Winnt.exeSetup from 16bit
Winnt32.exeSetup from 32bit
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/e:command Runs command after GUI bit
/s:path Source of files
/t:drive Temporary file directory
/u Unattended install
/udf Creates uniqueness database file
/rx:dir Creates a directory
DualbootWin9x running on a Fat16 drive. Set 2nd OS to Fat16, use same directory for programs. Boot.ini rdisk)
Ntvdm.exerunning 16bit applications. Separate one for each app.
dware wont run. VXD.
LKGCLast known good configuration (hkey_local_machine\hardware)
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[edit section]Win 2k
Server - 4gb max RAM, 2 processors max
Advanced Server2 computers combined, 64gb RAM, 8 processors
Datacentre16/32 processors
Has USB, PnP support. NTFS, EFS (Encrypted File system), 32bit Fat32.
Has MMCMicrosoft Management console
OnNowHibernation
WorkgroupSimple collection of computers sharing files and printers
DomainShare a security database
[edit section]Upgrade Paths
9x -> 2k
NT -> 2k
WforWgrp -> NT -> 2k
3.x -> 9x -> 2k
UseWin2k readiness analyzer tool
Winnt32 /checkupgradeonly
RISRemote installation service
CD Winnt (16), winnt32.exe (32)
Network Setup from shared network folder. Need i386 directory
Setup ManagerUses answer files.
* Fully automated, user specified
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* GUI attendedtext part automated
Disk Duplication Sysprep.exe, 3rd party imager used
RIS
Single location. Risetup.exe
Needs DNS, DHCP, Active Directory
Rbfg.exeremote bootdiskNeeds PXE, preboot execuation environment
Installation modes
winnt.exe
[edit section]Disk Preparation
Pro620mb free (boot partition)
Server671mb free
Need primary, active, system partitions.
Fat162gb. Only for DOS etc dualboot
Fat32
NTFSNTFS 5 . NT3.5 does NOT recognise 5.
9x/2000 dualboot.2k as 2nd OS. Upgrade -> Install new copy. Need 2 extended partitions. Use fat32.
[edit section]Boot Process
POST INTL3 checks for boot device
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Bootstrap Mbr to memory. 1st sector to 0x700h. Loads ntldr
OS
Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, bootsect.dos.
32bit mode. Minuture NTFS/FAT loads boot.ini (ARC path problem if this fails). ARISC (Advanced RISC).
Checks for ntoskrnl, HAL, video drivers.
Drivers Checks Currentcontrolset. Loads drivers & logo. Initialises ntoskrnl.
Kernel Hal, Bootvid, creates hardware hive. Calls session manager.
Services Runs boot programs. Sets up paging file. Loads console logon and services controller.
Logon Clone control set to LKGC
PBODKSLPeter Bought Orla DK StrangeLove.
[edit section]Safe Boot Options
Press F8
Safe mode Basic files only. Ntbtlog.txt
Boot logging Ntbtlog.txt
Directory Services Restore Restores sys vol, active directory service database
Debug mode Serial cable logs on another PC (com2). Component Object model.
[edit section]Win XP
Home, Pro (2x CPU), 64
More reliable, system restore.
Better 3d icons, 48x48
Account switching, help from support site
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Internet firewall, connection sharing
WMP 9, movie maker, scanner/camera
Network, remote desktop, IEEE 802.11b
Fat16NT
Fat329x
NTFSDualboot with 2k
Domain membership not in Home
Upgrade
98/ME upgradeneed to do convert d:/fs:ntfs
DualbootDifferent partition. Select "I want to choose" prevents format.
[edit section]Recovery Console
After safe mode tried.
Select WinCDROM at boot, or winnt32 /cmdcons
More/type Textfile display
Expand Unzips
rd Removes folder
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Disable/Enable Services/Devices
listsvc List of devices/services
Fixboot/fixmbr
Bootcfg /scan List of OSes
Bootcfg /rebuild Replaces it
Bootcfg /add Appends it
Format /diskpart
Has basic security only
[edit section]Applications etc
Computer Management Console (CMC)
to Computer & Event logs
Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
ls Host"
Device Manager
s
properties / CMC
d it. Black !, yellow O.
MSConfig.exe
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les
Sysedit.exe
s
Edit
Extract.exe
*.cab)
Format
Format c:, or from MMC/CMC/shortcut
/fs:ntfs NT4, 2k, XP /F:size FDD size
/v:label 11 chars /T:tracks Tracks per size
/q Quick /s Adds system files
/c Compressed NTFS /b Adds space for /s
/x Dismount /c Check/verify clusters
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/A:size Allocation unit size
cmd.exe
4, 2k, XP)
xe
R\SHELL\CMD HERE] @="Command &Prompt here"
R\SHELL\CMD HERE] @="cmd.exe /k pushd %L"
RdRemove directory (rmdir)
Attriba (a = backup archive bit)
Ver/setver
ogram
QUIET]No message
Mem*/clist of programs in memory
*/dDetails of memory areas /debug
*/flists free /free (9x)
*/mModule eg: command.com (9x)
*/pdir /p idea
Autoexec.bat* echoEchoes commands on screen* modePort settings etc
* pathSearch path for executables
* pause* prompthow c:\ displayed
* remcomment
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* setset blaster stuff
more (/p idea)
* Diskcopy a: a: /v (verify)
* Xcopy
Delete/Rename * del/erase
* del /p (one by one, no recycle)
* deltree
* ren/rename
Partitions
Primary
s active (C:)
Extended
rtup
max, 12 recommended.
Boot Any partition with a startup file. SystemPrimary with a startup file (Active Primary)
Creation
(diskmgmt.msc in run)
Defrag
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pace),/noprompt
Backup
e monthly (Child, Parent, Grandparent)
changed
iles, archive bit changed
very
Scandisk
Chkdsk
es etc
/fAutofix /iNot as rigorous (NTFS)
/vFAT displays paths. NTFS cleanup message /cNo cycles (NTFS)
/rRecover /LMax logfile size
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/xForced Dismount
[edit section]File Systems
[edit section]NTFS vs FAT
11mb. Use for FDD/small HDD
space
. Partition size change irrelevant
rmission, recovery.
haring on networks (FAT32,16 problems irrelevant)
mic cluster reassigning
ment
[edit section]Conversion
16 to 32, 16 -> NTFS
32 (cvt1.exe)
patible with 32
local_machine\system\currentcontrolset\control\SessionManager\CheckBadApps400
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inimum drive recommendation
letes hibernation stuff
32.
[edit section]File Naming convention
2 for general Properties info
[edit section]NTFS File Compression
be compressed
cessed
ion state of the destination
mpressed in Colour
[edit section]NTFS Encryption
horized admin who can also decrypt file)
er stays encrypted if moved to unencrypted folder
vancedEncryptApplyConfirm
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[edit section]Permissions
on server
roup
files
ange permissions
sions
folder permissions
[edit section]Drivers
.SYS /D:MSCD001
SCD001 /L:E /M:10
[edit section]Driver Updates
ies
[edit section]Driver Signing
ity Labs)
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ts
ers usually in System32 folder
txt created
totally blocks some drivers
eDriver Signing
DMWindows Driver Model). Older, no.
[edit section]Additional Windows Components
rd (Add/Remove programs)
rom some
[edit section]Error Messages
[edit section]Boot Errors
Dos compatibility mode Real mode drivers used to access/Outdated BIOS
Bad/missing file Config.sys c/gCorrupt/Gone
Error in config.sys One of the files referenced gone
Cannot open *.inf Insufficient memory
Missing System file Command.com/io.sys/msdos.sys
VXD Failure VXD missing
An error message containing Kernel32 Corrupt Kernel
Invalid System Disk Boot sector virus/io.sys corrupt
Bad/missing command.com c/g
System Registry files missing System.dat/user.datc/g
Insufficient Diskspace
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Invalid VXD Dynamic link call from IFSMGR Msdos.sys c/g
Msconfig shows boot problems
ASDAutomatic Skip Driver (Use safe mode)
[edit section]Startup Errors
Himem.sys c/g, check version
Config.sys line xx Check syntax & driver, do step-by-step
System.ini Rename, creating minimal version
Device not found System.ini, win.ini, registry
New device not working Safe mode
Failed to start device MMC event viewer
[edit section]Windows Protection Errors
Usually VXD load/unload failure
B card configured differently in Dos and Windows)
r an early version
r initialisation
CPU timing)
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d failure
[edit section]Safe Modes
fe mode with prompt
in.ini, boot, 386enh in system.ini
[edit section]ASD.exe
les it
te
.
agent.
[edit section]Troubleshooting
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[edit section]Dr.Watson
OS snapshot
in win\drwatson
, load at startup
r run drwatson.exe
[edit section]Event Viewer
erwrite options
log
omes from
e event
[edit section]Startup Disk
kcreate disk
ot compatible
le
lect "also backup registry"
very)
tion
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[edit section]Configsafe
ves, registry, etc.
[edit section]User Help Resources
extra utilities
icrosoft, forum
[edit section]Task Manager
tion
-Escape in NT4,2k, or rightclick desktop
applications)
ile use
y OS
[edit section]Device Manager
linesUSB
em/conflict but may be working
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m. Green ?Driver not the one designed but works
Report)
[edit section]WinMSD
ics
* /acomplete report * /fsend to file
* /ssummary report * /psend to printer
System reportBIOS/cpu Environmentvariable problem
Services "Startup values/errors Transporthardware MAC and protocols
DriversAll drivers FurtherMisc stuff
[edit section]Common Problems
[edit section]Printer
Print test page
PropertiesadvancedPrint directly to printer
1.txt
rmight be program
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cednew driver
[edit section]Printer Spool settings
inting
ooled
printer specific and takes longer)
[edit section]BSOD
rrupt
ode, modules, kernel debugger given
iles
Divide by 0
IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL Driver or IRQ crash
K_MODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED Bad device or driver config
REGISTRY_ERROR
INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE Driver/SCSI terminator/Boot virus
UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP Memory problem
BAD_POOL_HEADER Most recent change causing problem
NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM HDD corruption
KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR OS failed to read kernel data from page file
NMI_HARDWARE_FAILURE HAL cant find error. Corrupt memory. Parity/non parity RAM mix
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ults (reinstall components)
ant access working directory
[edit section]System Lockup
ling, cards, voltage, speed
gnise CPU, upgrade it
peration code. OS closed program
[edit section]Application install problem
tion
ce
for known issues.
[edit section]Service packs etc
gged off
p, turn off virus scanners
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[edit section]Viruses
[edit section]Types
Traditional Attact to exe, stay in RAM. Payload is action it does
Trojan Horse Appears as legit. Does expected task as well as bad. Cannot replicate.
Logic Bomb Secretly in host until trigger
Worm Self replicating virus. Doesn't need trigger
Macro Scripts. Application specific. MSword one wont do bad in MSexcel. Infects other MSWord (say) files
Boot sector
version
ood copy of boot sector if queried)
communication through itself.
[edit section]Virus Protection
Write protect
ow much to scan)
[edit section]OS Management
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[edit section]Registry components
.dat. policy.pol
p/etc. Hidden in win directory
application settings. ""
above. Not mandatory file.
efault, SAM, System, Software, Security
Passwords
up & ntdetect.com (hardware)
registry
y too
[edit section]Registry Structure
s (Name/data/value/type)
of the 5 hives.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINEdata, specific to PC. Associated with HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, CURRENTCONFIG andDYN_DATA. (98system.dat, NT
Sam/Security/Sys/Hardware)
HKEY_USERS_DEFAULT
HKEY_CURRENT_USERProfiles. (98User.dat, NTdefault)
HKEY_CURRENT_USER 98stored on startup. NTAccount needed
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HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\classes
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\config
HKEY_DYN_DATA Dynamic info. 9x, stored in RAM.
[edit section]Registry Editor
on right.
work
[edit section]Registry Checker
s), Scanregw (Protected ModeWindows)
successful boot
backs up
m.dat. win.ini, system.ini backup. In \windows\sysbckup, for 5 days.
ith scanreg.
[edit section]Registry Restore
. Copy from backup.
[edit section]Windows 9x system files
d msdos.sys. Helps initial interaction between OS and PC hardware
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or io.sys. Windows directory, does both windows or dos mode.
t, executes commands.
[edit section]Legacy Files
TSRs, drivers
ak, buggers, device, files (max), install, rem, stack (interrupts). Sends info to io.sys files.
e deivers about how DOS applications are to be handled
wallpaper, data, fonts. Info usually stored in registry, here too for compatibility.
[edit section]NT4/2000 system files
selection
witches.
/basevideo Loads in VGA /noguiboot No graphic on boot
/crashdebug Only if Kernel error /sos Driver display when loading
/debug /maxmem
/debugport Port select
lled OSes previous to 2k4. Legacy dualboot
ses to ntldr
on on SCSI device
ivers.
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[edit section]x Memory
grams
loaded here
amount of memory available. 64k EMS window. Loaded here, then transferred to expanded. 32mb through a card.
ternal stuff more efficient
ace). Many programs in XMS. Creates Virtual Machines
urces.
[edit section]NT4, 2k, XP memory
al Computers
HDD
D)
transfers it to physical memory address
nt size)
RAM
st in there goes to HDD.
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M space.
[edit section]VM and the VMM
lt
gefile.sys
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[edit section]Adapter Configuration
SB/infrared
for legacy.
er
, status, location, troubleshooting
llback, uninstall
gs. I/O, DMA, IRQ, memory addys.
ake on LAN etc.
[edit section]TCP/IP Overview
nd destination network included
types (and PSTN)
ry (good for Internet)
[edit section]TCP/IPManual vs. Automatic
work only
or each computer manually.
utomatically)
reassigning them
[edit section]ISP Services
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tions.
[edit section]SMTP, Pop, IMAP
ocol
rotocol
P3/IMAP help
PC.
ote file server, basicially
[edit section]HTML
d
[edit section]HTTPS
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ayer)
erver about what it supports.
rypts with servers public key
e key
.
[edit section]SSL
P, SMTP
ication.
SA etc, and two random numbers. Client number and SSL session
tandardized version of SSL3.
t secure, but data is.
[edit section]Telnet
te device and run program
terminal
reen size, terminal type (ANSI, VT52/100/220/TM3270)
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(80 for webserver)
anagement
[edit section]FTP
se auto though.
[edit section]Configuring Networks
[edit section]DHCP & BootP
l
d default gateway.
d a UDP BootP request
with IP information
IP addresses
sting IP
DHCPDISCOVER Reply with DHCPOFFER. From many servers, computer picks one.
DHCPREQUEST Accepting offer. "Lease ID cookie"IP address committed
DHCPACK Completion of process
DHCPNAK If process fails
ARP Request Checks if IP address already used. If so, DHCPDECLINE sent.
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P server (Win 98+). IfAPIPA cant find DHCP it uses 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254. These aren't used on the Internet
5.255.0.0
DNS.
[edit section]DNS
P address with a name
tree structure. "Domain Name Space"
names and numbers.
es, protocol/port numbers, oversee stable operation of root DNS servers.
Domain
name server, or do a referral.
[edit section]WINS
etBios names to IP addresses)
. Manually done, bad for big network.
ond with their IPs. Will not work through routers.
st. Works through routers.
s
INS server. Multiple WINS servers in a big network, synchronizing their data tables.
B-Mode Broadcasts for NetBIOS
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P-Mode Name registered and resolved with WINS
M-Mode Tries B mode then P mode
H-Mode Tries P mode then B mode
patibility.
[edit section]TCP/IP Configuration
lly"
and host. Eg192.168.10.1
r external network (router)
IP from DHCP selected
[edit section]IPX/SPX
IPX(Internetwork Packet Exchange)routes packets through network for transparencySPX(Sequenced Packet Exchange)ensures packets are in correct sequence
NCP(Netware Call Protocol)satisfies application requests (e.g. security, synchronisation)
NLSP(Netware Link Service Protocol)reduces bandwidth wasted by RIP
RIP(Routing Information Protocol)dynamic exchange and updating of routing info
SAP(Service Advertising Protocol)SAP table. allows servers to advertise themselves every 60sec. Stored on each server and router.
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ress32bit 1 to FFFFFFE
48bit value from MAC
[edit section]Appletalk
127 servers.
ation
ne Zone.
n Cable Range.
P)
e. Socket in Node
es
ill be included.
ADSP(Appletalk Data Stream Protocol)Duplex. Ensures delivery of data
AEP(Appletalk Echo Protocol)Determines if node can be accessed and length of time for packet to get there
AFP(Appletalk Filing Protocol)App/Pres layer. Permits application to work with files on servers and sharing.
ASP(Appletalk Session Protocol)Transport/Session layers. Asymmetric, Session of OSI. Establishes sessions between client and server
ATP(Appletalk Transaction Protocol)Sequencing, resending lost packetsDDP(Datagram Delivery Protocol)Network layer. Forwards packets between sockets. Relies on others.
LAP(Link Access Protocol)Data Link layer. Selects from and switches hardware.
RTMP(Routing Table Maintenance Protocol)Keeps routing table and determines best way to forward frameZIP(Zone Information Protocol)Lets apps get the zone name and network detailsETHERtalk, TOKENtalk, LOCALtalk, FDDItalk. Various implementations.
[edit section]NetBEUI
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.
memory.
P/IP
NetBEUI.
ion, 8 bit NetBIOS.
MAC addresses
ons, which is bad.
[edit section]Internet Technologies
[edit section]Types of access
e CSU/DSU (Channel/data service unit)
g & Admin)
all Appearances)
ange)
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(23B+D)
1/E1 bandwidth
m
y homes
inch dish) and Ka bands.
s
igh bandwidth, continuous connectivity
ntermittent connectivity.
wired & wireless
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[edit section]Browser Script Support
"JIT compiler for VM enabled"
vancedSelect "Enable Java" and "Enable native object scripting"
[edit section]Proxy Servers
Use Proxy
vancedProxiesSet Auto Proxy Config URL
Security"
[edit section]Firewalls
ntry in its table
epted/denied or both)
nsPropertiesAdvanced"Protect my computer."
[edit section]Internet Software
[edit section]IPConfig & WINIPConfig
dapter infos
pe ID
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(Giving up IP)
upport tab, details.
/?Gives list of commands /displayDNSDisplays cache contents
/flushDNSPurges cache /showclassID
[edit section]Ping/Tracert
ck address" 127.0.0.1
sent back with IP, result given.
ck, result.
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[edit section]NSLookup
me.
(A) 32bit IP4 address
Canonical Name (CNAME) Alias DNS
Mail Xchanger (MX) Message Routing
Name Server (NS) Responsibilty for Zones "Authoritative"
Pointer (PTR) Location in DNS space
Start of Authority (SOA) Mailbox, serial number etc.
Service (SRV) Single DNS Domain. Designating Backups.
[edit section]Resource Sharing
[edit section]Folders
.
[edit section]Share Permissions
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sharing properties)
ns. If the two are not the same, the more restrictive is used.
[edit section]Printer Sharing
haring
[edit section]Miscellaneous
om
Top 5 Contributors to this article
Users Article Contributions
Jbrown 5 contribs
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