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Basic Values in Europe
Shalom SchwartzThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
ESS Launch ConferenceBrussels
November 25, 2003
As a guiding principle in your life, how important
is: equality loyalty
wealth ambition obedience
pleasure creativity humility social orderan exciting life
What are basic values?
Basic values are beliefs about desirable goals in life.
Values are intrinsically positive (unlike goals)
Values apply across situations--all (e.g., honesty, security, freedom) apply at work, in the family, and with friends
People’s values form a fairly stable hierarchy of relative importance
(success>hedonism>security)
Relative importance of values is crucial to decisions Take a new job and move family?
(achievement & stimulation vs. security & benevolence)
Why are values important?
Functions of valuesmotivate choice of behavior--what we do
justify past behavior--why we do it
standards to evaluate people & events--who and what we like, underlie our attitudes
direct attention and perception--what we notice
Inferring Basic Values in Surveys
Surveys typically measure values with attitude questions in specific life domains (religion, morality, politics, work, etc.).
Infer underlying basic value orientations from responses to these specific questions (e.g., materialism, individualism)
But meanings of responses depend on specific social and economic conditions (e.g., meaning of “give people more say in government” depends on whether one favors or opposes current government policies)
UniversalismSelf-
Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
Benevolence
Security
Conformity Tradition
Self-Enhancement
Openness to Change
Conservation
Self-Transcendence
Obedience Humility Devoutness
Helpfulness
Social Justice, Equality
Creativity, Freedom
Exciting Life
Pleasure
Success, Ambition
Authority, Wealth
Social Order
Organized by motivational similarities and dissimilarities
Empirical Tests of Theory
75,000 + respondents, varied samples in 68 countries
Instrument lists 57 abstract value items
“How important is each item as a guiding principle in your life?”
Near Universal Content & Structure
Each of 10 values distinguished in vast majority of countries
Comprehensive: Added items identified no other values
Oppositions present in virtually all countries Openness vs. Conservation
Self-Enhancement vs. Self Transcendence
10 values ordered around circle as theorized in vast majority of countries
Some Correlates of Value PrioritiesReplicated across Countries
voting for conservative vs liberal parties
adopting technological innovations
environmentally friendly attitudes, activities
religiosity [6 monotheistic religions]
SE/PO vs UN/SD
ST/SD vs SE/TR/CO
UN/SD vs PO/AC
TR/CO vs HE/ST
Self-Direction
STimulation
UNiversalism
BEnevolence
COnformity
Hedonism
AChievement
POwer SEcurity
TRadition
ESS Basic Values Instrument
Need easy instrument for heterogeneous samples
21 items, each portraying a person in terms of one value (goal) that is important to him/her
It's very important to him to help the people around him. He wants to care for their well-being. (BE)
Respondent rates how similar that person is to me
Indirectly reveals what values are more or less important to self
1.Thinking up new ideas and being creative is important to her. She likes to do things in her own original way. (Self-Direction)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2. It is important to her to be rich. She wants to have a lot of money and expensive things. (Power)
1 2 3 4 5 6
3. She thinks it is important that every person in the world be treated equally. She believes everyone should have equal opportunities in life. (Universalism)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Very much like me
Like me
Some-what like me
A little like me
Not like me
Not like
me at all
How much like you is this person?ESS Basic Values Exemplary Items and Response Scale
Value Structures in Europe: Findings
Across Europe, people’s values are organized in the same way as postulated by theory
Oppositions (openness vs. conservation; self-enhancement vs. self-transcendence) present in all countries
Exactly or very near theorized order of 10 values in every country
In 13 countries, every item in expected value region; in two countries, one item near region
This signifies relative equivalence of value meanings across countries—now compare importance
Self-Direction (3-6)
Achievement(5-9)
Conformity(4-9)
Sweden
Universalism (1-4)
Czech
Greece
Hungary
Slovenia
Poland
Spain
Ireland
Norway
Finland
Netherl
Israel
Switzl
Portugal Britain
Security(1-5) Tradition(4-7)
Stimulation (8-10)
Pow
er (8-10)
Benevolence (1
-4)
Opposition to Outgroup ImmigrationPredictors in 10 West European Countries
Opposition: allow people of a different race or ethnic group from most, residualized on allow same (1-4 scale). All betas p<.001. Age, unemployment, rural-urban do not predict significantly.
Allow no immi-grants
R2=.085Education Years
Religiosity
Universalism Values
Security Values
Household Income
Tradition Values
Benevolence Values
Conformity Values
Native Born
Gender Male
-.03
-.03
.04
.04
.04
.05
.07
-.11
-.15
.11
Perceived Consequences of ImmigrationPredictors in 10 West European Countries
Consequences: increase jobs, pay more taxes than services used, improve economy, enrich culture, country better place to live, reduce crime problem: alpha at least .80 in all countries.All betas p<.001; Age & Unemployment do not predict significantly
Index of 6 Positive
Effects
R2=.173
Education Years
Native Born
Universalism Values
Security Values
Household Income
Tradition Values
Benevolence Values
Conformity Values
Religiosity
Rural
Gender M
.20
.17
-.14
.07
-.11
-.03
-.05
-.05
.03
.06
.04
Value Structures in Europe: Test
MDS analysis in each country
Arranges items in space to show which ones are similar and different—based on correlations
Items representing each value should form a distinct region
Value regions should array in space around circle as in theory
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | 3 | | | | 8 | | | | | | | | 1 | | 19 | | |
| 12 11 | | 18 | | | | | | |
| 6 | | | | |
| 9 | | |
| 21 | | 15| | 10 | | 14 | | | | |
| 20 5 13 | | |
| 16 4 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 17 2 | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
PO SE CO
TR
BE
AC
HE
ST
SD UN
Universalism
Benevolence
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Tradition Hedonism
Achievement Conformity
Power Security
CH, SE PL, GR
FI, CH GR, IL
SE, CH HU, SL
GR, PT FI, NL
GB, FI HU, CZ
CH, HU CZ, PL
IL, SL FI, CZ
GR, IL CH, FI
CZ, HU NO, SE
CZ PL PT, CH
Highest Lowest
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Average Value Priorities in 15 Countries
Correlation Value Order Country x AverageMean .92( .84 to .99) IL ES
Countries Ordered on Value Priorities 1TRADITION CONFORMITY SECURITY
1 Greece Czech Rep. Czech Rep.
2 Czech Rep. Poland Hungary
3 Portugal Norway Poland
4 Poland Finland Greece
5 Slovenia Greece Portugal
6 Spain Netherlands Ireland
7 Ireland Spain Spain
8 Hungary Ireland Finland
9 Sweden Great Britain Israel
10 Norway Slovenia Great Britain
11 Switzerland Sweden Slovenia
12 Great Britain Hungary Netherlands
13 Israel Israel Switzerland
14 Finland Portugal Norway
15 Netherlands Switzerland Sweden
Countries Ordered on Value Priorities 2POWER ACHIEVEMENT HEDONISM
1 Greece Israel Switzerland
2 Israel Slovenia Hungary
3 Poland Portugal Netherlands
4 Spain Hungary Sweden
5 Czech Rep. Great Britain Israel
6 Slovenia Ireland Slovenia
7 Hungary Poland Portugal
8 Norway Greece Finland
9 Ireland Netherlands Greece
10 Sweden Switzerland Great Britain
11 Portugal Norway Spain
12 Great Britain Spain Norway
13 Netherlands Sweden Ireland
14 Switzerland Finland Czech Rep.
15 Finland Czech Rep. Poland
Countries Ordered on Value Priorities 3STIMULATION SELF-DIRECTION UNIVERSALISM BENEVOLENCE
Great Britain Switzerland Finland Sweden
Finland Sweden Switzerland Switzerland
Slovenia Netherlands Czech Rep. Norway
Netherlands Great Britain Sweden Finland
Norway Norway Norway Czech Rep.
Sweden Finland Spain Spain
Ireland Ireland Ireland Great Britain
Switzerland Czech Rep. Netherlands Netherlands
Poland Israel Great Britain Portugal
Israel Spain Poland Ireland
Spain Hungary Slovenia Israel
Portugal Slovenia Hungary Poland
Greece Portugal Portugal Greece
Hungary Poland Greece Hungary
Czech Rep. Greece Israel Slovenia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Comments on Value Circle 1
Aim to derive set of universally recognized values
Content of values derives from the basic goals that people in all societies must pursue
People must communicate with each other to gain cooperation in pursuing their goals
needs of biological organism--e.g. hedonism
demands of social interaction--e.g. achievement
requirements for group survival--e.g. security
Comments on Value Circle 2
Define each value in turn, noting exemplary value itemsOpenness to ChangeSELF‑DIRECTION: Independent thought and action‑choosing, creating, exploring.
(Creativity, Freedom, Independent, Curious...)
STIMULATION: Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life. (Daring, a Varied Life, an Exciting Life)
ConservationSECURITY: Safety, harmony and stability of society, of relationships, and of self. (Family
Security, National Security, Social Order, Clean...)
CONFORMITY: Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms. (Politeness, Obedient, Honoring Parents and Elders...)
TRADITION: Respect, commitment and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the self. (Humble, Devout, Respect for Tradition...)
Self-Enhancement POWER: Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.
(Social Power, Authority, Wealth...)
ACHIEVEMENT: Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards. (Successful, Ambitious, Influential...)
Self-TranscendenceUNIVERSALISM: Understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection for the welfare
of all people and for nature. (Broadminded, Social Justice, Equality, Protecting the Environment)
BENEVOLENCE: Preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact. (Helpful, Honest, Forgiving...)
HEDONISM: Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself. (Pleasure, Enjoying Life)
Comments on Value Circle 3
Structure reflects consequences of acting on various values
Adjacent values share motivation & are compatible (conformity & security)
(power & achievement)
Distant values have opposing motivations, conflict (power vs. benevolence) (hedonism & tradition)
Values form a motivational continuum [colors not categorical]
Theory aspires to comprehensive coverage of major motivationally distinct types of values
Linking Value Priorities & Other Variables
Circular structure and motivational continuum implyall 10 values associate systematically with any other
variablevalue with most positive association is usually opposite
value with most negative association
ST
SD UN
BE
TRHE
COAC
PO SE