PEGN 361A Basic Tubular Manufacturing and Types

Failure CriteriaState of Stress in a Tubular

Appreciation to Maverick Tubularsand Lone Star Steel

Tubulars

Definition of casing and tubing Geometry

Casing is 4.5 to 20 Tubing is < 4.5

Use Casing has no production fluid

flow Tubing has production fluid flow

Casing, Tubing, Drill Pipe, Line Pipe Standards

API ISO

OD, WPF, Grade, Connection Range

1 16 to 25 2 25 to 34 3 >34

Tolerances OD 0.75% thickness no less than 87.5%

Drift Special drift

6 8-5/8 12 > 8-5/8

WPF Nominal

Plain end Average

Actual Grade

Minimum yield point API

H, J, K, M, N, L, C90, C95, T95, P, and Q

HCP, HCQ, H2S, LS, USS, etc. Non API

Connection API

LTC, STC, BTC, XL Non-API

Grant Prideco Hydril

Manufacturing Processes Seamless Electric Resistance Weld

API Seamless

Seamless pipe is made from solid bars One piece at a time Bars are heated and pierced Pipe is tested and threaded

API Seamless Tubular Manufacturing

Rotary Hearth Furnace

Cold Billets Charged

Hot Billets Removed

Mannesmann Piercing Mill

API Seamless Tubular Manufacturing

Elongator: Elongates the tube and produces desired wall thickness

Rotary Sizer: Produces final OD size

Reducing Mill: Reduces the OD of the tube

API ERW Method of Manufacturing ERW pipe is made from steel coils Coils are cut to exact width Cut coils are cold formed continuously into tube Edges of strip heated to 2600 degrees Heated edges are fused together Pipe is tested and threaded

Close Up of Particular Tube Making Operations

Vee

Weld PointApex

Pipe

Heated Strip Edges

Contacts

Weld Line

Steel Tubular Making

Advantages of ERW Oil Country Tubulars Uniform wall thickness from end to end and around the

pipe circumference. Same amount of metal under the thread root around the

complete perimeter. Line-up of pipe ends is assured. No unexpected thin wall areas. Uniform strength along length and throughout pipe cross-section. Consistent expansion around the perimeter during mandrel

expansion or hydroforming.

Excellent surface quality (ID & OD) that performs well in painting or coating operations.

Eccentric Cross SectionCross Section Of Seamless Product

0.62Eccentricity

.438 Wall.562 Wall

.500 Wall.500 Wall

Center of O.D. Circle andconcentric dotted I.D. Circle(Similar to ERW I.D.)

Center of solid I.D. Circle(Extreme I.D. possible with Seamless)

API Allowable 12.5%

+12.5%

+1%

+1/2%

-1/2%

-1%

-12.5%

+.005%

Hot Mill Gauge Control Example

North American Pipe Market, 2004 Market Share(Preston Pipe Report)

Product Welded Seamless

Oil Country Tubulars 52.2 47.8

Line Pipe 87 13

Tubular Types

Conductor Surface Intermediate

Casing Liner Tieback

Production Casing Liner Tieback

Tubing

MadsonDeep

Casing Plan

Conductor Returns mud to elevated pits Supports weight of other

casing strings Keeps hole from washing out

under the rig

Surface Casing Protects fresh water Anchors the first blow-out

prevention equipment Protects hole from

potentially poor shallow formations

Intermediate Casing, Liner, or Tieback Protects holes from abnormally

pressured zones Low High

Transition zone

Protects holes from poor formations Salts Sloughing shales

A liner is a casing string that terminates below the surface

A tieback is a casing string that connects a liner to the surface

Production Casing, Liner, or Tieback Acts as the conduit for

production fluid tubing The production tubing fits

inside the production string

Design Steps

Decide on objectives Identify lifetime loads Satisfy management

guidelines risk versus cost

Create criteria Make computations Select casing

Decide on Objectives Surface and bottom hole locations Size and number of tubulars Potential for drilling beyond planned total

depth Setting depths Failure consequences Economics Optimum balance between risk and cost

Pipe Loads Load means anything acting upon pipe such as a force,

tension, compression, bending, pressure, or weight Force is mass times acceleration Tension is when two marks on a pipe diverge upon application of

a load Compression is when two marks on a pipe converge upon

application of a load Bending is when a section of pipe has compression on one side

and tension on the other side Pressure is a force acting over an area. In this case, it is applied

to a fluid Weight is mass time gravitational acceleration

Pipe Load Examples Gravity Friction Contact

Objects pushing on pipe

Ledges Bottom of the hole Bridges

Formation Salt flows

Applied by rig Pick up Slack off

Temperature changes

Weight of other strings Liners Wellhead hangoff

Weight of surface equipment BOPE Wellhead

Torsion Dynamic

Jarring Drilling

Pressures Internal External Changing fluid densities Evacuation

Identify Service Life Loads Loads

Burst Collapse Tensile

Backups Burst Collapse Tensile

Cementing procedures Cement to surface

Kick scenarios Gas to surface Water to surface Bubble

Lost circulation

Buckling Yielding

Free sections Cemented sections

Thermal Stimulation EOR

Margin of overpull Doglegs Salt zones Casing wear Corrosion

H2S and CO2 Wellhead loads BOPE loads

Design Factors Management and engineering

risk factor (safety or ignorance factor?).

Varies depending on company and individual.

Typical values are: Collapse - 1.1. Burst - 1.1. Pipe body tensile -

1.5. Joint strength tensile - 1.8.

Determine your own design factors.

Criteria Basic design equation is:

Where Sc is minimum casing strength DF is the design factor L is the load B is the backup

S DF L Bc b g

Casing Collapse 1

Casing Collapse 2

Casing Collapse 3

Casing Collapse 4

Casing Collapse 5

Casing Collapse 6

Failure Comprehensive stress analysis Material Loading

History Magnitude Duration

Slowly Rapidly Transient Transient with reversals

Stress distribution Even Cracks Concentrations

Safety Factor

Failure Types

Excessive displacement/deflection

Plastic deformation (yielding) Fracture Corrosion

Typical Stress Strain Diagram

Steel Constants

6

3 3

29,000,00011,000,0000.3

16.7 10

0.28 484

E psiG psi

xF

lbm lbmin ft

====

= =o

Stresses in Pipe

x

y

xzzx

z

y

z

x

y

yx

yz

A

x

i

a

l

Tangen

tial

Radial

Stress Equations Lames radial stress

Lames tangential stress

Axial stress

2 2

1 1i or i ocs cs

A AD dP PA b A b

=

2 2

1 1i ot i ocs cs

A AD dP PA b A b

= + +

reala bending

cs

TA

= +

Effective Tension

at the point of investigationeff real i i o oT T PA P A= +

Bending Stress

( )

( ) ( )

2 2

2 2

4 4

2 2

3,385

tanh 0.2

17,135

or whichever is larger

eff

LUBeff

beam

LUB beamb

cs cs

OD IDOD C TOD IDF

TOD ID

F OD C OD ID

F FA A

+=

=

=

Strain Equations

Radial strain

Tangential strain

Axial strain

( )r t zr TE

+= +

( )t r zt TE

+= +

( )z t rz TE

+= +

Failure Criteria

Failure Criteria

Stress Strain Envelope

Von Mises Failure Criteria Von Mises Stress is non-existent Von Mises equivalent stress is:

Helps determine if failure is likely If the Von Mises equivalent stress is greater than the

yield strength, then the pipe is, by definition, in danger of failure

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2 2 2 262

r t r a t a r t avm

+ + + + +=

Stress Analysis Determine the stresses:

Radial Tangential Axial Bending Von Mises w/o bending Von Mises w/ bending

Is the pipe at the depth of investigation in danger of failure?

Total Depth is 10,503 ft in 7-7/8" hole

Outside Mud Weight is 15.4 ppgfrom 6,400 ft to TD

Inside Mud Weight is 9.5 ppg

Surface Casing is 8-5/8" 24 ppf K55 STC @ 2,395 ft

Pressure is 1,100 psi

Pressure is 3,850 psi

Outside Mud Weight is 13.2 ppgfrom 6,400 ft to 2,200 ft

Inside Mud Weight is 15.4 ppgFloat Collar is at 10,423 ft

Outside Mud Weight is 10.2 ppgfrom 2,200 ft to surface

Depth of investigation is 7,500'

Casing is5.5" 23 ppf N80 LTC from surface to 1,050'5.5" 20 ppf P110 LTC from 1,050' to 6,500'5.5" 23 ppf P110 LTC from 6,500' to 9,110'5.5" 26 ppf P110 LTC from 9,110' to TD

T = 200 deg FC = 10 deg/100 ft @ DOI

PEGN 361A Basic Tubular Manufacturing and TypesFailure CriteriaState of Stress in a TubularTubularsCasing, Tubing, Drill Pipe, Line PipeManufacturing ProcessesAPI SeamlessAPI Seamless Tubular ManufacturingAPI Seamless Tubular ManufacturingAPI ERW Method of ManufacturingClose Up of Particular Tube Making OperationsWeld LineSteel Tubular MakingAdvantages of ERW Oil Country TubularsEccentric Cross SectionCross Section Of Seamless ProductHot Mill Gauge Control ExampleNorth American Pipe Market, 2004 Market Share(Preston Pipe Report)Tubular TypesMadson Deep Casing PlanConductorSurface CasingIntermediate Casing, Liner, or TiebackProduction Casing, Liner, or TiebackDesign StepsDecide on ObjectivesPipe LoadsPipe Load ExamplesIdentify Service Life LoadsDesign FactorsCriteriaCasing Collapse 1Casing Collapse 2Casing Collapse 3Casing Collapse 4Casing Collapse 5Casing Collapse 6FailureSafety FactorFailure TypesTypical Stress Strain DiagramSteel ConstantsStresses in PipeStress EquationsEffective TensionBending StressStrain EquationsFailure CriteriaFailure CriteriaStress Strain EnvelopeVon Mises Failure CriteriaStress Analysis