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Basic Term Basic Term Components Components Chapter 2 Chapter 2

Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

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Page 1: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Basic Term Basic Term ComponentsComponents

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Page 2: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Origins of Medical TermsOrigins of Medical Terms

Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

origins

Most anatomical terms have Latin origins

Medical terms have also been influenced by German and French languages

Many new terms are derived from English

Page 3: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Analysis of Term ComponentsAnalysis of Term Components

Most medical terms have three components: Root — foundation or subject of the term

Suffix — ending that gives essential meaning to the term

Prefix — added to the beginning of a term when needed to further modify the root

Page 4: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Combining Vowels and Combining Vowels and Combining FormsCombining Forms

A vowel, usually an “o”, is used to join root to another root or a suffix

The letter “i” is the second most common combining vowel

Page 5: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Rules for Forming and Spelling Rules for Forming and Spelling Medical TermsMedical Terms

1. A combining vowel is used to join root to root as well as to any suffix beginning with a consonant

2. A combining vowel is not used before a suffix that begins with a vowel

3. If the root ends in a vowel and the suffix beings with the same vowel, drop the final vowel from the root and do not use a combining vowel

Page 6: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Rules for Forming and Spelling Rules for Forming and Spelling Medical TermsMedical Terms

4. Most often, a combining vowel is inserted between two roots even when the second root begins with a vowel.

5. Occasionally, when a prefix ends in a vowel and the root begins with a vowel, the final vowel is dropped from the prefix

(continued)(continued)

Page 7: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Defining Medical Terms throughDefining Medical Terms throughWord Structure AnalysisWord Structure Analysis

You can usually define a term by interpreting

the suffix first, then the prefix (if present), then the succeeding root or roots

Page 8: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

NoteNote

It is difficult to know the difference between prefixes and roots (or combining forms) because the root is placed first in a medical term when a prefix is not needed

Memorize the most common prefixes so that you can recognize them when used in a term

Page 9: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Formation of Medical TermsFormation of Medical Terms

Most medical terms build from the root

Prefixes and suffixes are attached to modify its meaning

Often two or more roots are linked before being modified

Occasionally, terms are formed by a root alone or a combination of roots

Sometimes, a term is formed from the combination of a prefix and suffix

Page 10: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Spelling Medical TermsSpelling Medical Terms

Sometimes words sound exactly the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings: Context is the clue to spelling

Some words sound similar but are spelled differently and have different meanings

When letters are silent in a term, they risk being omitted when spelling the word

Page 11: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Spelling Medical TermsSpelling Medical Terms

Some words have more than one acceptable spelling

Some combining forms have the same meaning but different origins that compete for usage

(continued)(continued)

Page 12: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Types of SuffixesTypes of Suffixes

Simple: form basic terms For example:

-ic (pertaining to)

-ium (structure or tissue)

-y (condition or process of)

Page 13: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Types of SuffixesTypes of Suffixes

Compound: uses a combination of basic term components to modify a term For example:

-tomy

-y + tom (root meaning to cut), refers to a process of cutting (incision)

-ectomy

-ec (prefix meaning out) + tom (to cut) + -y refers to

a process of cutting out (excision or removal)

(continued)(continued)

Page 14: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Four Categories of Suffixes Four Categories of Suffixes

Symptomatic suffixes: describe the evidence of disease

Diagnostic suffixes: provide the name of a medical condition

Operative suffixes: describe a surgical treatment

General suffixes: have a general application

Page 15: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Root/SuffixRoot/Suffix

cardi / acheart / pertaining to

(pertaining to the heart)

Page 16: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Prefix/Root/SuffixPrefix/Root/Suffix

epi / card / iumupon / heart / tissue

(tissue upon the heart, i.e.,external lining of the heart)

Page 17: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Prefix/Root/SuffixPrefix/Root/Suffix

sub / endo / cardia / albeneath / within / heart / pertaining to

(pertaining to beneath and within the heart)

(continued)(continued)

Page 18: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Root/Combining Vowel/SuffixRoot/Combining Vowel/Suffix

cardi / o / logyheart / / study

(study of the heart)

Page 19: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Root/Combining Root/Combining Vowel/Root/SuffixVowel/Root/Suffix

cardi / o / pulmon / aryheart / / lung / pertaining to

(pertaining to the heart and lungs)

Page 20: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Root/Combining Vowel/SuffixRoot/Combining Vowel/Suffix(symptomatic)(symptomatic)

cardi / o / dyniaheart / / pain

(pain in the heart)

Page 21: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Root/Combining Vowel/SuffixRoot/Combining Vowel/Suffix(diagnostic)(diagnostic)

cardi / o / rrhexisheart / / rupture

(a rupture of the heart)

Page 22: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Root/Combining Vowel/SuffixRoot/Combining Vowel/Suffix(operative)(operative)

cardi / o / rrhaphyheart / / suture

(a suture of the heart)

Page 23: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Exceptions: Root AloneExceptions: Root Alone

ductroot

(to lead)

Page 24: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Exceptions: Combination of Exceptions: Combination of RootsRoots

ovi / ductroot / rootegg / to lead

(Oviduct refers to the uterine tube)

Page 25: Basic Term Components Chapter 2. Origins of Medical Terms Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins Most diagnostic and surgical terms have Greek

Exceptions: Prefix and SuffixExceptions: Prefix and Suffix

meta / stasisprefix / suffix

beyond, after, / stop or standor change

(Metastasis refers to the spread of a disease,such as cancer, from one location to another)


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