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BASIC STRUCTURE OF A CELLMS. GAYNOR
HONORS GENETICS
CELL THEORY
CELL TYPESCELL TYPES
Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell(Eukaryote)
Plant Cell(Eukaryote)
Bacterial Cell
(Prokaryote)
**SMALLEST
NUMBER OF CELLSNUMBER OF CELLSAlthough ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be:
Unicellular – composed of one cellMulticellular- composed of many cells
that may organize into tissues, etc.
I look BIG here, I’m
very small!
I look BIG here, I’m
very small!
MULTICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMSORGANISMS
Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)
CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION
Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off
This is known as DIFFERENTIATION
ALL CELLS…
Contain 4 basic cell structures:
Cell MembraneCytoplasmRibosomesDNA
**not an organelle
PROPROKARYOTES: KARYOTES: THE FIRST CELLSTHE FIRST CELLS
Simplest and smallest type of cellEx: bacteria
NO nucleus NO/FEW organelles1 Single, circular chromosome (piece of DNA)
PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTESNucleoid region (center) contains the DNA (NO nulceus)
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)
Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins
Has cilia for reproduction and flagella for movement
EUKARYOTESAll eukaryotic cells HAVE:a Nucleusmembrane-bound
organelles
These cell types includes:protistsfungiplantsanimals
More complex type of cells
THINK: “You carry a lot…of
stuff”
TWO MAIN TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
CELL ORGANELLESMS. GAYNOR
HONORS GENETICS
ORGANELLESORGANELLESVery smallPerform various functions for cellFound in the cytoplasmMay or may not be membrane-
bound
BASIC ANIMAL BASIC ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLESCELL ORGANELLES
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
BASIC PLANT CELL BASIC PLANT CELL ORGANELLESORGANELLES
CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANECELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANESTRUCTURE Made of double layer (bilayer) of:
phospholipids and proteins Surrounds outside of ALL cellsFUNCTION (JOB) Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
CELL WALLCELL WALLSTRUCTURE• Found in:• plants
• Made of cellulose• Fungi
• Made of chitin• Bacteria
• Made of peptidoglycan
• NO IN ANIMAL CELLS!!!FUNCTION (JOB)• Protect• Maintain shape
Cell wall
CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASMSTRUCTURE• Jelly-like substance• Mostly water
• aqueous solutionFUNCTION (JOB)• Provides a solution
for chemical reactions to take place in
• Holds organelles in place
cytoplasm
NUCLEUSNUCLEUSSTRUCTURE• Contains the DNA• Bounded by a
nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
• Usually the largest organelle
FUNCTION (JOB)• Controls the normal
activities of the cell
20
NUCLEAR ENVELOPENUCLEAR ENVELOPEDouble membrane
surrounding nucleusAlso called nuclear membraneContains nuclear pores for
materials to enter & leave nucleus
Connected to the rough ER
Nuclear pores
NUCLEOLUS
STRUCTUREInside nucleusInside nucleusCell may have Cell may have 1 to 31 to 3
nucleolinucleoliDisappearsDisappears when cell when cell
dividesdividesFUNCTION (JOB)Makes ribosomes Makes ribosomes
(ribosomal subunits)(ribosomal subunits)
STRUCTURE Bean shapeDOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA “Powerhouse” of cell Makes cellular energy
(ATP) Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
MMITOCHONDRIONITOCHONDRION(PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)(PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)
INTERESTING FACT ---INTERESTING FACT ---Mitochondria
Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …You inherit your
mitochondria from your mother!
CHLCHLOORROOPLASTSPLASTSSTRUCTUREBean shapeDOUBLE membraneHas its own DNA
FUNCTION (JOB)Found only in autotrophsCarries out
photosynthesis
RIBRIBOSOMESOSOMESSTRUCTUREMade of PROTEINS and rRNAThink: “RIB”s are meat; meat is protein
FUNCTION (JOB)Make proteinsamino acids to make proteinsProcess called TRANSLATION
RIBOSOMES (CON’T)RIBOSOMES (CON’T)
Can be attached to Rough ER (proteins made
exit cell)
OR
Be free (unattached) in the
cytoplasm
(proteins made stay INSIDE cell)
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)RETICULUM (RER)
STRUCTUREHas ribosomes on
its surfaceFUNCTION (JOB) Helps to make
proteins for export out of cell
GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUSSTRUCTURE Hollow flattened sacs Looks like a stack of
pancakes with syrup dripping off
FUNCTION (JOB) Receives cell products (like
proteins) from Rough ER Modifies (changes) and
packages proteins for shipment OUT of the cell
Proteins are packages into vesicles (the “syrup drips”)
Transport
vesicle
CIS
TRANS
CENTRIOLESCENTRIOLES
STRUCTURE Found only in animal cells
inside CENTROSOMES Paired structures near
nucleus (“t” shape”) Made of microtubules
FUNCTION (JOB) Appear during cell division Help to pull chromosome
pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell
CENTRIOLES & THE MITOTIC CENTRIOLES & THE MITOTIC SPINDLESPINDLE
**Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
NOW…LET’S PRACTICE