Basic Property Definitions of Biodiesel

8/18/2019 Basic Property Definitions of Biodiesel

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Characteristics of Efficient Bio-fuels and Bio-diesels

Did you know? Biodiesel is much less flammable than petro-diesel, owing to its much

higher flash point.

Biodiesel is noteworthy for its similarity to petroleum-derived diesel fuel , while at the same time having negligiblesulfur and ash content. Bioethanol (Bioethanol from Vogelbusch) has only about 70 the !eating Value of petroleum

distillates such as gasoline, but its sulfur and ash contents are also very low. Both of these li"uid fuels have lowervapor pressure (Vapor #ressure from $i%ipedia) and flammability (&lammability ' from $i%ipedia) than theirpetroleum-based competitors ' an advantage in some cases (e.g. use in confined spaces such as mines) but adisadvantage in others (e.g. engine starting at cold temperatures).

Don't Miss It! Get Latest from Energy Delivered in Your Mailbox ree!espite their wide range of possible sources, biomass feedstoc%s ($hat is a &eedstoc%) are remar%ably uniform inmany of their fuel properties, compared with feedstoc%s such as coal or petroleum. &or e*ample, there are many%inds of coals whose gross heating value (!eating Value efinition ' from +aftan.com ) ranges from 0 to 0 /+(giga 1oules per metric tonne). !owever, nearly all %inds of biomass feedstoc%s destined for combustion fall in therange 23-24 /+. &or most agricultural residues, the heating values are even more uniform ' about 23-27 /tonne(5630-700 Btulb) the values for most woody materials are 28-24 /tonne (7730-800 Btulb).!owever, in contrast to their fairly uniform physical properties, biomass fuels are rather heterogeneous with respect totheir chemical elemental composition.9ost biomass materials are more reactive than coal, with higher ignition stability. +his characteristic also ma%es themeasier to process thermochemically into higher-value fuels such as methanol (9ethanol as &uel ' from :thanol :;)

or hydrogen (!ydrogen &uel ' ;lean < =ecure :nergy ' $hite !ouse).Characteristics of "ils or ats #ffectin$ their %uitabilit& for se as Biodiesel Calorific (alue) *eat of Combustion ' !eating Value or !eat of ;ombustion, is the amount ofheating energy released by the combustion of a unit value of fuels.>ne of the most important determinants of heating value is moisture content. ?ir-dried biomass typically has about23-0 moisture, whereas the moisture content for oven-dried biomass is negligible. 9oisture content in coals varyin the range -0. !owever, the bul% density (and hence energy density) of most biomass feedstoc%s is generallylow, even after densification ' between about 20 and 60 of the bul% density of most fossil fuels. @i"uid biofuelshowever have bul% densities comparable to those for fossil fuels.Melt +oint or +our +oint - 9elt or pour point refers to the temperature at which the oil in solid form starts to melt orpour. An cases where the temperatures fall below the melt point, the entire fuel system including all fuel lines and fueltan% will need to be heated.Cloud +oint - +he temperature at which an oil starts to solidify is %nown as the cloud point. $hile operating anengine at temperatures below an oils cloud point, heating will be necessary in order to avoid wa*ing of the fuel . (;loud #oint efinition ' from :ngineers :dge) lash +oint ,+ - +he flash point temperature of diesel fuel is the minimum temperature at which the fuel will ignite(flash) on application of an ignition source. &lash point varies inversely with the fuels volatility. 9inimum flash pointtemperatures are re"uired for proper safety and handling of diesel fuel. (&lash #oint ' from the 9== !yperlossary, &lash #oint ' from $i%ipedia)Iodine (alue ,I( - Aodine Value (AV) is a value of the amount of iodine, measured in grams, absorbed by 200 gramsof a given oil.Aodine value (or Aodine number) is commonly used as a measure of the chemical stability properties ofdifferent biodiesel fuels against such o*idation as described above. +he Aodine value is determined by measuring thenumber of double bonds in the mi*ture of fatty acid chains in the fuel by introducing iodine into 200 grams of thesample under test and measuring how many grams of that iodine are absorbed. Aodine absorption occurs at doublebond positions - thus a higher AV number indicates a higher "uantity of double bonds in the sample, greater potentialto polymerise and hence lesser stability.

Aodine Cumbers for some plant oils (before conversion into biodiesel)D

• ;oconut oilD 20

• Eapeseed oilD 46-20

• =oybean oilD 227-26

• =ardine oilD 283

Aodine Cumbers after conversion to biodiesel through +ransesterification (appro*imate values)D

• Eapeseed 9ethyl :ster (Eapeseed Biodiesel)D 47

• Eapeseed :thyl :ster (?nother variety of Eapeseed biodiesel)D 200

• =oy :thyl :ster (=oy biodiesel variety 2)D 2

• =oy 9ethyl :ster (=oy biodiesel variety )D 2

http://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/biodiesel.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/bioethanol.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/bioethanol.htmlhttp://www.vogelbusch.com/technology/bioethanol.htmhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/heating_value.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedstockhttp://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/HVALUE.HTMhttp://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/HVALUE.HTMhttp://www.ethanol-gec.org/clean/cf05.htmhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030206-2.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030206-2.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030206-2.htmlhttp://www.engineersedge.com/lubrication/cloud_point_oil.htmhttp://www.engineersedge.com/lubrication/cloud_point_oil.htmhttp://www.ilpi.com/MSDS/ref/flashpoint.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/MSDS/ref/flashpoint.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/MSDS/ref/flashpoint.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/transesterification.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/bioethanol.htmlhttp://www.vogelbusch.com/technology/bioethanol.htmhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/heating_value.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedstockhttp://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/HVALUE.HTMhttp://www.ethanol-gec.org/clean/cf05.htmhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030206-2.htmlhttp://www.engineersedge.com/lubrication/cloud_point_oil.htmhttp://www.ilpi.com/MSDS/ref/flashpoint.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/MSDS/ref/flashpoint.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/transesterification.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/biodiesel.html


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>ne can hence see that the process of transesterification (conversion of plant oil int5o biodiesel) reducesthe iodine value to a small e*tent.

• etermination of Aodine Value ' from Bru%er >ptics

• etermination of the Aodine Value of >ils < &ats ' AF#?; (#&)

• !ow Eelevant is the Aodine Value ' F=? ?E= (#&)

• Aodine Value < Biodiesel ' F=? ?E= Eesearch ?bstract

(iscosit& ' Viscosity refers to the thic%ness of the oil, and is determined by measuring the amount of time ta%en for a

given measure of oil to pass through an orifice of a specified siGe. Viscosity affects in1ector lubrication and fuelatomiGation. &uels with low viscosity may not provide sufficient lubrication for the precision fit of fuel in1ection pumps,resulting in lea%age or increased wear. &uel atomiGation ( ?tomiGation ' from $i%ipedia) is also affected by fuelviscosity. iesel fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger droplets on in1ection which can cause poor combustion,increased e*haust smo%e and emissions.

#niline +oint.Cetane /umber ,C/ - As a relative measure of the interval between the beginning of in1ection andautoignition of the fuel. +he higher the cetane number, the shorter the delay interval and the greater itscombustibility. &uels with low ;etane Cumbers will result in difficult starting, noise and e*haust smo%e. An general,diesel engines will operate better on fuels with ;etane Cumbers above 30.

;etane tests provide information on the ignition "uality of a diesel fuel. Research using cetane tests will provideinformation on potential tailoring of vegetable oil-derived compounds and additives to enhance their fuel properties.(Eeferences ' ;etane Cumber +esting of Bio-diesel ' from Biodiesel.org (#&), ;etane Cumber ' from=iGes.com, !ow oes ;etane Cumber ?ffect iesel :ngine >peration ).Densit& ' As the weight per unit volume. >ils that are denser contain more energy . &or e*ample, petrol and dieselfuels give comparable energy by weight, but diesel is denser and hence gives more energy per litre. (&uel ensity)+he aspects listed above are the %ey aspects that determine the efficiency of a fuel for diesel engines. +here areother aspectscharacteristics which do not have a direct bearing on the performance, but are important for reasonssuch as environmental impact etc. +hese areD#sh +ercenta$e - ?sh is a measure of the amount of metals contained in the fuel. !igh concentrations of thesematerials can cause in1ector tip plugging, combustion deposits and in1ection system wear. +he ash content isimportant for the heating value, as heating value decreases with increasing ash content.

?sh content for bio-fuels is typically lower than for most coals, and sulphur content is much lower than for many fossilfuels. Fnli%e coal ash, which may contain to*ic metals and other trace contaminants, biomass ash may be used as asoil amendment to help replenish nutrients removed by harvest.%ulfur +ercenta$e - +he percentage by weight, of sulfur in the fuel =ulfur content is limited by law to very smallpercentages for diesel fuel used in on-road applications. (Fltra-low =ulfur iesel - #&) +otassium +ercenta$e - +he percentage by weight, of potassium in the fuelEn$ine Manufactures #ssociation ,EM# 0ecommended Guideline on Diesel uel

+ro1ert& 2estMethod

3+-4#EM#54 D,4

3+-4#EM#56 D,4

&lash #oint, H; min. 4 8 3

$ater, ppm ma* 2766 00 00

=ediment, ppm ma* 75 or 363 20 20

istillation Vol. Eecovery, H; 85

40, ma*. 7

43, ma*. 88 33

Iinematic Viscosity, 60 H; 663 2. - .6 2.4 - 6.2

?sh, ma*. 68 0.02 0.02

=ulfur, ma*. 5 0.03 0.03

http://www.brukeroptics.com/foodquality/iodine_value.htmlhttp://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1990/pdf/6212x2339.pdfhttp://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1990/pdf/6212x2339.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20020101_gen-345.pdfhttp://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=109153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomizationhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19960901_gen-187.pdfhttp://www.sizes.com/units/cetane_number.htmhttp://www.sizes.com/units/cetane_number.htmhttp://www.sizes.com/units/cetane_number.htmhttp://www.sizes.com/units/cetane_number.htmhttp://www.superfuelsaver.com/Cetane%20Booster.htmlhttp://www.superfuelsaver.com/Cetane%20Booster.htmlhttp://members.axion.net/~enrique/fueldensity.htmlhttp://www.energy.wsu.edu/ftp-ep/pubs/renewables/Fuels.pdfhttp://www.brukeroptics.com/foodquality/iodine_value.htmlhttp://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1990/pdf/6212x2339.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20020101_gen-345.pdfhttp://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=109153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomizationhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19960901_gen-187.pdfhttp://www.sizes.com/units/cetane_number.htmhttp://www.sizes.com/units/cetane_number.htmhttp://www.superfuelsaver.com/Cetane%20Booster.htmlhttp://members.axion.net/~enrique/fueldensity.htmlhttp://www.energy.wsu.edu/ftp-ep/pubs/renewables/Fuels.pdf


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;opper ;orrosion, ma*. 20 b b

;etane Cumber, min. 52 30 30

;etane Ande*, min. 677 63 63

Eams ;arbon, 20 residue ma*. 36 0.23 0.23

?#A ravity, ma*. 87 6 4

@ubricity, g. min. 5078() 200 200

?ccelerated =tability, mg@ ma*. 76 23 23

etergency - @20 An1ector ;E; Eating J20 J20

epositing +est &low @oss J5 J5

@ow +emperature &low, H; 300 or 634 () ()

9icrobial rowth (6) (6)

%ource7 :ngine 9anufacturers ?ssociation More Lin8s on Biodiesel +ro1erties

• ;hemical #roperties of Biodiesel, Aowa =tate Fniversity

• Biodiesel ?nalysis from ;hancellor ;ollege

• Cew &eedstoc%s for Biodiesel #roduction ' ?nalysis of its #hysico-;hemicals #roperties (#&)

• =tability of Biodiesel and Ats Aodine Value ' Brevard Biodiesel

• #hysical < ;hemical ;haracteristics of Biodiesel Blends ' from Biodiesel.org (#&)

• Biodiesel Eecipe ' from $i%ipedia

• ;hemistry of Biofuel ' fom ?6.com

• &uel ;hemistry• Biodiesel >verview < ;haracteristics from Fniversity of Corth a%ota

• +he Iinematic Viscosity of Biodiesel < Ats Blends with iesel &uel (#&)

• ;ontamination or ilution of @ubricating >ils in Biodiesel #owered Vehicles

• +echnical #erformance of Vegetable >il 9ethyl :sters with !igh Aodine Cumber (#&)

• Biodiesel :nergy ;ontent ' form Biodiesel.org (#&)

• :ffect of Biodiesel ;omposition on C>* < #9 :missions (#&)

• Biodiesel ;old &low uidelines ' reencar ;ongress

• Fnderstanding Biofuel &uel Kuality < #erformances (#&)

• Biodiesel &?K ' from ovt of 9aryland ' #rovides ;omparison of Biodiesel and #etro iesel

;haracteristics

• @ubricity of Biofuel ( see homepageD Biodiesel.de )

• Biodiesel =pecs < Ee"uirements @isting, >ffice of the &ederal :nvironmental :*ecutive, ovt ofF=? (#&)

• Biodiesel &lash #oint &orum from Biodiesel Cow

• :nvironmental < =afety Anfo for Biodiesel ' from ?B Biodiesel (#&)

• Fnderstanding Biodiesel &uel Kuality < #erformance (#&)

• &lash #oint +esting ' the efinitive +est 9ethod

• Biodiesel &uels Between ?cceptance < Kuality (#&)

• ;etane Cumber +esting of Biodiesel (#&)

• ;etane in iesel &uel ' from lobal &inest

http://www.enginemanufacturers.org/http://www.enginemanufacturers.org/http://www.enginemanufacturers.org/http://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.htmlhttp://www.chanco.unima.mw/physics/biodieselanaly.htmlhttp://www.ipe.ac.cn/sinogerman/program/abstracts/th_I_3.pdfhttp://www.ipe.ac.cn/sinogerman/program/abstracts/th_I_3.pdfhttp://www.brevardbiodiesel.org/iv.htmlhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19960501_gen-080.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_recipehttp://www.a42.com/node/545http://www.altfuels.org/backgrnd/fuelchem.htmlhttp://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/ageng/machine/ae1240w.htmhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19990701_gen-256.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19990701_gen-256.pdfhttp://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/bio24.htmlhttp://www.blt.bmlf.gv.at/vero/veroeff/0100_Technical_performance_of_methyl_esters_e.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/BTU_Content_Final_Oct2005.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/BTU_Content_Final_Oct2005.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.com/images/emissions.pdfhttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/08/biodiesel_cold_.htmlhttp://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr2003489/tr2003489.pdfhttp://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr2003489/tr2003489.pdfhttp://www.energy.state.md.us/programs/transportation/biodiesel/faq.htmhttp://www.energy.state.md.us/programs/transportation/biodiesel/faq.htmhttp://www.biodiesel.de/index.php3?hid=014111&spid=2http://www.biodiesel.de/http://www.biodiesel.de/http://www.biodiesel.de/http://www.ofee.gov/gp/desc.pdfhttp://www.ofee.gov/gp/desc.pdfhttp://forums.biodieselnow.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=11587http://www.abgbiodiesel.com/downloads/Environmental_and_Safety_Information.pdfhttp://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr2003489/tr2003489.pdfhttp://www.chemie.de/articles/e/45235/http://www.agqm-biodiesel.de/downloads/pdfs/Fuels2005_en.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19960901_gen-187.pdfhttp://www.globalfinest.com/tech/cetan.htmlhttp://www.enginemanufacturers.org/http://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.htmlhttp://www.chanco.unima.mw/physics/biodieselanaly.htmlhttp://www.ipe.ac.cn/sinogerman/program/abstracts/th_I_3.pdfhttp://www.brevardbiodiesel.org/iv.htmlhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19960501_gen-080.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_recipehttp://www.a42.com/node/545http://www.altfuels.org/backgrnd/fuelchem.htmlhttp://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/ageng/machine/ae1240w.htmhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19990701_gen-256.pdfhttp://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/bio24.htmlhttp://www.blt.bmlf.gv.at/vero/veroeff/0100_Technical_performance_of_methyl_esters_e.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/BTU_Content_Final_Oct2005.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.com/images/emissions.pdfhttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/08/biodiesel_cold_.htmlhttp://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr2003489/tr2003489.pdfhttp://www.energy.state.md.us/programs/transportation/biodiesel/faq.htmhttp://www.energy.state.md.us/programs/transportation/biodiesel/faq.htmhttp://www.biodiesel.de/index.php3?hid=014111&spid=2http://www.biodiesel.de/http://www.ofee.gov/gp/desc.pdfhttp://www.ofee.gov/gp/desc.pdfhttp://forums.biodieselnow.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=11587http://www.abgbiodiesel.com/downloads/Environmental_and_Safety_Information.pdfhttp://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/tr2003489/tr2003489.pdfhttp://www.chemie.de/articles/e/45235/http://www.agqm-biodiesel.de/downloads/pdfs/Fuels2005_en.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19960901_gen-187.pdfhttp://www.globalfinest.com/tech/cetan.html


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• 9easuring ;etane Cumber ' >ptions for iesel < ?lternative iesel &uels (#&)

• Bubblewashing Biodiesel < :mulsions ' :specially for !omebrew Bioediesel

• #rocess for #roducing Biodiesel &uel with Eeduced Viscosity < ;loud #oint +emperature

• Business 9anagement for Biodiesel #roducers (#&)

• Biodiesel Fse in :ngines ' Corth a%ota =tate Fniversity

• Biodiesel #erformance, ;osts < Fse ' ept of :nergy, ovt of F=?

• Biodiesel Anfo from Biodiesel =?, =outh ?frica

• Biodiesel Eesource

• ?s% Ben Biodiesel &?K

• Biodiesel < the :nvironment ' from Cavigating our &uture

• Anstructions for the +ransport of Biodiesel (#&)

• Biodiesel !andling < Fse uidelines (#&)

• +echni"ue for ?nalysis of Biodiesel ' 9etrohm FI

• &atty ?cid 9ethyl :sters with a !igh Aodine Cumber (#&)

• ?nimal &ats #erform $ell in Biodiesel (#&)

• #roduction of Biodiesel from 9ultiple &eedstoc%s (#&)

• =tandardisation of Biodiesel, Cetherlands (#&)

• +iny 9icroreactor Eethin%s Biodiesel #roduction

• Biodiesel in >regon ' from the overnment of >regon

• Biodiesel Anfo from Biofuel =ystems, FI (Biofuel #rocess, Biofuel ;hemistry)

• Biofuel #erformance, ;osts < Fse ' epartment of :nergy, ovt of F=?

• +he 9odern < #rofitable Biodiesel #roduction #lant (#&)

• !ow to ma%e Eape Biodiesel 9ore &inancially &easible

• Biodiesel #lant Anfo ' from Vegetable>iliesel.co.u%

• Biodiesel :"uipment from octor iesel

• escription of the Biodiesel #roduction Fnit from Biodiesel +echnologies mb!

• Biodiesel :"uipment < =upplies from Biofuel =ystems

• 9a%ing Biodiesel ' from =chCews

• reen &uels ' :uropean Biodiesel :"uipment =upplier

• Biomass >il ?nalysis ' Eesearch Ceeds < Eecommendations (#&)• ;haracteriGation of Biodiesel >*idation < >*idation #roducts (#&)

Fun Facts – The viscosity of many vegetable oils is over ten times that for petro-

diesel. However the transesterification process reduces their viscosities to almost one-tenth of their original!

/otes7

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http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/fuelquality/publications/pubs/cetane.pdfhttp://www.biodieselcommunity.org/bubblewashingbiodiesel/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=chemeng_biomaterialshttp://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/biomass/pdfs/36242.pdfhttp://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/biomass/pdfs/36242.pdfhttp://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/ageng/machine/ae1305w.htmhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodieselhttp://www.biodieselsa.co.za/what.htmhttp://www.biodieselresource.com/http://www.nbb.org/askben/top10/http://www.navigatingourfuture.org/resourcesandnews/biodiesel1.htmlhttp://www.agqm-biodiesel.de/downloads/pdfs/Merkblatt_Transport_GB.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/blends/pdfs/5845.pdfhttp://www.laboratorytalk.com/news/mea/mea469.htmlhttp://www.blt.bmlf.gv.at/vero/veroeff/0288_Fatty_acid_methyl_esters_literature_e.pdfhttp://www.blt.bmlf.gv.at/vero/veroeff/0288_Fatty_acid_methyl_esters_literature_e.pdfhttp://www.rendermagazine.com/February2006/AnimalFatsPerformWell.pdfhttp://www.biofuels.coop/archive/biodiesel_report.pdfhttp://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/149997_tcm24-124377.pdfhttp://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/149997_tcm24-124377.pdfhttp://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=44203http://egov.oregon.gov/ODA/do_reports_biodiesel.shtmlhttp://www.biofuelsystems.com/http://www.biofuelsystems.com/http://www.biofuelsystems.com/http://www.biofuelsystems.com/process.htmhttp://www.biofuelsystems.com/process.htmhttp://www.biofuelsystems.com/chemistry.htmhttp://www.biofuelsystems.com/chemistry.htmhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodiesel/http://www.nachhaltigkeitsrat.de/service/download_e/pdf/Asia_Biofuels_Worldwide.pdfhttp://www.nachhaltigkeitsrat.de/service/download_e/pdf/Asia_Biofuels_Worldwide.pdfhttp://www.eeci.net/archive/biobase/B10640.htmlhttp://www.vegetableoildiesel.co.uk/biodiesel.htmlhttp://www.doctordiesel.com/biodiesel_equipment.htmlhttp://members.eunet.at/eveline.haberleitner/noflash/bmp_detail.htmhttp://biofuelsystems.com/products.htmhttp://www.schnews.org.uk/diyguide/howtomakebiodiesel.htmhttp://www.greenfuels.co.uk/http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/34796.pdfhttp://www.crcao.com/reports/recentstudies2005/AVFL-2b%20Task%201%20Final%20rev%203.pdfhttp://www.crcao.com/reports/recentstudies2005/AVFL-2b%20Task%201%20Final%20rev%203.pdfhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/oilgae.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/oilgae.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/oilgae.htmlhttp://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/fuelquality/publications/pubs/cetane.pdfhttp://www.biodieselcommunity.org/bubblewashingbiodiesel/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=chemeng_biomaterialshttp://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/biomass/pdfs/36242.pdfhttp://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/ageng/machine/ae1305w.htmhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodieselhttp://www.biodieselsa.co.za/what.htmhttp://www.biodieselresource.com/http://www.nbb.org/askben/top10/http://www.navigatingourfuture.org/resourcesandnews/biodiesel1.htmlhttp://www.agqm-biodiesel.de/downloads/pdfs/Merkblatt_Transport_GB.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/blends/pdfs/5845.pdfhttp://www.laboratorytalk.com/news/mea/mea469.htmlhttp://www.blt.bmlf.gv.at/vero/veroeff/0288_Fatty_acid_methyl_esters_literature_e.pdfhttp://www.rendermagazine.com/February2006/AnimalFatsPerformWell.pdfhttp://www.biofuels.coop/archive/biodiesel_report.pdfhttp://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/149997_tcm24-124377.pdfhttp://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=44203http://egov.oregon.gov/ODA/do_reports_biodiesel.shtmlhttp://www.biofuelsystems.com/http://www.biofuelsystems.com/process.htmhttp://www.biofuelsystems.com/chemistry.htmhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodiesel/http://www.nachhaltigkeitsrat.de/service/download_e/pdf/Asia_Biofuels_Worldwide.pdfhttp://www.eeci.net/archive/biobase/B10640.htmlhttp://www.vegetableoildiesel.co.uk/biodiesel.htmlhttp://www.doctordiesel.com/biodiesel_equipment.htmlhttp://members.eunet.at/eveline.haberleitner/noflash/bmp_detail.htmhttp://biofuelsystems.com/products.htmhttp://www.schnews.org.uk/diyguide/howtomakebiodiesel.htmhttp://www.greenfuels.co.uk/http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/34796.pdfhttp://www.crcao.com/reports/recentstudies2005/AVFL-2b%20Task%201%20Final%20rev%203.pdfhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/oilgae.html


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where the content was ta%en (a mention of >ilgae.com and a brief description about the site is enough for offline

usage). Put not so simply , see the >ilgae.comCF &ree ocumentation @icense . ?bout >ilgae - >ilgae - >il < Biodiesel from ?lgae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while alsodiscussing alternative energy in general. ?lgae present an e*citing possibility as a feedstoc% for biodiesel, and whenyou realise that oil ;as ori$inall& formed from al$ae - among others - you thin% ilgaeprovides web lin%s, directory, and related resources for algae-based biofuels biodiesel along with inputs on newinventions, discoveries < brea%throughs in other alternative energy domains such as =olar $ind nuclear,hydro, eothermal hydrogen < fuel cells, gravitational, geothemal, human-powered, ocean < $ave tidal energy.- =ee more atD httpDwww.oilgae.comenergysouaerebebdcharchar.htmlPsthash.F/n4fn#u.dpuf
http://www.oilgae.com/ref/gfdl/gfdl.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/http://www.oilgae.com/http://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/solar/solar.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/solar/solar.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/solar/solar.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/wind/wind.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/wind/wind.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/geothermal/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/geothermal/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/geothermal/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/ocean/ocean.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/ocean/ocean.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/ref/gfdl/gfdl.htmlhttp://www.oilgae.com/http://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/solar/solar.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/wind/wind.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/geothermal/geothermal.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/report/ocean/ocean.html

Documents

Basic Property Definitions of Biodiesel