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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero
Chapter 40
Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Big Ideas • Physical laws and environment constrain size and shape.
• Energy from food sustains form and function.
• Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• All animals face a similar set of problems (how to nourish themselves, obtain oxygen, get rid of waste, etc.)
• Form and function are closely correlated.
• Natural selection will favor individuals with the “best” traits.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Physical Laws and the Environment • Physical laws and the need to
exchange materials with the environment place limits on the range of animal forms.
• Ex: shape of fast-swimming fish and aquatic animals
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organisms with more complex body plans have highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials.
More complex body plans…
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Tissues – groups of cells with a common structure and function
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epithelial – covers the outside
of body – lines organs and
cavities
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Connective – binds and
supports other tissues
– major types: loose connective, adipose (fat), fibrous connective, cartilage, bone and blood
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscle – 3 types: skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac
• Nervous
Levels of Organization
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Different tissues are organized into organs.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs and Organ Systems • Organs make up organ systems.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• All organisms require energy for growth, repair, physiological processes, regulation, and reproduction.
• Bioenergetics – the flow of energy through an animal
• Energy ultimately limits the animal’s behavior, growth, and reproduction.
Bioenergetics
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy Sources and Allocation • Food is used to:
– make ATP, which powers cellular work
– biosynthesize (grow, repair, store fat, produce gametes)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Metabolic rate – amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Quantifying Energy Use
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Birds and mammals
– are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
– typically have higher metabolic rates
Endotherms vs. Ectotherms
• Amphibians and reptiles
– gain their heat mostly from external sources
– have lower metabolic rates
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Size and Metabolic Rate • Metabolic rate per gram is inversely related to body size
among similar animals.
• Why?
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The basal metabolic rate (BMR) – metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest
• Maximum possible metabolic rate is inversely related to the duration of the activity.
Activity and Metabolic Rate
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostatic Control • What is homeostasis?
• Interstitial fluid
– the internal environment of vertebrates
– can be very different from the external environment
• 3 functional components: a receptor (detects levels), a control center (creates set point, assess), and an effector (create changes to set system back to set point)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• NEGATIVE feedback – buildup of the end product shuts the system off
• POSITIVE feedback – buildup of the end product amplifies the change
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thermoregulation • Thermoregulation – process by which animals maintain an
internal temperature within a tolerable range
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thermoregulation in Animals
River otter (endotherm)
Largemouth bass (ectotherm)
Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)
Bod
y te
mpe
ratu
re (°
C)
40
30
20
10
10 20 30 40 0
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endothermy
– more energetically expensive than ectothermy
– but buffers animals’ internal temperatures against external fluctuations
– enables the animals to maintain a high level of aerobic metabolism
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Modes of Heat Exchange • Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes
Figure 40.13
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Modes of Heat Exchange • Organisms exchange
heat by four physical processes.
• Many endotherms and ectotherms can alter blood flow.
• Vasodilation – blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
• Vasoconstriction – blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
Figure 40.13