Basic mountaineering

7/29/2019 Basic mountaineering

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Contents

1 Part 1: Climb Preparationo 1.1 Physical Fitness

2 Part 2: The Pre-Climb Meeto

2.1 Planning A Climbo 2.2 The Objectives of the Climbo 2.3 Making Courtesy Callso 2.4 Route Planningo 2.5 The Itinerary of the Climbo 2.6 Climb Organizationo 2.7 Subdividing a team into smaller groupso 2.8 Budgetingo 2.9 Meal Planningo 2.10 Trail Food

3 Part 3: Trip to the jump-off pointo 3.1 Buseso 3.2 Jeepneyso 3.3 Tricycles, Habal-habal and Sky Labo 3.4 Airplaneso 3.5 Ship Liners, Ferry Boats and Pump Boats

4 Part 4: Climb Propero 4.1 Group Formationo 4.2 Trail Signalso 4.3 Pacingo 4.4 Trekking Techniqueso 4.5 Descendingo 4.6 River Crossingo 4.7 Restso 4.8 Trail Signso 4.9 Trail Etiquette

5 Part 5: The Post-Climb Meet 6 Part 6: Leave No Trace Principle (LNT) 7 Part 7: Water Management

o 7.1 Water Disciplineo 7.2 Water Treatment

8 Part 8: Garbage Managemento 8.1 Trash at jump-off pointso 8.2 Individual Trasho 8.3 Other climbing team's trasho 8.4 Garbage Segregation

9 Part 9: Climbing Checklisto 9.1 Essentialso 9.2 Group Equipmento 9.3 Clothing and Sleeping Gearo 9.4 Food Provisionso 9.5 Survival Kit / Emergency Rationo 9.6 First Aid Kito 9.7 Repair Kito 9.8 Toiletrieso 9.9 Optional Items

10 Part 10: Packing Of Equipmento 10.1 Maximum Carrying Loado 10.2 Accessibility, Balance and Compressibility (ABC)o 10.3 Water Proofing

11 Appendix/ Food preservation , Basic Checklist, Mountaineering bag
http://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_1:_Climb_Preparationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_1:_Climb_Preparationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Physical_Fitnesshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Physical_Fitnesshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_2:_The_Pre-Climb_Meethttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_2:_The_Pre-Climb_Meethttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Planning_A_Climbhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Planning_A_Climbhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#The_Objectives_of_the_Climbhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#The_Objectives_of_the_Climbhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Making_Courtesy_Callshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Making_Courtesy_Callshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Route_Planninghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Route_Planninghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#The_Itinerary_of_the_Climbhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#The_Itinerary_of_the_Climbhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Climb_Organizationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Climb_Organizationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Subdividing_a_team_into_smaller_groupshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Subdividing_a_team_into_smaller_groupshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Budgetinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Budgetinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Meal_Planninghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Meal_Planninghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Foodhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Foodhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_3:_Trip_to_the_jump-off_pointhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_3:_Trip_to_the_jump-off_pointhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Buseshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Buseshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Jeepneyshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Jeepneyshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Tricycles.2C_Habal-habal_and_Sky_Labhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Tricycles.2C_Habal-habal_and_Sky_Labhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Airplaneshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Airplaneshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Ship_Liners.2C_Ferry_Boats_and_Pump_Boatshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Ship_Liners.2C_Ferry_Boats_and_Pump_Boatshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_4:_Climb_Properhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_4:_Climb_Properhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Group_Formationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Group_Formationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Signalshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Signalshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Pacinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Pacinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trekking_Techniqueshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trekking_Techniqueshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Descendinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Descendinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#River_Crossinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#River_Crossinghttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Restshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Restshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Signshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Signshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Etiquettehttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trail_Etiquettehttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_5:_The_Post-Climb_Meethttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_5:_The_Post-Climb_Meethttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_6:_Leave_No_Trace_Principle_.28LNT.29http://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_6:_Leave_No_Trace_Principle_.28LNT.29http://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_7:_Water_Managementhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_7:_Water_Managementhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Water_Disciplinehttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Water_Disciplinehttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Water_Treatmenthttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Water_Treatmenthttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_8:_Garbage_Managementhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_8:_Garbage_Managementhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trash_at_jump-off_pointshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Trash_at_jump-off_pointshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Individual_Trashhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Individual_Trashhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Other_climbing_team.27s_trashhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Other_climbing_team.27s_trashhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Garbage_Segregationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Garbage_Segregationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_9:_Climbing_Checklisthttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Part_9:_Climbing_Checklisthttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Essentialshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Essentialshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Group_Equipmenthttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Group_Equipmenthttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Clothing_and_Sleeping_Gearhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Clothing_and_Sleeping_Gearhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Food_Provisionshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Food_Provisionshttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineering_Course_1#Survival_Kit_.2F_Emergency_Rationhttp://wiki.basecampone.com/index.php?title=U.P._Mountaineers_Basic_Mountaineer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Part 1: Climb Preparation

In preparing for a climb, several factors have to be taken into consideration by the prospective

climber. No backpacker-beginner or expert-can ignore physical fitness in preparing for a climb. A

certain level of fitness is required for a pleasant and safe climb. In order to enjoy the scenery and the

company of fellow backpackers, one must be fit to keep up with them. The lack of preparation has

made a lot of potentially great climbs end in total disaster.

1.1 Physical Fitness

To help you in preparing for a climb, we have listed down some guidelines:

All participants of the climb must be physically fit. The best type of fitness program involvescontinuous endurance training through aerobic sports such as running, swimming, cycling and

walking.

Weight training is the perfect supplement to an aerobic program. This will help you develop yourmuscular strength and endurance.

Any participant in a climb who gets sick before the climb should forego his participation. A sickclimber becomes a liability to the group.

An old adage says that the best exercise for mountaineering is mountaineering. The hardiesthikers and climbers are those who spend a great deal of their time hiking, backpacking and

climbing.

Being fit gives you the confidence to tackle climbs, such that psyching up come almost naturally.

Part 2: The Pre-Climb Meet

2.1 Planning A Climb

The success of an expedition depends largely upon the amount of planning given to the activity. The

different components that make up a climb are discussed during the pre-climb meeting. In preparing

for a climb, a plan to climb must first be submitted and approved by the officers of the organization in

order to be a designated as an official climb.

The organizers of the climb should serve notice to the members at least one week beforehand. This is

to ensure that the participants have enough time to prepare for the climb. Announcements should


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include the objective, nature, requirements and itinerary of the climb. These announcements are to be

posted at the organizations Bulletin Board and in emails.

Organizational regulations require that all the participants of the climb conduct a pre-climb meeting at

least three (3) days before the start of the climb. The pre-climb is a comprehensive study,

presentation and discussion of the essential parts of conducting a climb. Its format should include the

following items:

2.2 The Objectives of the Climb

Talking about the nature of the climb is organizing the trips into specific categories.

Minor Climbs - these are mountains that could be easily trekked within a four or six hour peroid.

Basically the trek is simple, light and easy. Because of this, they are also called fun climbs or

overnight climbs. These climbs are most favored by urbanites for their recreational purposes.

Major Climbs - these are mountains with a higher degree of difficulty. The trip could take three ormore days with an average trekking time of seven or more hours per day. These climbs are more

favored by full time mountaineers because it tests their abilities and skills to survive and to discover

more of mother natures secrets.

The next categories can be engaged on either minoror majorclimbs:

Training Climbs - the primary purpose of these climbs is to meet the training requirements of the

applicants of the club. The organizers provides its applicants with a progressive climbing program

which gradually trains and prepares them for harder ascents.

Guideship Climbs - these are climbs where you have paying clients that are guided up a mountian of

their choice. LNT are also taught in every participants.

Clean-Up Climbs - the primary purpose of these climbs is to help preserve and maintain highly

impacted mountains and campsites. This means bringing down garbage left by indiscriminate

climbers, tree planting on barren slopes and trail maintinance work to prevent further soil erosion.

Exploratory Climbs - these are climbs wherein no routes exists and are established and ascended for

the first time. These are the type of climbs that demand a great deal of planning and preparation.

Exploratory Climbs are further discussed in U.P. Mountaineers Advance Mountaineering Courses (AMC)

2.3 Making Courtesy Calls

Before heading off into the backcountry, its important to make your intentions known to the nearest

Barangay or local government official. This way the town folk will not be alarmed by the presence of

strangers in their area. Remember that diplomacy can go a long way. You will also be oriented by the

locals about the general security of the area and general condition of the route that you will be taking.

Find out if theres any park fee that needs to be addresses before going up the area.


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2.4 Route Planning

Route planning basicaly tackles all the aspects involved in bringing the team safely and efficiently to

and from the backcountry. The route plan has two areas of concern.

Trip to the jump-off point: Is the process of getting the team and their gear from the city to the

area at the foot of the mountain where the actual trekking begins. This topic is further discussed in

BMC1 Part 3

Climb Proper: It is how will the team move about thru the backcountry to fulfill their objectives and

back down again, safely and efficiently. You will learn this in detail when you take up your lessons in

UPM BMC 3 Land Navigation. While making the route plan you will also be able to develop and identify

the following concerns of the planning and preparation phase. These are:

The itinerary. Transportation to be used to and from the expedition.

Possible lodging.

The budget of the whole trip. The amount of food to prepare and bring. The type of equipment that must be brought along.All of these will also be further discussed in detail as you go along thru the lessons. To help you out

while developing the route plan, you can get the necessary information from the following sources.

The information that you acquire during this stage of the planning process is fully utilized most

especially during first time trips by the team to untravelled sitios, barrios and local regions.

Notes from the scribes of previous expeditions. Interviews from mountaineers and guides who have climbed the area. Guidebooks, tourbooks, and other similar text, e.G.-The Lonely Planet Topographic maps, road maps, and such. These are usually used with the help of a compass. Acquired notes made from an ocular trip made by one or two members of the team to the

possible jump off point a few weeks or months earlier than the given schedule for the trip.

In this day and age, you could try going thru the internet and check out various local web sitesoffering adventure tours and alike.

You can try making an inquiry to the department of tourism, department of environment andnatural resources or similar regional, local and non government offices.

The value of the compass and the topographic maps is limitless especially when it comes toestablishing new routes and first ascents on unexplored areas of the mountains.

With such information at hand the team can familiarize themselves with most aspects of the


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expedition even before leaving the city. The team can then move efficiently and safely through the

trip.

2.5 The Itinerary of the Climb

Theitineraryis basically a detailed breakdown plan of the journey to be undertaken. It should containall the vital information and contact numbers of every person involved in the team and local contacts.

The value of having an itinerary is realized in keeping up with schedules to avoid unnecessary

discomforts such as being forced to do late treks or to set up camp in the dark.

Programming activities maximizes efficient use of time. In multi-day ascents or exploratory climbs,

the *itinerary is usually formulated based on the study of the map which provides an approximation of

the distances to travel. The amount of gear and provisions required is determined by the established

itinerary.

2.6 Climb OrganizationThe Team Leader: The team leader is selected according to his/her familiarity with the mountain and

his/her leadership potential. He /She is given an almost absolute role in decision making on that

climb. However, he/she should also be open-minded enough to accept suggestions, especially on

decisions involving the safety of the party. The Team leader is responsible to select the teams Contact

Person.

The Medic: The medic should have a thorough knowledge of first aid techniques. The medic is

responsible to bring most of the needed first aid kit.

The Scribe: The scribe has the duty of documenting the details of the climb.

The Tail:Also known as the sweeper who is responsible of bringing up the rear. This person mustpossess the patience and ability to motivate people and is familiar with the area.

The Contact Person: The contact person should be present during the pre-climb and has a copy of

the itinerary. Is also responsible for activating a search and rescue team if the team is not contacted

within twenty-four (24) hours of the estimated date/time of arrival.

2.7 Subdividing a team into smaller groups

Subdividing into smaller groups of five to seven members increases the safety factor during a climb. It

also facilitates the sharing of shelter and other equipment. It is easier to plan and prepare meals for

smaller groups. Large groups require large and heavy cooking utensils. Small groups shall have a

group leader who is responsible for the management of his/her members.

2.8 Budgeting

An essential part of climbing is determining the approximate cost of transportation, possible lodging,

meals and other expenses. Each member usually pays for his/her transportation fare. Each member of

a group is assigned with a certain meal to prepare.
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A certain individual may be assigned to prepare a certain meal during the climb. The cost of all the

meals is summed up and payments are settled later (usually in the post-climb meeting). Other

expenses like spare batteries, trail food, etc. are for the account of the individual mountaineer, unless

discussed otherwise by the group members.

2.9 Meal Planning

The amount of food to be carried on an expedition is determined by the length of stay in the wild plus

extra rations in case of emergencies. All the members of the team must avoid buying meal

requirements at the jump-off point because the presence of ingredients, stores or markets in the area

is uncertain. The type and amount of food to be used and brought can be determined by the following

guidelines.

Nutritional value - Meals should be able to provide and replenish the energy requirements of theclimber. This means packing a lot of carbohydrates with protein and fat rich food. It also must be

easy to digest to facilitate faster replenishment of lost energy

Multi-day ascents require meals that will not spoil easily. Food can be preserved through drying,pickling and salting. Food treated with spices and vinegar usually lasts for days. There are also

meals which cant spoil quickly (See Appendix for details)

Meals should not be limited to pre-packaged food or canned goods. The creative outdoorsmancan come up with a hundred different ways of preparing nutritious and delicious meals in thewild. Keep in mind however that the wise backpacker will design menus which will use light

ingredients and easy to prepare with a minimal amount of cooking time involved. Canned tomato

sauce may be replaced by powdered tomato paste. Soup mixes are lighter than their canned

versions. By using light ingredients, you will be able to lessen your load.

Consider the food preference if any of your team members has dietary needs, allergic reactionand religious limits.

A kilo of rice would be the standard amount for 6 people in every meal. Design your meal which uses minimal amounts of water, cooking oil, cooking time and waste

products.

Let the food cool first before packing it this prevents the food from spoiling quickly.


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Moisture is one of the reason vegetables rot easily. If you are bringing one, have it is coveredwith paper to prolong it's life.

2.10 Trail Food

Trail meals are helpful in eliminating hunger and exhaustion during trekking. It can even act as your

main meal if you fail to eat during meal time due to delayed itineraries. Trail food should meet 3

requirements:

It should not induce thirst, since it would induce the climber to consume more water.

Nutritious and must satisfy your bodys energy requirements. Sweets in general, meet thecriteria but may require some catabolic conversions before your body can use it as a fuel.

Easy to prepare and should require little or no cooking at all. Time and fuel constraints must beconsidered. Samples of trail food: Crackers, nuts, candies, chocolates, fresh or dried fruits, corn

flakes, pre-packed gelatins and the eternal G.O.R.P. (Good Old Raisins and Peanuts).

Part 3: Trip to the jump-off point

In every trip, it is important to know the means of transportation the team will be utilizing to get a

basic idea of how much the budget will be allotted for an expedition. Always consider the number of

participants and their backpacks.

Here are general guidelines to keep you abreast:

If youre susceptible to motion sickness, do bring and take the necessary medication an hour ortwo before the ride. Prepare yourself of the discomforts of third world traveling. Its usually

bumpy and dirty and anything can happen.

Avoid wearing any jewelry or flashy wristwatches, it attracts crime. Keep your jacket accessibleinstead.

If possible, make a reservation or buy your tickets beforehand. Inquire about cargo fees andexcess baggage fees. Some liners charge fees for bikes and backpacks.

Assign a member to be the load master or watcher to manage the loading and unloading ofgear. This also heightens the security of all equipment.


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At every station, be considerate that chairs and tables are meant for people and not yourbackpack.

It is always an advantage arriving at a station early so you can reserve (only If it is allowed)seating spaces.

Basic rule in loading: always prioritize the large packs first. Smaller packs are easier to mountjust in case space is not available anymore.

Whether the team is a small group or large one, always seat yourselves together.

Some transports will load your packs on a roof rack. Make sure your packs are waterproofed. Allcash and valuables should be hand-carried in one bag. Some climbers bring elastic cords for

extra securing.

When renting out any means of transport, check if it is in top form to bring you to the jump offpoint. Having a roof rack is always a plus. Make sure that you agreed on a reasonable price

before moving on. Most drivers allow you to pay the other half when you get to your destination.

3.1 Buses Utilize the bottom carriage for your pack only if is free of holes and leaks on the floor.

If the bottom compartment is already full and you have no choice but to bring the pack into thebus, head towards the very back of the bus. Most buses have ample space for your pack either in

front of your seat or behind it.

The team can also utilize the isle for pack space just make sure that you leave enough space forother passengers to pass through

3.2 Jeepneys There are provincial jeep rides that allow passengers to ride on top of roof racks, given the

chance, make sure you wont fall during the experience.


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3.3 Tricycles, Habal-habaland Sky Lab

Motorbikes that are interesting to use if it is the only transport available. Keep in mind thatyour packs can also consume another seat.

3.4 Airplanes Place rock climbing equipment and hardware at the top section of your pack for easy access

because it is always subjected to inspection.

All kinds of stove fuel, pressurized containers, lighters, nail cutters, pocket knives are subject toconfiscation.

If applicable, disassemble stoves and let it dry and leave the cap open before you pack it so nofuel odor will emit lessening the inspection hassles.

If you can manage, try to hand-carry most of your equipment (other than stoves) to lessen anoverweight pack. Most air liners allow up to 7 kilos as long its not bulky.

3.5 Ship Liners, Ferry Boats and Pump Boats

Know before hand how long the trip is going to be so you can bring some creature comforts topass the time away.

Inquire if your ticket includes meals and beddings for the duration of the trip. If meals are notincluded, bring your own meals. ship meals are usually expensive.

Some shipping lines confiscate stove fuel, pressurized containers, lighters and pocket knives.

Its an advantage to travel at least in pairs. If your traveling alone and you need to leave yourpack, hide it where it is hard to reach or clip it to a beddings bar and cover with amalong or

ground sheet. Always bring most of your cash and valuables with you.

Bringing a hammock is a plus just in case you ran out of a seat or bed.

Keep your jacket and sleeping bag accessible as sometimes a ships airconditioning can really getcold.

Smaller boats are generally more vulnerable to strong motion sickness so prepare.
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During bad weather, be advised that small boats are kept docked by local officials.

When renting out a pump boat, having a tarp roof is a plus so you wont get toasted under thesun.

If your gear gets wet, wash it with fresh water as soon as possible. Salt stains when it dries up.

Part 4: Climb Proper

4.1 Group Formation

During the trek, there are some conventions followed regarding group formation. Some are listed

below:

The lead man is always in front and is responsible for pacing the group, while the Tail isresponsible for bringing up the rear.

Formation on narrow trails should be single file. Overtaking should be avoided but if a needarises, inform the climber in front of you that you need to overtake in a courteous way.

The ideal distance between two climbers is approximately two (2) meters. This gap will giveclimbers some space in which to negotiate the trail and proceed along the groups pace.

Large groups can do compression stops to close long gaps between fellow climbers. Trekkingtogether heightens the safety factor. Compression stops are not rest stops.

4.2 Trail Signals The signal for stopping is one long whistle blasts - and to commence trekking, two short whistle

blasts.

The lead and tail men are the only persons who can give orders to stop or proceed.

The international mountaineering distress signal is six (6) blasts to a minute. To signal aid is onthe way, give (3) blasts to a minute.


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4.3 Pacing Always start with a slow pace to slowly warm up your muscles. Then gradually change your pace

to the groups desired pace.

Maintain a steady rhythm while trekking. When negotiating steep slopes, keep the rhythm (pace)by shortening your strides. On level ground, maintain the rhythm by taking longer strides.

Do not allow anyone to lag behind. An isolated climber heightens the risk factor in an expedition.

Should there be a need to stop, inform the lead or tail man so that he or she can give theappropriate order to stop.

The pace of the group should be that of the slowest member or the person who has the heaviestload. This prevents a large team spread along the trail in very long gaps. In some cases, a

struggling or an injured climber can be deployed at the rear part ONLY if he/she will trek with

his/her groupmates.

4.4 Trekking Techniques

In negotiating the trail, some techniques must be kept in mind in order to provide the safest and least

difficult route to the summit or objective. Some guidelines are mentioned here.

The ridge line is preferred in route finding. Avoid waterways and gullies since water always takesthe steepest route down the mountain.


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Prevent muddy spots from turning into 10-20 foot wide mud highways. Be sure to stay on thetrail if it is muddy or wet. If you walk around the mud the trail will widen and become even

muddier in the future. Mud is part of the backcountry challenge. Expect it. Hike through it. It is

not that difficult. You can even use a stick, walking staff or trek pole to help gauge the depth of

the mud and to help you with balance.
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Source: Chris Conway, Yosemite Falls

Foot prints will also tell you how deep a mud is. Its faster to step on someones foot print thanexploring an alternative path. On steep trails, boot skid marks also tells you that someone

already slipped here so avoid it if you can. If your boot got stuck on the mud, just step

backwards to let it free.
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Logs are generally slippery especially when wet so the option of walking on the ground besidethe log lessens the chances for you to have an accident.
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If a log or a fallen tree is blocking the trail: check if it is safe to pass, either crawl under or walkover by stepping on joints of branches. If it is not pasable, make a detour.

If a log is quite high to step on, you can sit on the log and make a pivoting move by moving yourboth legs over the log, these lessens the strain on your legs.

File:High log.jpg

4.5 Descending Reposition heavy items (mostly wet clothes or tent) at the bottom part of your pack prevents

pushing your head first to the ground when you lose balance.

To maintain balance and traction during descent, learn to dig first with your heel or the side ofyour foot.

When there is a need to hold on roots or vines, first test if they are sturdy enough to carry yourweight and that they do not have any thorns.
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If the terrain is too steep and slippery, face the wall and step downwards as if you are goingdown a ladder.

4.6 River Crossing

River crossings can be dangerous. Depth and strength of the current will affect your movement in thewater. It is therefore important to assess the need to cross the river before proceeding. Check the

area for other avenues to get safely across like natural bridges or shallower portions. If you are in any

doubt as to the safety of a river, you should not attempt a crossing. Certain precautions can be taken

when crossing a river becomes necessary:

Loosen shoulder strap, unfasten your hipbelt and sternum strap when crossing rivers andstreams - whether a log bridge, over rocks or through the water itself. This will allow you to

remove your backpack quickly in case you fall into the water. Backpacks tend to float and will

trap your body which is less bouyant (forcing you) under the water.
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Bend your knees and face the incoming current for better balance. Cross in a diagonal line of theriver so you are able to see any approaching debris.

Wet and mossy rocks (usually green) are very slippy so AVOID stepping directly on top of it. Setyour foot in between rocks instead for better grip. In case your foot got stuck in between rocks,

pull it by stepping backwards.
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Face the current. Water carries floating debris downstream which may hit you if you are unawareor not paying attention.

When crossing alone in knee-deep water, it is advisable to make use of a stick. This will help youmaintain your balance by acting as your third leg and will also function as a prod to check what is

under the water.

When crossing in groups, hold hands and cross in a triangular formation in threes. This will helpyou maintain balance and deflect the current. Again loosen shoulder strap, unfasten your hipbelt

and sternum strap as the group crosses.

When the water exceeds waist level, the use of a rope is recommended. A rope is strung acrossthe body of the water diagonally downstream and used as a guide for the members crossing.

Climbers should stay on the downstream side.

When strung perpendicularly to the current, ropes tend to sag in the middle when loaded whichwill hinder movement. It is also advisable to remove your backpack before crossing, to lessen the

drag. It will be easier and safer to pull it across later, after crossing.
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Flash Floods - Flash floods are lethal. Do not attempt to cross during a flashflood. The watercurrent can turn deadly very quickly and often without any warning. The strong and fast current

often carry large debris that can sweep you into the river even if you are crossing with the

assistance of a rope line, trekking poles or locked arms with a fellow trekker. It is best to be

cautious and wait on higher ground for the flash flood to subside as it does not last for very long.

Flash floods are often preceded by a sudden heavy downpour or a long spell of rain. The color of

the water may turn from clear to the color of light tea or beer to coffee. There are no observable

audible signs as they may be drowned out by the sound of rain, and they are observable visually

only when they are full-blown and thus already Deadly. (The occurrence of flash floods may

intensify in frequency due to denudation of mountain slopes, quarrying, river silting, obstructions

to the normal flow of waterways and the increasing intensity and frequency of storms due to

Global Warming and Climate Change.)

4.7 Rests

The interval between different stops will usually depend on the difficulty of the terrain encountered.

Some guidelines are listed below:

Treks on level ground - five (5) minutes rest for every hour of hiking.

Ascents - five (5) minutes rest for every thirty (30) minutes of hiking; on steep slopes - five (5)minutes rest for every fifteen (15) minutes of hiking.

Descents - five (5) minutes of rest for every hour of hiking.

During rest periods, do not sit or lie down at once. Keep standing at least thirty (30) seconds toallow your pulse to normalize before sitting down. Drinking too much too quickly will induce an

abrupt lowering of your body temperature. When the Team Leader signals for the resumption of

the trek check your equipment and immediate surroundings before packing-up and heed the

signal of the lead man promptly.

4.8 Trail Signs

There will be times when you have to communicate with other members of your team or even other

teams during a climb through the use of natural materials to make trail signs. The use of colored

ribbons and straws are easily seen but it is discouraged because of its visual impact on the

environment.


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Go this way:

Rocks Grass Twigs

Dont go this way:"Block the wrong trail with twigs or grass only.

Danger:

Rocks Grass Twigs

Its confusing placing trails signs in the middle of the fork, instead place it where it is easily seen

towards the desired direction. Trail signs should be ideally placed on every bend so it would be also

visible for night trekking.

No Yes
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4.9 Trail Etiquette

When trailblazing, avoid the indiscriminate cutting of vegetation. Do not leave

hack marks as trail signs on trees. Keep trailblazing to a minimum to preserve

the natural state of the wilderness. Inform the person behind you of imminent

obstacles or dangers along the path.

When the group is unsure of the proper path toward the objective, the team

should take a break to allow several members scout for the right trail or path.

Side trails not in use should be closed off to prevent others from using them.

This can be done by blocking the path with sticks or branches.
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"Short-cutting" a switchback is bad trail etiquette because it kills vegetation

and loosens soil creating a new trail straight up and down the hill, which will in

time get large and hollowed out from erosion. Do your part to keep our trails

beautiful and control erosion.

Do not litter. If you find litter on the trail, pick it up.

Smoking on the trail or during short rests is strictly prohibited.

Inform the person in front of you if they dropped anything on the trail or if you

notice loose straps, flaps, belts and knots on their clothes, packs or shoes that

may have come loose during the trek.

If you get lost, do not panic. Asses your position and then take the necessary

steps to find the correct route. Remember S.T.O.P. means: Stop, Think,

Observe and Plan. More on land navigation are taught in the U.P. Mountaineers

BMC 3 Lecture.
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In the event of an accident, keep the victim comfortable and relaxed.

Administer first-aid and if possible, transfer the person to the nearest clinic or

hospital.

Part 5: The Post-Climb Meet

An essential part of the climbing experience is the climbs assessment. This is where the participants

of the climb give their personal feedback on the climb. The team should meet within five (5) days

after the climb to review the strong and weak points of the climb to allow for tempers to cool to have

an objective and accurate analysis during the assessment. All the participants of the climb arerequired to attend the post-climb meeting.

The team leader presides at the meeting while the scribe takes down the notes. For future reference,

the scribe fills up the Climb Report Form and submit it to the secretariat for filling within two (2) days

after the assessment. As a rule, all group equipment must be returned during the post-climb meeting.

The whole discussion will begin from the time the climb was announced, to the conducting of the pre-

climb meeting, trip to the jump-off, climb proper, descent and the trip home. The most important

aspect should be discussed are those incidents that went wrong during the whole activity. The teammust identify the factors that contributed to the occurrence of the incident. The team must also

discuss on how and what needs to be done to prevent it from happening again. Always remember to

have an open mind and an attitude to improve yourself.

Part 6: Leave No Trace Principle (LNT)Plan Ahead and Prepare:

Know the area and what to expect. Repackage food to minimize waste. Select appropriate equipment. Respect other visitors desire for solitude. Learn about local habitats and what it takes to protect them.Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:

Concentrate use in resistance areas. Avoid places where impact is just beginning.
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Camp away from existing water. Conserve water. Avoid polluting water sources.Dispose of waste properly:

Bring out inorganic and organic waste, including food scraps. Carry out litter left by others. Dispose of human waste responsibly. Minimize soap and food scraps in wastewater.Leave What You Find:

Protect cultural resources, including archaeological artifacts. Avoid damaging live trees and plants. Leave natural objects.Minimize Campfire Impacts:

Fires are sometimes appropriate, but firewood selection, gathering and use, as well as carefulcampfire site selection and fire tending are critical to minimizing impact.

Respect Wildlife:

Enjoy Wildlife at a Distance, Never Feed Wildlife, Store Food Securely, Minimize Noise, AvoidSensitive Habitat, Avoid disturbing wildlife.

Be considerate of other visitors:

Avoid Conflicts Minimize Crowding Respect the Privacy of Other Visitors Let Natures Sounds Prevail.

Part 7: Water Management

Ideally this should be the standard amount of water to bring for an overnight climb. Each individual is

required to bring 5 liters of water. The breakdown is as follows:

1 Liter trail water

2 liters personal use

2 liters group use


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7.1 Water Discipline

There are times when you are tempted from sneek drinks from the assigned group water and later

ending short of a pint or two to finish off cooking your rice and for your groups consumption.

Make sure you are fully hydrated before starting the trek.

Avoid drinking in huge gulps but in sips instead also learn to tolerate a certain period of hourswithout any water intake, two hours at best.

It will be your responsibility to bring extra load of water if its in your nature to consume a lot ofwater.

When you do run out of water, look for a water source; this will be discussed further on U.P.Mountaineers Basic Mountaineering Course 3 Land Navigation.

7.2 Water Treatment

When water sources are suspicious and needs precautionary measures to be done, these are the

options that you can do:

Filter murky or colored water through clean cloths or allow it to settle. It is

better to both settle and filter.

Boiling is the surest method to make water safe to drink and kill disease-causing microorganisms likeGiardia lambliaandCryptosporidium, which are

frequently found in rivers and lakes.
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Boil filtered and settled water vigorously for one minute, at altitudes above one

mile, boil for three minutes.

Tincture of iodine. For cloudy water add ten drops for every liter and let the

solution stand for at least 30 minutes.

To improve the flat taste of boiled water, aerate it by pouring it back and forth

from one container to another and allow it to stand for a few hours, (or add a

pinch of salt for each quart or liter of water boiled.)

You can use tincture of iodine or Betadine to disinfect filtered and settled water.

Common household iodine from the medicine chest or first aid kit may be used

to disinfect water (Remember, 1/8 teaspoon and 8 drops are about the same

quantity.) Treated water has medicinal after taste so you can add powdered

uice to overwhelm it.

Water Filters. There are a number of devices on the market that filter out

microorganisms. A water filter pumps water through a microscopic filter that is

rated for a certain-size organism. The standard size rating is the micron (the

period at the end of this sentence is about 600 microns). Depending on the

micron rating of the filter, smaller organisms (like viruses) can pass through so

be cautious when selecting a filter.

Sources:

Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water-U.S. Environmental Protection Committee

Outdoor Action Program Guide to Water Purification The Backpacker's Field Manual by Rick Curtis first edition published by

Random House March, 1998
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Part 8: Garbage Management

8.1 Trash at jump-off points Trash of any kind should not be left at jump-off points. It should be brought back to the city for

proper disposal. In some rural areas, the usual mode of disposing trash is by burning, burying

and even dumping in waterways. It is better that we know where our trash goes.

We also do not want to reinforce the locals behavior of collecting trash from climbers. If thelocals keep on collecting trash from visitors, sooner or later, their dumping pits would not be able

hold the garbage that climbers bring. Politely refuse if a local asks you to leave your trash in

their pits. But if they tell you that they intend to recycle the plastic containers and tin cans, give

your recyclabes to them. Giving them these items is better than bringing these back home and

just throwing these away.

8.2 Individual Trash Individual trash is better than group trash. Small amount of trash is easier to carry than large

ones. Since you will be bringing your trash back home, it would be unfair for the individual who is

in charge of the groups trash to bring it home with him/her.

Every member of the group should be responsible for his/her own garbage. We want to instillresponsibilty for our own trash among our members.

8.3 Other climbing team's trash Pick up trash you see along the way.

When you see trash left by other climbers on the campsite, bring them with you for properdisposal. Inform appropriate barangay officials of the misconduct you noted so that in the future,

they will be more stringent in checking if climbers brought down their trash with them.

8.4 Garbage Segregation Practice garbage segregation even in the outdoors. This is one small step we can easily do for

the environment.


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Do not bury your garbage in the outdoors even if some of it is biodegradable. Food items left incampsite would attract animals and ants. You would not want to pitch your tent near an ant hill

the next time you camp out in that same place.

Part 9: Climbing Checklist

Familiarity with the equipment used in mountaineering is a requirement for any serious outdoorsman.

Bringing the right equipment will spell the difference between a comfortable nights rest and a

miserable, sometimes disastrous, night in the wild. For this course, we will discuss the items that

should go into your backpack for a comfortable and safe stay in the wild. We will also discuss attire for

trekking and the proper care and maintenance of equipment. Bringing military-issued equipment is

discouraged.

Here is a suggested checklist format but remember that what works for you might not work for

others. You can make your own version of checklist in due time. Climbing items has 9 categories:

Essentials, Group Equipment, Clothing and Sleeping Gear, Food Provisions, Survival Kit or Emergency

Rations, First Aid Kit, Repair Kit, Toiletries, and Optional Items. They are as follows:

9.1 Essentials

Money

Ideally bring extra cash or an ATM card as back up for the trip. Always bring it

with you during transit. Be discreet counting cash in public places. Leave all the

unnecessary items inside your wallet.

Cellular phone and other means of communication

Bring extra batteries for multi day trips.
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Identification Card

Any kind of identification you can carry during a climb is helpful.

Dog Tag and Whistle

Your name tag (with your blood type) and whistle should always be worn during

a climb for emergency use.

Hiking Boots

Some trekkers consider their boots as being their most essential piece of

personal equipment. Trekking sandals are extremely light, but they are not

going to give you good support or protect your feet. A good pair of boots is:

Ankle-high to prevent sprains

Cleated for traction

Sturdy enough to withstand heavy use and exposure to the elements.

There are two types of materials or fabrics used to fabricate boots used in

tropical climates, the all-leather boot and the lightweight boot. The all leather

boot is usually sturdier, more supportive and water repellant, but is warm and

heavy. The lightweight boot is lighter and cooler but less water resistant and

provides less ankle support. A boot with a low impact sole is to be preferred to

a boot an aggressive sole. These new soles provide good traction while helping

minimize your impact upon the trail and help prevent erosion.
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Backpack

An ideal backpack would be large enough to contain all the gear and provisions

you will need for a certain trip. Since backpacks come in design and several

sizes, make sure your backpack should also be sturdy enough to endure for

rough handling and carrying heavy loads.

The Internal Frame Pack: Are designed to hug the body more closely and give

the arms room to move. They provide good balance on steep ascents and ease

of movement when moving along narrow trails. Features like lumbar pads

increase comfort and compression straps help balance the load in the sack.

Since an internal frame pack is supported only by two parallel stays, you must

balance your load with more care than you would when using an external.

SeeParts of an Internal Frame Pack

Lighter and Matches

Bring at lest 3 lighters or match boxes and waterproofed it individually. Placing

it in different locations inside the pack heightens the chances of still having a

dry one just in case the backpack gets soaking wet.

Flash Light and Batteries

Always bring extra bulbs and batteries. You can add a thin layer of petroleum

elly on joints that you think water will sip through. Pushing it further, bring an

extra unit as back- up.
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Folding Knife

This is a small and compact knife which can be folded into its handle for

convenience and protection

An example is the Swiss Army Knife. It often has other accessories such as a

can opener, a saw, a screwdriver and other useful tools. The blade is used for

cutting rope, cooking, whittling and other camp chores.

SeeCare of the folding knife

Trail Water

Must be accessible during trekking. It can be a Lexan plastic, Polyethylene

Terephthalate bottle (PET) or hydration bladder that has a hose and a bite

valve that most backpacks today provide. Tuck your hose inside the pack while

in transit avoiding damage.

Wind Breaker / Rain Gear / Poncho

Tropical mountaineering is always wet so its mandatory to bring one.

Water Containers

Pack it OUTSIDE the waterproofing so when it accidentally leaks or bursts

during transit, your gear will stay dry.
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Mess kit with spoon and fork

Preferably aluminum because its light, easy to clean and have a higher melting

point that can also be used for cooking. You can also bring a Spork which is ahybrid of spoon and fork to lessen the weight of your load.

Notebook and Pencil

One can document the climb and keep important notes that will be of good use

someday. This should be also be waterproofed.

Plastic Bags and Trash Bags

Bring extra for other purposes. Prefer the clear" cellophanes because its easier

to look for a gear when it is fully stuffed.

Sandals / Slippers

Wearing a pair of slippers is a good way of relieving the swelling and is also

convenient and a low impact way of moving around the campsite because of its

mild traction.

9.2 Group Equipment

The group equipment is divided among the members of the group. Each is assigned a specific

equipment to bring. If a climber fails to participate in the climb because he/she got sick, it is his/her

responsibility to bring his/her assigned group equipments and group food to the assembly place before

the climb.
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Tent

Includes: poles, tent body, flysheet and pegs. Ideally, the tent sack and

especially the poles must be inside the pack during transit to avoid losing it.Tents are further discussed in the U.P. Mountaineers BMC2 lecture.

Stove

If you dont have a stove case, roll it with any cloth or synthetic material to

cushion it inside the pack. Operating the stove is discussed in the U.P.

Mountaineers BMC 2 lecture.

Groundsheet

The ground sheet serves as a waterproof barrier between the ground and the

tent floor. It is usually made of plastic.

Bolo with Sheath and Whet Stone

This implement is usually made of carbon or stainless steel and is about 12

inches in length. It should have a textured handle to ensure a good grip. It is

useful for trailblazing and digging cat holes. For safety, this tool should be kept

in locking sheaths. A whet stone would be useful in case the bolo would require

sharpening. During transit,the Bolo must be inside the pack. This topic shall be

discussed more lengthily in the in the U.P. Mountaineers BMC 2 lecture.
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Map and Compass

Must be waterproofed and accessible at all times. A topographic map (scale 1:

50,000) of the area to be climbed is available at the National Mapping and

Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA). The compass may be the lensatic

type or protractor type. The latter is more convenient when used in conjunction

with the map. This topic shall be discussed more lengthily in the U.P.

Mountaineers BMC 3 lecture.

Rope with rope bag or plastic for waterproofing

A Hauser or Kernmantle rope of about 100-150 feet in length with a diameter of

11 mm. is ideal. This topic shall be discussed more lengthily in the U.P.

Mountaineers BMC 2 Lecture.

U.P. Mountaineers Flag

Camping Lamp

Make sure that your team will be bringing extra fuel and mantle.
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Hardware (Rock climbing equipment)

Trowel

Since trowels are made primarily for gardening, it comes in various sizes and

weight so choose the lightest one.

9.3 Clothing and Sleeping Gear

The type and amount of clothing to bring on a trek depends on the length of the trek and the

conditions you expect to encounter. Outdoor clothing should be able to provide protection against the

elements.

Avoid wearing or using neon colored clothing and equipment. Studies show that because it isnt a

natural color, some species of fauna become stressed just by seeing it and can disturb their natural

behavioral pattern.

No of days + 1 - Mountaineers follow this rule to avoid excessive clothes. Bundle it per day on

separate ziplock plastic bags.

Layering

Layering is the process of wearing several thin layers of clothing to help regulate the heat around your

body that is better than wearing one thick layer. Layering works by heating the dead air spaces

around your body, thus creating better insulation. In extremely wet conditions, its warmer to wear

layers of wet clothes than frequently change into one dry clothing.
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Base Layer

Its the clothing next to skin. Perspiration is a natural component of

exertion, and a base layer helps regulate your body's microclimate by

wicking moisture away from your skin so that it can evaporate or be passedthrough the other layers.

Samples: synthetic, mid-weight, long underwear (top and bottom) synthetic

or wool gloves

Insulation Layer

Known also as mid layer, it minimizes conductive heat loss.

Samples: fleece jacket / down / wool sweater fleece pants

Outer Layer

Also known as "Shell" that shields from rain and wind. It also available in

Hardshell and Softshell hybrid.

Samples: poncho or waterproof/windproof breathable suit

Sleeping Pad

Made of synthetic material which should be large enough to accommodate your

whole upper body. This serves as your barrier from water and the cold ground.
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Sleeping Bag

The ideal tropical sleeping bag is light, compact and quick drying but warm

enough to provide protection. Three-season sleeping bags are more than

adequate for tropical climbing. Filling materials for sleeping bags include foam,

fiber baffling, polyester, cotton and down. These materials determine the

suitability of the bag for certain conditions, as some filling material provide

more protection than others.

SeeProper care of sleeping bag

9.4 Food Provisions Trail Food

Packed Lunch: A climber can avoid cooking food at the early stages of hiking due to timeconstraints. It weighs lighter if it is placed in a resealable plastic bag than in a hard plastic case.

Fuel for the stove: For an overnight climb, every person must bring the standard amount of fuel.You can bring extra amount of liquid fuel into the stove if you need to be extra sure.

Liquid Type Fuel- Gas, Kerosene, White Gas, Watch Cleaner and Lighter Fluid = 11 fl. oz. or 325 ml.

or roughly 2 containers e.g. Fuji

Cartridge Type Fuel- Bluette, Camping Gaz etc= 2 containers

Cooking Oil: Used cooking oil will be brought down by using a PET bottle.

Group Food: Take advantage of using re-sealable plastic bags and containers to minimize trashbut label your plastic containers for multi-day trips so that you wont forget whats inside.

Remove paper labels from cans and use a marker to write down the brand.
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Rice and Eggs:The rice placed inside a plastic container cushions the eggs in your pack.Waterproof the eggs individually before putting it inside the container so if the eggs crack, it will

not spill.

Cooksets: Varies in forms and sizes. It is also made of aluminum, stainless steel or titaium.Some cooksets already have Teflon coating (non-stick surface) for easier frying and cleaning.

9.5 Survival Kit / Emergency Ration

The survival kit should be put into a compact and waterproof container which can be carried by the

person during short hikes without a backpack. Survival kits are usually placed in a packs top

compartment for easy access and portability.

The contents include: extra trail food, waterproofed matches, a plastic tarp, a surgical rubber tube and

a signal mirror.

9.6 First Aid Kit

This kit contains essential supplies such as Personal Medicine, Triangular or Elastic bandages, Forceps,

medication for fever, diarhea, Anti -allergies, skin irritation, other illnesses, Puritabs, alcohol or

Betadine, insect repellent and disinfectant. This kit should always be checked before every climb and

is to be placed in a waterproofed container.

9.7 Repair Kit

Contains: Tying string, duct tape, tent seam sealer, extra buckle, needle and nylon string, etc.

9.8 Toiletries

Bring only a suitable amount you need based on the number of days of the trip.

Toilet Paper: Mountaineers should also refarin from using non biodegradable moist towelletes.

Toothbrush and toothpaste: Lessen the bulk and weight by stuffing the toothpaste in miniziplocks

Dental Floss: It can be used also as a thread in your repair kit.

Sun Block: Waterproof and water-resistant sunscreens are best since effectiveness is not reducedby perspiration.

Biodegradable Soap: All soaps, unfortunately even b

Documents

Basic mountaineering