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Basic grove management – Pruning and biennial bearing
Leandro Ravetti, Modern Olives
2012 AOA National Olive Industry Conference & Trade Exhibition
Olive Physiology
Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Year n Year n + 1
Shoot Growth
Shoot Growth
Flowering Development Full Bloom & Pollination
Fruit Growth
Pit Hardening Oil Accumulation
Harvest
OLIVE GROWING CYCLE
Biennial Bearing
Involvement of plant regulators and endogenous growth substances in the control of alternate bearing. Lavee, S. Acta Horticulturae 239, 1989
Biennial Bearing
ENVIRONMENT
Growth Rate of vegetative and reproductive
development
Fruit Level of hormonal
signal
Leaf Metabolism Mature buds
Degree of differentiation or
inhibition
Growth regulators Establishment of
equilibrium
Environment
Climatic aspects • Winter chilling. • Damaging frosts. • Adverse conditions at flowering time.
Agronomic aspects • Irrigation. • Fertilisation. • Pest and disease management.
Impact of fruit on biennial bearing
Involvement of plant regulators and endogenous growth substances in the control of alternate bearing. Lavee, S. Acta Horticulturae 239, 1989
Biennial Bearing
Dag, A et al; Timing of fruit removal affects concurrent vegetative growth and subsequent return bloom and yield in olive (Olea europaea L.); Scientia Horticulturae; 2009
Lavee, S et al; Biology and physiology of the olive; World Olive Enciclopedia; IOC; 1996
Fruit Thinning
Hand Thinning • To be completed 3 weeks after full bloom. • Leave an average of 6 olives/30cm of twig. • Very expensive. Chemical Thinning • NAA by time (12 to 18 days AFB). • NAA by fruit size (between 3 and 5 mm). • Concentrations between 120 and 180 ppm. • Urea (Approx. 20 days AFB). • Concentrations between 2% and 6% have been trialed.
Pruning
Pruning
IMPROVE CANOPY EFFICIENCY
• Better light interception.
• Higher leaf to wood ratio.
• Minimal alternant bearing.
• Easier management of the grove.
• Cheaper and more efficient harvesting
operation.
Optimal volume of canopy
The productivity of an olive grove depends on light interception and on canopy volume that is appropriately
illuminated (+30% of radiation).
Training systems
Optimal volume of canopy Pruning
Optimal canopy volume
Juvenile period Adult period
Years
Canopy volume/ha
Optimal volume of canopy
Optimal volume of canopy
Optimal volume of canopy
Early Harvest
Genetics
Typically low alternate bearing • Arbequina. • Arbosana. • Picual. • Pendolino. • Chemlali. Typically high alternate bearing • Coratina. • Barnea. • Frantoio. • Leccino. • Picholine.
Girdling
Girdling
Girdling
Girdling
Girdling
Involvement of plant regulators and endogenous growth substances in the control of alternate bearing. Lavee, S. Acta Horticulturae 239, 1989
Conclusions