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BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi Cardiology Div, Dept of Internal Med , Faculty of Medicine, Univ of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital

BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

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Page 1: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

BASIC

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY :

PW AND CW MODE

Muhadi

Cardiology Div, Dept of Internal Med , Faculty of Medicine, Univ of Indonesia,

Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital

Page 2: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

ObjectivesTransthoracal Echocardiography (TTE)

Understand normal and simple abnormal

findings in PW and CW mode

echocardiography

Page 3: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

The Modalities of Echo

The following modalities of echo are used clinically:

1. Conventional echo

Two-Dimensional echo (2-D echo) :

anatomical assessment, valvular movement, RWMA

Motion- mode echo (M-mode echo) :

motion assessment over time, distance or depth measurement

2. Doppler Echo

All modalities follow the same principle of ultrasound

Differ in how reflected sound waves are collected and analysed

Page 4: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Echo machine

Page 5: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Doppler Echocardiography

Page 6: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Doppler Echocardiography

Konsep echocardiografi doppler adalah menangkap

sinyal yang dipantulkan oleh sel darah merah, sehingga

dapat ditentukan adanya aliran darah, arah kecepatan,

dan karakteristik aliran.

Page 7: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Doppler Echocardiography

Dikenal 2 modalitas doppler yaitu :

Doppler spectrum (spectral doppler), terdiri

dari :

1. PW ‘pulsed wave doppler’

(doppler gelombang pulsasi)

2. CW ‘continuous wave doppler’

(doppler gelombang kontinu)

CF ‘Color flow doppler’ ‘Color flow mapping’

(CFM)

Page 8: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Doppler equation

Page 9: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Estimation of blood flow velocity is dependent on

incident angle between ultrasound beam and

blood flow

Angle Cosine Percentage error

0 1 0

10 0.98 2

20 0.94 7

30 0.87 13

60 0.5 50

90 0 100

Page 10: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Spectral analysis

Positive doppler shift-flow towards transducer

Traditionally displayed above

baseline

Negative doppler shift-flow away from

transducer

Displayed below zero baseline

Page 11: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

ECHO dynamic assessment

• 2D image : • anatomical assessment, valvular movement, RWMA

• M mode :

• motion assessment over time, distance or depth measurement

• CW and PW : • haemodynamic assessment, calculate velocity, then

pressure gradients

• CFM :

• both haemodynamic and anatomical information

Page 12: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

PW

Dengan PW transmisi sinyal gelombangsuara dikirim dalam bentuk pulsasi (‘pulse’).

Dapat dilakukan pemeriksaaan pada area tertentu dari suatu area aliran denganmenggunakan yang disebut ‘sample volume’, yang merupakan marka daridaerah yang diinginkan, pada alatekokardiografi ditandai dengan dua garissejajar.

Page 13: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Sample Volume

Page 14: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

PW

Informasi yang dapat diperoleh berupa

:

Pengukuran fungsi diastolik

Pengukuran isi sekuncup dan curah

jantung

Pengukuran area mitral atau orifisium

aorta

Mengukur besarnya shunt

Page 15: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Pengukuran fungsi diastolik LV

Page 16: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Pulsed Wave (PW) for inflow pattern

(MV)

Page 17: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

LV-DIASTOLIC FUNCTION

Oh JK; Echo manual, 2007

Page 18: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Continuity equation

Page 19: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

The Continuity Equation

Page 20: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Pengukuran isi sekuncup dan curah

jantung melalui Aortic Valve flow danMitral Valve flow

Page 21: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

VELOCITY TIME INTEGRAL

(VTI)

Aliran darah bersifat pulsatif maka

perhitungan volumetric flow kompleks karena

kecepatan tidak konstan.

Karena itulah diambil pengukuran VTI

VTI = area under curve (cm/sec) X sec

Mengukur jarak yang ditempuh sel darah

pada setiap siklus jantung

VTI = “stroke distance”

Page 22: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

VELOCITY TIME INTEGRAL (VTI)

VTI diperoleh dengan cara mengikuti ujung

spektrum kecepatan

Page 23: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities
Page 24: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities
Page 25: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

CW

Transmisi gelombang suaraberlangsung secara kontinu, sehingga spektrum lebih luas darisemua area yang dilewatigelombang suara.

Gelombang kontinu dapatmenangkap aliran darah kecepatantinggi dengan baik tanpa terjadialiasing, yaitu suatu keadaangambar doppler terputus akibatterlampauinya batas maksimalkecepatan yang dapat diukurdengan doppler.

CW sangat bermanfaat utkmenangkap sinyal dari aliranfrekuensi tinggi seperti stenosis katup, dan pengukuransemikuantitatif dari regurgitasi.

Page 26: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

VTI CW Doppler in TR

Page 27: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Apa pentingnya kecepatan aliran darah ?

Pressure Gradient

The modified Bernoulli equation is applied to

convert velocity to pressure

Pressure gradients are useful for assessment of

severity

of valvular stenosis and estimation of intracardiac

pressures .

Pressure gradients commonly determined by

Doppler include :

1) Maximum instantaneous pressure gradient

2) Mean pressure gradient

Page 28: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Severity of AS by PG

Page 29: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

MS : MV Pressure Gradient

Page 30: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Pressure Half Time (PHT)

Page 31: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Pressure Half Time (PHT)

Severity AR PHT

MILD > 550 msec

MODERA

TE

300-550 msec

SEVERE < 300 msec

AR MS

Page 32: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

CF/CFM

Prinsip CFM adalah sama dengan PW tetapimenangkap sinyal pada beberapa titik sepanjanggaris penyitraan.

Dengan kesepakatan diberi warna merah utkaliran darah yang mendekati transducer danwarna biru yang menjauhi transducer “BART system” (Blue Away Red Towards Transducer)

Pada keadaan tertentu dimana aliran bersifatturbulen terjadi campuran warna merah dan biruatau mosaik

Page 33: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

CFM

Informasi yang diperoleh :

Menentukan arah dan waktu aliran

Menentukan sifat aliran laminar atau

turbulen

Page 34: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Color Flow Mapping in

MR

Page 35: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Colour Flow Doppler in MR

Severity of

MR

LVOT jet width

Mild < 25 % of LVOT

Moderate 25-65 % of LVOT

Severe > 65 % of LVOT

Page 36: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Severity of AR LVOT jet width

Mild < 25 % of LVOT

Moderate 25-65 % of LVOT

Severe > 65 % of LVOT

Colour Flow Doppler in AR

Page 37: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

Colour Flow Doppler in TR

Page 38: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

KESIMPULAN

Page 39: BASIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : PW AND CW MODE Muhadi... · Understand normal and simple abnormal findings in PW and CW mode echocardiography. The Modalities of Echo The following modalities

TERIMA KASIH