Basic Construction Equipments

8/12/2019 Basic Construction Equipments

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Construction Machinery

inCivil Engineering Projects

P&CM-Design Class(4thsemester)

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Excavators3


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Excavators are heavy constructionequipment consisting of a boom, bucket andcab on a rotating platform (known as thehouse)

The house sits atop an undercarriage withtracks or wheels.

The design is a natural progression fromsteam shovel

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A steam shovelFell out of use in 1930s

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USES OF EXCAVATOR

Digging of trenches, holes, foundations

Material handling

Demolition

General grading/landscapingHeavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes

Mining

Riverdredging

Driving piles, in conjunction with a Pile Driver

Clearing roads (ways) after storms, landslides etc.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_Driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_Driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_Driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench


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Excavation of Earth

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Demolition of Existing Structures

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Materialhandling

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Types of Excavators

Hydraulic Shovel-Upward Motion Hydraulic Hoe-Downward Arc

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Built by KRUPP of Germany

45,500 tons

95 meters height

215 meters long

Worlds biggest excavator

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Worlds biggest excavator

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Terex Titan by General Motors 1973

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Special Mega

Dumpers

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Belly Dump Trailer

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Rollers25


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A roller (sometimes also known as thecompactor roller or Compactor) is anEngineering Vehicle used to compact

soil, gravel, concrete or Asphalt in theconstruction of roads and foundations,Roadway Sub-grades/bases, Earth-fill

Dams.

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A horse drawn road roller from 1800s 27


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Steam Roller (till 1950s in America) 28


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Advantages of Compaction

Obtaining a greater soil unit weight.

Reduction or prevention of settlement.

Increase in strength. Improve bearing capacity.

Control volume changes

Lower permeability

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Types of Rollers

1. Walk behind Vibratory rollers.

2. Smooth drum vibrating rollers.

3. Sheep foot rollers.4. Tamping Rollers.

5. Pneumatic-tired rollers

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1. Walk behind Vibrating rollers

Small walk behind vibrating rollers havewidth in range of 24 to 38 in

These rollers are specially designed fortrench work, for working in confined areasand for working in areas near walls.

It is preferred that their drum extends

beyond the sides of roller body, so thatcompaction adjacent to the walls can beachieved.

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Walk Behind Roller

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2. Smooth drum vibrating rollers

Can be used on all soil types except forrocky soils.

Vibration normally varies from 1000 to5000 per min.

100% coverage under the wheel

Contact pressure up to 380 kPa

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Smooth Drum Roller 35


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3. Sheep-foot Rollers

Has many round or rectangular shapedprotrusions or feet attached to a steeldrum

They have steel wheels equipped withcylindrical pads normally not less than 10

in length.

8% ~ 12 % coverage

Contact pressure is from 1400 to 7000 kPa

It is best suited for clayed soils.

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4. Tamping Rollers

The rollers usually have four steel paddedwheels and can be equipped with a blade tohelp level the lift.

Both Sheep foot and Tamping rollers cantadequately compact the upper 2 to 3 in of lift.

About 40% coverage

Contact pressure is from 1400 to 8400 kPa It is best for compacting fine-grained soils

(silt and clay).

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Tamping Roller

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SHEEPSFOOT VS TAMPING ROLLER

No fluffing of soil

Kicking up orfluffing of soil

Roller

Sheepsfoot Roller

Roller

Tamping Roller

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5. Pneumatic-tired Rollers

Each unit has two tandem axles with four to fivewheels on each axle.

The rear tires are spaced to cover the surface leftby front tires to give complete coverage.

Small tired units are generally suited for granularbase material while large tired units can compactall types of soil to greater depth.

80% coverage under the wheel

Contact pressure up to 700 kPa Can be used for both granular and fine-grainedsoils.

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Pneumatic tired roller

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Dozers43


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Dozers or Bulldozers are Tractor

vehicles equipped with substantial metalplate (known as blade) used to push(Dozing) large quantities of sand, soil,

rubble etc and land clearing. duringconstruction, and typically equipped atrear with a clawlike device (known as

ripper) to loose densely compactedmaterial.

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Blade45


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Ripper

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Classification of Dozers

Crawler type

Wheel type

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Crawler Dozer

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Crawler Dozers

Crawler dozers are track-layingmachines designed for those jobs thatrequire high tractive effort.

These dozers can work on variety of soilincluding soils with sharp edged pieces.

They are very suitable for short

working distances.

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Wheel Dozer

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Wheel Dozers

The biggest advantage of wheel dozersover crawler dozers is higher speed (8-26 mph Vs 5-10 mph)

Wheel dozers are good on firm andconcrete soils that have no sharp edgedpieces.

They can only handle moderate loadsand are suitable for long distances.

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Cranes is a broad class of constructionequipments used for lifting and placingloads. A crane uses one or moremachines like a hoist to produce

mechanical advantage and thus moveloads beyond the normal capability of ahuman. They can be used both to lift

and lower materials and to move themhorizontally.

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Reconstruction of a Roman Crane. The first crane was made by Greeks

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Classification of cranes

They can be divided into following main

types:-

Bridge cranes

Tower cranes

Mobile cranes

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Bridge Cranes

A bridge crane, also known as theoverhead crane, is a type of cranewhere hook-and-line mechanism runs

along a horizontal beam, that itself runsalong two widely separated rails.

Bridge cranes are normally not found on

the construction sites, but are verycommon in industries.

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Tower Cranes

Tower cranes are fixed cranes, and arenormally used when the site conditionsare not suitable for mobile cranes.

Other reasons for its use can be veryheavy loads and high rise construction.

Tower cranes are of two types:1. Top slewing (fixed tower)2. Bottom Slewing (slewing tower)

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A top slewing Tower Crane

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The Slewing Ring

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Weirdo

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Crawler 65


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Telescoping-Boom Truck mounted

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Lattice-Boom Truck mounted

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Knuckle-Boom Truck Mounted

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Rough Terrain

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All Terrain

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Heavy Lift

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Asphalt Pavers

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It is an Engineering Vehicle used to lay asphalt

on roadways.

It is normally fed by Dump truck

A roller is then used to press the hot Asphalt

mix, resulting in smooth plain surface.

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A Paver being fed with Asphalt concrete by Dump truck

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Slip form Paver

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Loaders76


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Uses of Loaders

Loading excavated material into dumpers

Backhoe loaders perform both excavation and

loading functions

Loaders are sometime used for loading

repairable machinery parts into pickups

Feed the bins of batching plants

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Backhoe loaders

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Loader working at site

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Graders80

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USES OF GRADERS

Finishing Shaping

Bank sloping

Mixing

Spreading Leveling

Crowning

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OTHER

Equipments

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Concrete batching plant and


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Concrete batching plant andtransit mixers

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F k Lift


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Fork Lifters

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ASPHALT DISTRIBUTOR


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ASPHALT DISTRIBUTOR

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CONCRETE TRANSIT MIXERS


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CONCRETE TRANSIT MIXERS

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Inside a Transit Mixer

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Ri hi


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Rig machine

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Trencher

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Jumbo drilling in tunnel


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Jumbo drilling in tunnel

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TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)


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TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)

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worlds largest TBM

built by

Herrenknecht AG

for Shanghai

Changjiang Tunnel.

Two of them were

used to dig 7.5 kmlong double tunnel

under Yangtze river

in Shanghai.

The machine is

15.42 m in dia, 135

m long and 2,300tonnes of weight.

TBM Assembling


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TBM Assembling

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TBM f Pakistan


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TBM forNelum Jehlum Hydropower Project Pakistan

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Prepared By


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Prepared By

Dr. Mubashir Aziz

Engr. Faizan Shafique

Modified By Faizan Mahmood

Documents

Basic Construction Equipments