Basic Concepts of Environmental Management1

8/7/2019 Basic Concepts of Environmental Management1

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Basic Concepts of Environmental Management


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TROPHI C S TRU CTUR E OF EC O SYS T EM:


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FOOD CHAIN


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Plant (Producer) Grasshopper (Primary Consumer)

Bird (S econdary Consumer)

Fox (Tertiary Consumer)Fungi, algae, etc (Decomposer)


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FOOD WE B


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ENE RG Y FLOW INEC O SYS T EMS

S olar Energy Trapped by Green Plants S tored as Car bohydrates

Primary Consumer

S econdary Consumer

Tertiary Consumer

Dead Organism Decay

Decomposer


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P YRA MID OF ENE RG Y


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B IO-G EO- CH EM ICAL CYC L ESThe cyclical movement of the chemicals of the biosphere between the living organism and the non-living environment.

It has two phases:OR GANIC OR BIOTIC P HASE : The passage of chemicals (complex organic molecules) through the food chain.INOR GANIC OR A BIOTIC P HASE : From the release of

chemical (inorganic compounds) by the decomposer up to the a bsorption by the producer .


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Carbon Cycle


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CO2 inatmosphere

Photosynthesis

ProducersBurning

Wood andfossil fuel

Cellularrespiration

Higher levelconsumer Primary

consumer

Decomposition

Detrivore

Detritus


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CO 2 + H 2O H 2CO 3H2CO 3 H+ + HCO 3-

HCO 3- H+ + CO 32-

Ca 2+ + CO 32- Ca CO 3Mg2+ + CO 32- MgCO 3


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NITROG EN CYC L E


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A nitrogen cycle is composed of the following steps:1. Nitrogen fixation

2. Nitrogen Assimilation3. Ammonification4. Nitrification5. Dentrification

6. S edimentation

Nitrogen Fixation - It is a process of converting free nitrogen of atmosphere onto the biologically accepta ble form of

nitrogenous compounds like inorganic nitrate.


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a. ) Non Biological Nitrogen Fixation D uring thunderstorm,N2 + 2(O ) 2NO

2NO + 2(O ) 2NO 22NO 2 + (O ) N2O 5

N2O 5 + H 2O 2HNO 32 HNO 3 + C a CO 3 Ca (NO 3)2 + CO 2 + H 2O


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(b) Biological Nitrogen Fixation: This is carried out by certain nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rh izobium and certain free living nitrogen fixers like Azoto bactor clostridium.

Nitrogen Assimilation The process of converting the nitrates, nitrites and ammonia (produced in the process of nitrogen fixation) to nitrogenous organic compounds.

Nitrate/ Nitrite reduction NH3NH3 + O rganic acids Amino-acidsAmino acids are used for the synthesis of proteins, en zymes,

nucleic acids, etc.


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Ammonification: It is a process of converting organic nitrogenous compounds of dead plants and animals in the soil into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria (like

actinomycetes and bacilli).

Amino acids actinomycetes/ bacilli Organic acids + NH 3

Nitrification: It is a process of oxidation of ammonia produced by ammonification, to nitrate and then to nitrate in the presence of nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosogloca etc.

Step I : In this step, NH3 is oxidi zed to nitrite (NO2 -) by Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus.

2 NH 3 + 3O 2 2NO 2- +2 H 2O + 2H + + energy.


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Step II : The NO2 - are further oxidi zed to nitrates by another group of nitrifying bacteria called Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis.

2NO2

- + O2

2 NO3

- + E nergy

Denitrification: The process of converting nitrates ad nitrites into molecular nitrogen or atmospheric nitrogen by some denitrifying bacteria (like Thiobacillus denitrificans, micrococcus denitrificans ) is known as denitrification.

2NO 3- 2NO 2- 2NO

O 2 O 2

4NO 2 N 2O N 2

O 2 O 2


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S edimentation: It is a process of conversion of nitrate solutions of earth crust into nitrate rocks either in sea or in deeper earth crust.


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TH E PHO S PHOROU S CYC L E


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INDU S TRIAL EC OLOG Y

EnvironmentOrganismNatural ProductNatural SelectionEcosystemEcological NicheAnabolism / Catabolism

Mutation and SelectionSuccessionAdaptationFood Web

MarketCompanyIndustrial ProductCompetitionEco-Industrial ParkMarket NicheManufacturing / Waste

ManagementDesign for EnvironmentEconomic GrowthInnovationProduct Life Cycle

BIOSPHERE TECHNOSPHERE


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Thank You


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Basic Concepts of Environmental Management1