Basic Concepts in Criminal Law

8/19/2019 Basic Concepts in Criminal Law

1/39

LEGAL CONCEPTS

and PROCEDURE in thePROSECUTION of

OFFENSES under ENRLAWS

Atty. Ismael T. Manaligod


2/39

BASIC CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL LAW

CRIME

Is the o!!ission or o!ission "# a $erson ha%in& a$ait#of an# at 'hih is either $rohi"ited or o!$e((ed "# (a'and the o!!ission or o!ission of 'hih is $unisha"(e "# a$roeedin& "rou&ht in the na!e of the &o%ern!ent 'hose(a' has "een %io(ated

FELONY Cri!es $unisha"(e under the Re%ised Pena( Code

OFFENSE

Cri!es $unisha"(e under s$eia( (a'

INFRACTION/MISDEMEANOR

Cri!es $unisha"(e "# an ordinane

Department of Environment and Natural Resources


3/39

BASIC CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL LAW

CRIMES MALA IN SE

Wron& "# its %er# nature and as those fe(onies under theRPC 'ith the e)e$tion of so!e $ena( $ro%isions in s$eia($ena( (a's 'hih 'ere he(d "# the Su$re!e Court to "e!a(a in se *e)+ o!ission of %oter,s na!e "# COMELEC

o-ia(. $(under/0 Intent is an e(e!ent in its o!!ission and&ood faith is a defense

CRIMES MALA PROHIBITA

Wron& "eause it is $rohi"ited "# (a'0 Without the (a'

$unishin& the at. it annot "e onsidered a 'ron&0 Mereo!!ission of the at onstitute an o1ense and &ood faithis not a defense0



4/39

MALA IN SE MALA PROHIBITA

Nature Wron& "# its nature*RPC/

Wron& "eause it is$rohi"ited "# (a'*SPL/

Good faith 2a(id defense e)e$t

ri!es in%o(%in&ne&(i&ene

Not a %a(id defense

Intent E(e!ent Intent is i!!ateria(

De&ree ofao!$(ish!ent

Ta3en into aount On(#



5/39

IN2ESTIGATION4DOCUMENTATION

FORESTRY/WILDLIFE CASES/FISHERIES

The ad!inistrati%e on6sation$roeedin&s4in%esti&ation re$ort !a# o!e "efore

or after the 6(in& of the o!$(aint

Filing of Criminal complain Before ad!inistrati%e on6sation 7 the order of

on6sation !a# "e su"!itted as su$$(e!enta(dou!entar# e%idene0

After ad!in on6sation 7 this is reo!!ended

"eause a(( dou!ents sha(( ha%e "een o((etedand the ri!ina( ase !a roeed unha! ered0



6/39


R"#$ir"% aac&m"n in a'%a(i complain/complain 80 9 and A A-da%it of a$$rehendin&4sei:in& o-er4'itness;0 A$$rehension reei$t 'hih !ust "e fu((# 6((ed u$ *PD

/

?0 Sei:ure Reei$t4 Ta((# Sheet4Trans!itta( Reei$t@0 Order of Con6sation4Re$ort of A$$rehension>0 Photo&ra$h42ideoo"ser%e authentiation ru(es0 For RA 8@< attah a 'i(d(ife erti6ation


7/39


A'%a(i Complain

•State $ersona( iru!stanes4o-ia( funtionof o!$(ainant

•

State narrati%e of fats (eadin& toa$$rehension4sei:ure•A%oid hearsa#. *a(( fats !ust "e of $ersona(

3no'(ed&e/•Attah!ents !ust "e arefu((# (a"e(ed•Photoo$ies !ust $ro$er(# erti6ed•In draftin& a(( dou!ents. use si!$(e and

diret (an&ua&e•A%oid %a&ue ter!s and on(usions0

Coor%ina" *i& Pro+"c$or1+ O'c" forDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources


8/39


SAMPLE AFFIDA2IT COMPLAINT3PD 456

SWORN STATEMENT OF 1LT. JUSTIN BIEBER (In! "A TA#EN ON

1$T% &A' OF AUUST )*1*


=80 9uestion+ Under oath. do #ou s'ear to te(( the truth and nothin&"ut the truth

Ans'er+

es0

=;0

9uestion+

If so. 'i(( #ou state #our na!e. a&e and other $ersona(iru!stanes

Ans'er+

I a! 8LT0 USTIN BIEBER. ;> #ears of a&e. sin&(e. and$resent(# assi&ned at 8th ID (oated at Nasin.A(a(a. Ca&a#an0


9/39



570

.$"+ion 8

W&a ma%" o$ app"ar -"for" m"9

Ans'er+

I a!e here to (od&e !# o!$(aint a&ainst Mr0 To! ones and Mr0 err# Le'is. "oth of Na$et. Pena"(ana.Ca&a#an. for %io(ation of Setion H. PD . as

further a!ended0 To! and err# 'ere a$$rehendedfor trans$ortin& o!!on hard'ood (u!"er 'ithoutthe reuisite trans$ort dou!ents 'hih is in%io(ation of PD 0

=@0 9uestion + When 'ere To! ones and err# Le'is a$$rehended

Ans'er+

A$ri( 8. ;=8=0

=> 9uestio Who a$$rehended To! ones and err# Le'is


10/39



5:

0

.$"+i

on 8

Ho* *"r" Tom ;on"+ an% ;"rr L"*i+

appr"&"n%"%9

Ans'er+

On A$ri( 8H. ;=8=. one $(atoon headed "# !e u!$ed o1 fro! the Batta(ion Jeaduarters toondut Resue Contro( O$eration at Pena"(ana.Ca&a#an to %erif# the re$ort fro! a onerned

iti:en of i((e&a( (o&&in& ati%ities0 U$on reahin&the area. 'e i!!ediate(# esta"(ished a he3$ointat the %iinit#0 On or a"out 8+?= AM of A$ri( 8.;=8=. a $assen&er ee$ "earin& $(ate no0 ABC8;?a$$roahed the area (oaded 'ith one thousand

*8.===/ "oardfeet of o!!on hard'ood (u!"er0 This 'as dri%en "# err# Le'is 'ith To! ones on"oard0 The on%e#ane 'as Ka&&ed do'n "# the$ersonne( !annin& the he3$oint "ut said%ehi(e i&nored it and did not sto$ and near(#sides'i$ed C$( Barr# Mani((o' *Inf/ PA0 The &rou$hased the e%adin& %ehi(e and 'as a"(e to


11/39



54

0

.$"+i

on 8

W&a &app"n"% n"


12/39



=LT ;)STIN BIEBER >Inf? PA

A-ant

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to "efore !e this 8Hth da# of Au&ust;=8= at Tu&ue&arao Cit#0 I JEREB CERTIF that I ha%e $ersona((#e)a!ined the a-ant. and that I a! satis6ed that he understood hiss'orn state!ent and that he free(# and %o(untari(# si&ned ande)euted it in !# $resene0

Do No0

Pa&e No0 Boo3 No0

Series of ;=8=


13/39


SAMPLE AFFIDA2IT COMPLAINT3RA @=4

SWORN STATEMENT/COMPLAINT OF ;OEL IRANA TAENTHIS =TH DAY OF A))ST 5=5


5=0 .$"+ion 8 )n%"r oa&, %o o$ +*"ar o "ll &" r$&, &"*&ol" r$& an% no&ing -$ &" r$&9

Ans'er+

es0

=;0

9uestion +

If so. 'i(( #ou state #our na!e. a&e and other$ersona( iru!stanes

Ans'er+

I a! hone( An&ari of (e&a( a&e. !arried. Forester andstationed at DENRCENRO Pa(anan. Isa"e(a0


14/39



570

.$"+ion 8

W&a promp"% o$ o app"ar -"for" m"9

Ans'er+

To (od&e ri!ina( o!$(aint a&ainst A!a# Bisa#a ofMaonaon. Isa"e(a0

=@0

9uestion +

What is #our o!$(aint a&ainst this $erson #ou arereferrin& to

Ans'er+

Je %io(ated Cha$ter I2. setion ;< of R0A0 8@< orother'ise 3no'n as Wildlife ResourcesConservation and Protection Act.

=>0

9uestion +

Wh# do #ou sa# that he %io(ated R0A0 8@


15/39



5:0

.$"+ion 8

Af"r r"c"i(ing &" informaion, *&a %i% o$%o, if an9

Ans'er+

We $roeeded to the $(ae 'here those $a'i3an are"ein& o((eted0

=<0

9uestion +

What ha$$enened ne)t

Ans'er+

We found a ertain A!a# Bisa#a of Maonaon. Isa"e(a

se((in& !eat and she(( of $a'i3an0

=H0

9uestion +

What did #ou do ne)t. if an#

Ans'er+

I sou&ht assistane fro! our O-e DENRCENROPa(anan. Isa"e(a for dou!entation and $ro$er

dis$osition0


16/39



5@0

.$"+ion 8

W&a %i% &" DENR CENRO Aparri %o if an9

Ans'er+

The# assisted !e in reo%erin& the $a'i3an inre$ortin& the se((in& of $a'i3an !eat to the $o(ieand "aran&a# a$tain

8=0

9uestion +

Meanti!e. I ha%e no !ore uestions to as3 fro! #ou

un(ess #ou ha%e so!ethin& !ore to sa#0

Ans'er+

No !ore sir0

880

9uestion +

Are #ou 'i((in& to si&n #our state!ent

Ans'er+

es0

;HONEL ANARIA-ant4Co!$(ainant


17/39



S)BSCRIBED AND SWORN to "efore !e this da# ofAu&ust ;=8= at 0 I HEREBY CERTIFY that Iha%e$ersona((# e)a!ined the a-ant. and that I a! satis6edthat he understood his s'orn state!ent and that he free(# and%o(untari(# si&ned and e)euted it in !# $resene0

Proseutor

Do No0 Pa&e No0

Boo3 No0 Series of ;=8=


18/39

Sa!$(e Co!$(aint

That on or a"out the @th da# of Au&ust. 8? at Baran&a#San 2iente. Gattaran. Ca&a#an. Phi(i$$ines. and 'ithin the

urisdition of this Jonora"(e Court. the a"o%ena!edaused. ons$irin& and onfederatin& to&ether and!utua((# he($in& eah other. for a o!!on desi&n. did thenand there 'i((fu((#. un(a'fu((#. fe(onious(# and i((e&a((#$ossess and trans$ort 'ithout the neessar# (e&a(

dou!ents nor $er!it fro! the (a'fu( authorities. sa'ndi$teroar$ (u!"ers *Phi(i$$ine Maho&an#/. in the fo((o'in&!anner. to 'it+ aused Me(hor Casi"an&. "ein& the o'nerof ; ten 'hee(er tru3s 'ith P(ate Nos0 GDA;.=>0> "oard feet 'hih 'asonea(ed under $i(ed "a&s of e!ent. 'hih (u!"ers'ere %a(ued at P8?@. ;@;0? 'hi(e aused FerdinandDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources


19/39

Sa!$(e Co!$(aint

of assorted si:es eui%a(ent to .;?;0@ "oard feet 'hih'as onea(ed under $i(ed "a&s of e!ent 'hih (u!"ers'ere %a(ued at P;.?80>08?.'ithout. ho'e%er. ausin& da!a&e to the &o%ern!ent.inas!uh as the aforestated (u!"ers 'ere reo%ered0

CONTRAR to Setion H of Presidentia( Deree . asa!ended "# E)euti%e Order No0 ;


20/39

SEARCJ AND SEIURE CONCEPTS .DOCTRINES. PROCEDURE

CONSTIT)TIONAL BASIS ARTICLE III S"cion

The ri&ht of the $eo$(e to "e seure in their $ersons. houses.$a$ers. and e1ets a&ainst unreasona"(e searhes and sei:uresof 'hate%er nature and for an# $ur$ose sha(( "e in%io(a"(e. and

no searh 'arrant or 'arrant of arrest sha(( issue e)e$t u$on$ro"a"(e ause to "e deter!ined $ersona((# "# the ud&e aftere)a!ination under oath or a-r!ation of the o!$(ainant andthe 'itnesses he !a# $rodue. and $artiu(ar(# desri"in& the$(ae to "e searhed and the $ersons or thin&s to "e sei:ed0

CRIMINAL PROCED)RE BASIS

ARREST Ru(e 88 of the Ru(es on Cri!ina( ProedureSEARCJ AND SEIURE Ru(e 8; of the Ru(es on Cri!ina(Proedure



21/39

SEARCJ AND SEIURE CONCEPTS .DOCTRINES. PROCEDURESCOPE OF PROTECTION

a0 A%ai(a"(e to a(( $ersons in(udin& a(iens and arti6ia( $ersons"0 Ri&ht is $ersona( and !a# "e 'ai%ed0 Distraint direted a&ainst &o%ern!ent tas3ed 'ith (a'enfore!ent

WHO MAY ISS)E A WARRANT

Genera( Ru(e 7 On(# a ud&e u$on fu(6((!ent of reuire!ents

E)e$tion 7 Orders of arrest !a# "e issued to arr# out 6na(6ndin& of %io(ation of a (a' * onte!$t. de$ortationorder/

SEARCH WARRANT

Is an order in 'ritin& issued in the na!e of the Peo$(e of thePhi(i$$ines si&ned "# a ud&e and direted to a $eae o-er.


22/39


RE.)ISITES OF A 2ALID WARRANT

80 Pro"a"(e Cause

;0 Deter!ination of Pro"a"(e Cause $ersona((# "# a ud&e

?0 After e)a!ination under oath or a-r!ation of theo!$(ainant and the 'itnesses he !a# $rodue

@0 Partiu(arit# of desri$tion

a0 P(ae to "e searh"0 Pro$ert# su"et of sei:ure



23/39

SEARCJ AND SEIURE CONCEPTS .DOCTRINES. PROCEDUREPROBABLE CA)SE FOR A SEARCH WARRANT

Suh fats and iru!stanes 'hih 'ou(d (ead a reasona"(#disreet and $rudent !an to "e(ie%e than an o1ense has "eeno!!itted and that the o"ets sou&ht in onnetion 'ith theo1ense are in the $(ae sou&ht to "e searhed0

DETERMINATION BY A ;)DE D)RIN APPLICATION FORSEARCH WARRANT

ud&e !ust $ersona((# e)a!ine in the for! of searhin& uestionsand ans'ers. in 'ritin& and under oath. the o!$(ainant and the

'itness he !a# $rodue of fats $ersona((# 3no'n to the! andattah to the reord their s'orn state!ents to&ether 'ith an#a-da%its su"!itted0

PARTIC)LARITY OF DESCRIPTION

As s$ei6 as iru!stanes 'i(( ordinari(# a((o' and need not "e


24/39

SEARCJ AND SEIURE CONCEPTS .DOCTRINES. PROCEDUREWARRANTLESS SEARCHES

80 When the ri&ht is %o(untari(# 'ai%ed

;0 Sto$ and Fris3

?0 Inident to a (a'fu( arrest

@0 P(ain %ie'

>0 Searh of %esse(s and airraft

0 Searh of !o%in& %ehi(es


25/39

SEARCJ AND SEIURE CONCEPTS .DOCTRINES. PROCEDURE•

WAI2ER

80 Ri&ht e)ists;0 Person 'ai%in& has atua( or onstruti%e 3no'(ed&e of

suh ri&ht?0 Atua( intention to re(inuish suh ri&ht



26/39


•

STOP AND FRIS

Ri&ht of a $o(ie o-er to sto$ a iti:en in a street. interro&atehi! and $at hi! for 'ea$ons 'hene%er he o"ser%es unusua(ondut 'hih (eads hi! to on(ude that ri!ina( ati%it#!a#"e afoot0

searh and sei:ure !ust $reede the arrest for $rini$(e toa$$(#0

$o(ie shou(d introdue hi!se(f and !a3e initia( inuiries

• INCIDENTAL TO LAWF)L ARREST

Ru(e 8; se0 8; searh for dan&erous 'ea$ons or an#thin& as$roof of the o!!ission of the o1enseRu(e 88 se ; *a/ there !ust "e $ro"a"(e ause *BUBUSTo$erations/

Per!issi"(e area to "e searhed $erson of the one arrestedDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources


27/39

SEARCJ AND SEIURE CONCEPTS .DOCTRINES. PROCEDURE• 2ESSELS AND AIRCRAFTS

Reason 7 !a# e(ude arrest if #ou ado$t a 'ait and see attitudeand the iru!stane a(( for i!!ediate res$onse

• MO2IN 2EHICLES

It is usti6ed on the &round that it is not $ratia"(e to seure a'arrant "eause the %ehi(e an "e !o%ed ui3(# out of the(oa(it# or urisdition in 'hih the 'arrant !a# "e sou&ht0 It isa(so a((o'ed for the $ur$ose $re%entin& s!u&&(in& and%io(ation of i!!i&ration (a's !ade in "orders or onstruti%e"orders

Che3$oint searh80 Routine ins$etion 2isua( Searh;0 E)tensi%e Searh 7 there !ust "e reasona"(e or $ro"a"(e

ause to "e(ie%e "efore the searh that

e%idene of ri!e is $resent0 *e) ti$s fro!infor!ants/ Department of Environment and Natural Resources


28/39


• E2IDENCE IN PLAIN 2IEW

80 Prior %a(id intrusion "ased on the %a(id 'arrant(ess arrest in'hih the $o(ie are (e&a((# $resent in the $ursuit of theirre&u(ar duties

;0 E%idene 'as inad%ertent(# diso%ered "# the $o(ie 'hoha%e a ri&ht to "e 'here the# are

?0 E%idene !ust "e i!!ediate(# a$$arent

@0 P(ain %ie' usti6ed the sei:ure of the e%idene 'ithout furthersearh

P(ain %ie' e)$osed to si&ht0 E%en if it is in a "a& or ontainer'here the $a3a&e $ro(ai!s itse(f it is sti(( onsidered in$(ain %ie' The area !ust "e 'ithin the i!!ediate ontro(of the arrested $erson0Department of Environment and Natural Resources


29/39

Proseution of O1enses

Ho* ar" criminal acion+ pro+"c$"%

Cri!ina( ations sha(( "e instituted as fo((o's+

*a/ For o1enses 'here a $re(i!inar# in%esti&ation is reuired

$ursuant to setion 8 of Ru(e 88;. "# 6(in& the o!$(aint 'ith the$ro$er o-er for the $ur$ose of ondutin& the reuisite$re(i!inar# in%esti&ation0

*"/ For a(( other o1enses. "# 6(in& the o!$(aint or infor!ationdiret(# 'ith the Munii$a( Tria( Courts and Munii$a( Ciruit Tria(

Courts. or the o!$(aint 'ith the o-e of the $roseutor0 InMani(a and other hartered ities. the o!$(aints sha(( "e 6(ed'ith the o-e of the $roseutor un(ess other'ise $ro%ided intheir harters0



30/39


W&a i+ a complain

A o!$(aint is a s'orn 'ritten state!ent har&in& a $erson'ith an o1ense. su"sri"ed "# the o1ended $art#. an# $eaeo-er. or other $u"(i o-er har&ed 'ith the enfore!ent of

the (a' %io(ated0

W&a i+ an informaion

An infor!ation is an ausation in 'ritin& har&in& a $erson

'ith an o1ense. su"sri"ed "# the $roseutor and 6(ed 'ith theourt



31/39



Proseution of Cri!ina( O1enses

Complain Informaion

Su"sri$tion S'orn state!ent Need not "e

s'orn to

B# 'ho! O1ended$art#4$u"(io-er har&ed'ith the

enfore!ent ofthe (a' %io(ated

Proseutor

Where 6(ed Court orProseutor,sO-e

A('a#s in ourt


32/39


W&o m$+ pro+"c$" criminal oG"n+"+

A(( ri!ina( ations either o!!ened "# o!$(aint or "#infor!ation sha(( "e $roseuted under the diretion and ontro(of a $u"(i $roseutor0 In ase of hea%# 'or3 shedu(e of the

$u"(i $roseutor or in the e%ent of (a3 of $u"(i $roseutors.the $ri%ate $roseutor !a# "e authori:ed in 'ritin& "# theChief of the Proseution O-e or the Re&iona( State Proseutorto $roseute the ase su"et to the a$$ro%a( of the ourt0 Oneso authori:ed to $roseute the ri!ina( ation. the $ri%ate$roseutor sha(( ontinue to $roseute the ase u$ to end ofthe tria( e%en in the a"sene of a $u"(i $roseutor. un(ess the

authorit# is re%o3ed or other'ise 'ithdra'n



33/39

COMPLAINT

( Prosecutor)

FILE INFORMATION

JUDGMENT

ARRAIGNMENT AND

PLEAPRE-TRIAL

PROBABLE

CAUSE

TRIAL

DISMISS NO

YES



34/39


S$'ci"nc of Complain/Informaion

A o!$(aint or infor!ation is su-ient if it states the na!e ofthe aused the desi&nation of the o1ense &i%en "# thestatute the ats or o!issions o!$(ained of as onstitutin& the

o1ense the na!e of the o1ended $art# the a$$ro)i!ate dateof the o!!ission of the o1ense and the $(ae 'here theo1ense 'as o!!itted0 When an o1ense is o!!itted "# !orethan one $erson. a(( of the! sha(( "e in(uded in the o!$(aintor infor!ation



35/39


W&"r" acion in+i$"%

Place where action is to be instituted. –

*a/ Su"et to e)istin& (a's. the ri!ina( ation sha(( "e

instituted and tried in the ourt of the !unii$a(it# orterritor# 'here the o1ense 'as o!!itted or 'here an# ofits essentia( in&redients ourred0

*"/ Where an o1ense is o!!itted in a train. airraft. or other$u"(i or $ri%ate %ehi(e in the ourse of its tri$. theri!ina( ation sha(( "e instituted and tried in the ourt ofan# !unii$a(it# or territor# 'here suh train. airraft. orother %ehi(e $assed durin& its tri$. in(udin& the $(ae ofits de$arture and arri%a(



36/39


*/ Where an o1ense is o!!itted on "oard a %esse( in theourse of its %o#a&e. the ri!ina( ation sha(( "e institutedand tried in the ourt of the 6rst $ort of entr# or of an#!unii$a(it# or territor# 'here the %esse( $assed durin&suh %o#a&e. su"et to the &enera((# ae$ted $rini$(es ofinternationa( (a'0

*d/ Cri!es o!!itted outside the Phi(i$$ines "ut $unisha"(eunder Arti(e ; of the Re%ised Pena( Code sha(( "eo&ni:a"(e "# the ourt 'here the ri!ina( ation is 6rst6(ed0


http://www.chanrobles.com/revisedpenalcodeofthephilippines.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/revisedpenalcodeofthephilippines.htm


37/39


R"#$ir"m"n+ in Pr"liminar in("+igaion

The o!$(aint sha(( state the address of the res$ondent andsha(( "e ao!$anied "# the a-da%its of the o!$(ainant andhis 'itnesses. as 'e(( as other su$$ortin& dou!ents toesta"(ish $ro"a"(e ause0

80 Co$ies to a(( res$ondents $(us ; for o-ia( 6(e;0 A-da%its !ust "e su"sri"ed and s'orn to "efore an#

$roseutor. &o%ern!ent o-ia( authori:ed to ad!inisteroath or in the a"sene of the t'o. "# a notar# $u"(i. eahof 'ho! !ust ertif# that he $ersona((# e)a!ined the

a-ants and that he is satis6ed that the# %o(untari(#e)euted and understood their a-da%its0



38/39

Notes+

80 Ad!in $roeedin&s is se$arate and distint fro!

ri!ina( $roeedin&s0

;0 The $re%ious $redia!ent of ounter suit is not a threatan#!ore "eause of the defense of SLAPP under thene' ru(e of $roedure0

?0 When in dou"t. $(ease see3 ad%ie of Le&a( Di%ision4Proseutor,s O-e0



39/39

De$art!ent of En%iron!ent and Natura( Resoures

Maa!o"

Documents

Basic Concepts in Criminal Law