Basic Computer B.pharm PU

Basic Computer B.pharm PU

CSC 191 (Credit hours 3)

Computer Science (Introductory)

B. Pharm., First Year, First Semester

Course Objectives:

The objective of the course is to provide the students with a general view of computer architecture, its operation and application, familiarize the students with the existing technologies, and provide them with hands on experience on personal computers.

Course Contents:

1. Introduction to Computers3 hours

History of Computers, Classification of Computers, Functioning of Computers, Computer Hardware, Software, Firmware

1. Number System6 hours

Decimal number system, Binary number system, Hexadecimal number system, Octal number system, Conversion of a number from one system to other, Addition and Subtraction of binary numbers, Compliments, Subtraction by 2s compliment method

1. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates5 hours

Introduction, Basic operations of Boolean algebra, DeMorgans Theorem, Boolean variable and function, Boolean postulates, Dual and compliments of Boolean expression, SOP and POS standard forms, Canonical forms of Boolean expression, Simplification of Boolean expressions by Karnaugh method, Logic Gates-AND, OR, NOT, NOR, XOR, XNOR

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit and Memory Element2 hours

Half adder, Full adder, Flip-flop, R-S flip-flop

1. Memory3 hours

Classification, RAM, ROM, Floppy disk, Hard disk

1. Input Output Devices and Computer Network5 hours

Role of input and output devices, Keyboard, Mouse, Scanners, MICR, Video terminals, Printers, Plotters, Digital to analog conversion, Introduction to computer network, Sharing, Network types

1. Word Processing4 hours

Introduction, Concept of file, Inputting the text, Formatting, Inserting the files and Symbols, Mail merge facility, Grammar checking, Auto correct feature (MS-Word is to be used)

1. Spreadsheet Analysis4 hours

Introduction to spreadsheets, Workbook and worksheet, Formula, Formatting and Graphics (MS-Excel is to be used)

1. Database Management4 hours

Data, Database, Input, Processing, Storage, Output (MS-Access is to be used)

1. Internet and Multimedia4 hours

Introduction to Internet, e-mail, Introduction to slide, Making a presentation (MS-PowerPoint is to be used)

1. Programming Concepts5 hours

Difference between a computer and calculator, Algorithm, Flowchart, Program, Programming language

Reference Books:

1. B. Ram: Computer Fundamentals, 1999, Willey Eastern Publication, New Delhi.

1. O. S. Lawrence: Schaums Outline of Computers & Business, 2000, Mc-Grew Hill International., New Delhi.

1. Suresh Basandra: Computer Systems Today, 1999, Galgotia Publication, New Delhi.

1. M. Busby and R. A. Stultz: Office 2000, 2000, BPB Publication, New Delhi.

Computer

A computer is an electronic machine operating under human/user control that accepts data using some input devices performs certain operations and displays the results in output devices.

Computers are used in wide areas of fields like house, schools, colleges, hospitals, business, and industries. They are used to accomplished job in fast and efficient way. Computer is devices that can not do noting alone without certain programs and instruction. A program is a set of code /instructions which causes a computer to perform particular operations.

Computer System

The computer is called computer system because of different components work together to produce the desired result to the user. The various components of computers of computer systems are as follows:

Hardware: All the physical components of the computer system are called hardware such as Monitor, CPU, and Mouse etc.

Software: The collection of instruction or logical components that instruct the hardware to perform certain task is called software.

Producer: The way of operating computer is called procedure.

Data /instruction: The raw data under which computer work and produce the useful information.

Connectivity: When two or more computers and other peripherals are connected to communicate in the computer system.

Computer Architecture

Computer architecture is the theory behind the design of a computer. The digital computer can be divided into 3 major sections are CPU, Memory and I-O unit. The simple architecture of computers are as follows. The CPU and other Units are linked with the parallel communication channels data channels, address channels and controls channels are called bus/cable.

Processor (CPU): The processors is a computer chip( Heart of computer) that receives the data input form the input devices , processes the data in some way by performing calculations or reorganizing it, stores the results in memory until it sends them to an output devices or stores them in a backup storage devices. The CPU is divided into 3 major sections are follows:

Control Unit (CU): The control unit manages program instruction, so that data is received form input devices and send to output devices at right time. It sends output control signals at a speed that is measured in meghthertz (MHz).

Arithmetic and Logical Unit:

The arithmetic and logical Unit carries out all the arithmetic and logical operations that are needed to produces data.

Register Unit:

It is special temporary storage location of CPU. Registers are very quickly accept, store and transfer data and instruction that are being used currently.

Bus: A bus is simple a parallel communication pathway over which information and signals are transferred between several computer components.

Address bus: The address bus is used to carry address signals for addressing data in different location in computer memory. So that it is Unit directional bus.

Data bus: The data bus is used to communicate data form CPU and other internal unit of computer system. Data bus is bi-directional.

Control bus: The control signals transmitted on the control bus to ensure that proper timing does occurs.

Affecting Factors for Speed of CPU

System Clock Rate: It is the rate of an electronic pulse used to synchronize processing and measured in MHZ ( 1 MHz= 1 million cycles per second).

Bus Width: The amount of data the CPU can transmit at a time to main memory and to input and output devices. An 8 bit bus moves 8 bits of data at a time. They are 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 so far.

Word Size: The amount of data than can be processed by the CPU at one time. An 8 bit processor can manipulate 8 bits at a time. Processors can 8, 16, 32, 64 and so far. The bigger the number means the faster the computer system.

Characteristics of Computer

Speed: Computer performs complex calculation at a very high speed. The speed of computer at performing a single operation can measure in terms of Millisecond, Microsecond, Nanosecond and Picoseconds.

1/1000(10-3) sec-1 Millisecond

1/1000000(10-6)- 1 Microsecond

1/1000000000(10-9)-1 Nanosecond

1/1000000000000(10-12) Picoseconds

Storage: A large amount of data can store in computer memory. The storing capacity is measured in terms of Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes, and gigabytes and Terabytes

1024 Bytes= 1 Kilobytes (KB)

1024 Kilobytes =1 Megabytes (MB)

1024 Megabytes= 1 Gigabytes (GB)

1024 GB= 1 Terabytes (TB)

Accuracy: A computer can perform all the calculation and comparison accurately. Sometimes errors may produce by computers due to the fault in machine or due to Bugs in the programs. If input data are not correct, this may also lead to incorrect output. The computer follows the simple rules of GIGO (Garbage in, Garbage Out).

Reliability: Computer never tired, bored or lazy to do task i.e the computer is capable of performing task repeatedly at the same level of speed and accuracy even if it has to carry complex operations for a long period of time. Computers are quite capable to performing automatic, once the process is given to computer.

Automatic: Computer is an automatic machine. Everything that is given to computers is processed and dome by computers automatically according to the instruction proved.

Versatility: A computer has wide range of application areas ie computers can do many types of jobs. IT can perform operations ranging form single mathematical calculations to high complex and logical evaluations for any extended periods of times. Some of the areas of computers applications are Educations, Sciences. Technology, Business, Research etc.

Diligence: A computer can perform respective tasks without being bored, tired and losing concentration. It can continuously work for several hours without human intervention after the data and program are feed to it. They can handle complicated and complex task. There is not aging effect on computer ie efficiency does not decrease over the years of use.

Limitations of Computers

1. Sometime the failure in devices and programs can produce unreliable information.

2. Computer is dull machine. It does not have intelligence on it.

3. Computer can not draw conclusion without going through all intermediate steps.

Historical Development of Computer

The computer which