Basic CDMA Spectrum Planning

2 - 1Motorola Confidential ProprietaryCopyright Motorola 1993 - 1998

Version 2.112/18/98

CDMA RF Planning Guide

2.1 Introduction

This section provides a set of general guidelines required to properly allocate spectrum for theCDMA system, including issues relating to the co-location of CDMA and AMPS systems. Theinformation is specific to spectrum allocation based on U.S. and International Standards. Issuesregarding technological impacts to capacity will be addressed in Section 3. In this section,"channels" refer to frequency allocation and not conversation channels.

Common world-wide frequency bands for cellular and PCS introduces the section along withMotorola’s current BTS product portfolio for CDMA. Next follows a general discussion onCDMA channel spacing. Specifics are given on CMDA channel designations (domestic) for 800MHz and how to segregate the spectrum with existing 800 MHz technologies. PCS (domestic)channel designations are listed, followed by a short discussion of dual-mode and dual-band. Thetopic of spectrum clearing appears last, however it is perhaps one of the most important andchallenging aspects to the CDMA System Design Engineer. References include standards andFCC web page locations.

2.2 Domestic and International Frequency Blocks

The manner in which the frequency spectrum is allocated in some countries imposes somelimitations on where CDMA may be implemented. It is difficult to predict the amount of availablespectrum or the frequency band which international operators might be considering for theirCDMA systems. With this in mind, prior to designing a CDMA system, the CDMA system designengineers should obtain the frequency spectrum information from the operator and then determinethe appropriate BTS product to use based on the desired application and the operating frequency.The table below highlights some of the more common frequency bands which are currently beingutilized for cellular, PCS and technologies in adjacent spectrum throughout the world.

Table 2-1: Some Common World-Wide Frequency Bands for Cellular and PCS

Block DesignatorTransmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Personal Station Base Station

AMPS/EAMPS 824-849 869-894

TACS/ETACS 872-915 917-960

DCS 1800 1710-1785 1805-1880

GSM 890-915 935-960

Basic CDMA SpectrumPlanning

Section

2

2

CDMA RF Planning GuideSection 2: Basic CDMA Spectrum Planning


Version 2.112/18/98

2.2.1 Motorola’s Current BTS Product Portfolio for CDMA

To assist CMDA system design engineers with selection of the proper SuperCell BTS for theirmarket’s frequency band, Table 2-2 represents Motorola’s current BTS product portfolio forCDMA. For further detail, refer to your product’s documentation outlining its specifications.

PCS (Korea) 1750-1780 1840-1870

ARDIS (Pan America) 806-824 851-869

RAM Mobitex (Pan America)

896-901 935-940

PCS (U.S. and Pan America)

1850-1910 1930-1990

FPLMTS 1885-2025 2110-2200

FPLMTS (satellite) 1980-2010 2170-2200

PDC 900 940-956 810-826

PDC 1500 (Malaysia, Moscow)

1477-1501 1429-1453

Japan Marinet 887-889 832-834

Japan Analog 898-901, 915-925 843-846, 860-870

DECT (TDD Systems) 1880-1900 1880-1900

PHS (TDD Systems) 1895-1918 1895-1918

Table 2-1: Some Common World-Wide Frequency Bands for Cellular and PCS



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Table 2-2: Motorola’s Current BTS Product Portfolio for CDMA

Frequency Range (MHz)

Product Sectors Transmit ReceiveModeMHz

SC 601 Replaced by SC 611

SC 604 Replaced by SC 614T

SC 611 1 (micro) 1930 - 1990 1850 - 1910 CDMA1900

SC 611 1(micro)

1840 - 1870 1750 - 1780 CDMA1700

SC 611 1(micro)

869 - 894 824 - 849 CDMA800

SC 614 2 or 3(macro)

869 - 894 824 - 849 CDMA800

SC 614T 2 or 3(macro)

1930 - 1990 1850 - 1910 CDMA1900

SC 2400 3(macro)

869 - 894 824 - 849 AMPS800

NAMPS800

CDMA800

SC 2420 3(macro)

930 - 949 885 - 904 CDMA900

SC 2440 6(macro)

832 - 834 887- 889 JCDMA800

(Marinet)

SC 2450 3(macro)

869 - 894 824 - 849 CDMA800

SC 4812 6(macro)

869 - 894 824 - 849 CDMA800

SC 4820SC 4820E* (*exterior)

1, 2 or 3(macro)

1840 - 1870 1750 - 1780 CDMA1700

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2.3 CDMA Channel Spacing - General

CDMA is a broadband technology which utilizes 1.2288 MHz bandwidth per CDMA Channel (thisis often rounded off to 1.23 MHz). There exists a 1.25 MHz minimum separation between CDMAchannels and guard bands of 0.27 MHz are added to each side.

In Section 2, "channel" is defined as each 1.2288 MHz carrier and not as a conversation path. ForAMPS, each frequency (carrier) corresponds to one conversation path therefore a channel could beused to discuss conversational paths or the number of carriers. For CDMA, each carrier cansupport many conversation paths and therefore the term "channel" can take on different meaningsbased upon the context in which it is used.

SC 4840 6(macro)

843 - 846 898 - 901 JCDMA800

(Lo TACS)

SC 4850SC 4850E*(*exterior)

1, 2, or 3(macro)

1930 - 1990 1850 -1910 CDMA1900

SC 4852SC 4852RSC 4852E*(*exterior)

1, 2 or 3(macro)

1930 - 1990 1850 -1910 CDMA1900

SC 9600 1, 2 or 3(marco)

869 - 894 824 - 849 CDMA 800

CDMA 800 and/or NAMPS/AMPS

800

PDC 800,1.5 GHz

SC 9640 6(macro)

860 - 870 915 - 925 JCDMA800

(Hi TACS)

Table 2-2: Motorola’s Current BTS Product Portfolio for CDMA

Frequency Range (MHz)

Product Sectors Transmit ReceiveModeMHz

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2.3.1 Minimum Spacing Between CDMA Carriers

As the number of the CDMA subscribers increases, there may be a need to add additional CDMAcarriers to the system. If the first and second carriers are to be adjacent to one another then theminimum spacing between CDMA carriers (center to center) should be 1.25 MHz. This places thebroadband carriers adjacent to one another and allows the sidebands of each to intrude into the bandof the other. If system noise, non-linearities or other imperfections increase the energy in the skirtsof the carriers, then a capacity reduction may be experienced.

2.3.2 1st CDMA Carrier

The initial introduction of CDMA will require a band segment of 1.77 MHz. The band segmentconsists of the 1.23 MHz required for the CDMA carrier bandwidth plus 0.27 MHz of guard bandon both sides of the CDMA carrier. The minimum frequency separation required between anyCDMA carrier and the nearest AMPS carrier is 900 kHz (center to center).

The CDMA carrier width (1.23 MHz) is the result of the chip rate chosen for the PseudorandomNoise (PN) spreading sequence. The guard band between CDMA and analog systems is definedas the minimum frequency separation required such that the level of interference caused by one FMmobile is less than a predetermined threshold. The threshold is taken to be the thermal noise levelin each receiver.

Figure 2-1: Minimum Spacing Between CDMA Channels

Figure 2-2: Calculation of Spectrum Required for a CDMA Carrier

CDMA Channel = 1.23 MHz = 1.23MHz / 30kHza = 41 AMPS Channels

CDMA Guard = 0.27 MHz/side = 0.54MHz / 30kHza = 18 AMPS Channels

Totals 1.77 MHz 59 AMPS Channels

a. One AMPS Channel = 30 kHz

1.25 MHz

1st CDMA Channel1.23 MHz

2nd CDMA Channel1.23 MHz

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2.3.3 2nd CDMA Carrier

The following figure summarizes the additional and total number of AMPS channels removed forthe second CDMA channel.

The difference between the 1st CDMA carrier and the 2nd CDMA carrier is equal to the channelspacing. Minimal channel spacing is 1.25 MHz (41.667 AMPS channels). The following figurerepresents the frequency requirements for 2nd carrier implementation.

Figure 2-4: 2nd CDMA Carrier

2.3.4 Greater Than Two CDMA Carriers

Additional carriers can be added as outlined in 2.3.2 and 2.3.3. See Figure 2-5 for a 3-carrierexample. CDMA carriers must be at least 1.25 MHz apart with guard bands. The governing bodycontrolling the frequency allocations will dictate the amount of spectrum available for eachoperator. This spectrum will limit the number of carriers allowed per block.

Figure 2-3: Calculation of Minimum Spectrum Required Two CDMA Channels

CDMA Spacing= 1.25 MHz = 1.25MHz / 30kHza = 42 AMPS Channels

CDMA Channel = 1.23 MHz = 1.23MHz / 30kHza = 41 AMPS Channels

CDMA Guard = 0.27 MHz/side = 0.54MHz / 30kHza = 18 AMPS Channels

Totals 3.02 MHz 101 AMPS Channels

a. One AMPS Channel = 30 kHz

1.25 MHz


2nd CDMA Channel1.23 MHz

GuardGuard

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Figure 2-5: 3rd CDMA Carrier

2.4 Channel Spacing and Designation - 800 MHz

The Primary and Secondary CDMA Channel shall be assigned as indicated in Table 2-3 CDMAChannel Spacing and Designation. Table 2-4 is taken directly from the IS-95A and outlines thechannel allocations shared by CDMA and AMPS technologies.

Table 2-3: CDMA Channel Spacing and Designation

“A” Band “B” Band.

Primary 283 384

Secondary 691 777a

a. In the United States due to proximity of 800 MHz Air-Ground RadiotelephoneService, channel 777 has interference considerations associated with it. Use ofthis channel should require determination of sufficient isolation to the nearestAirFone base receiver prior to implementation.

Table 2-4: Channel Number and Frequencies

SystemValid CDMA

Frequency Assignments

Analog Channel Count

CDMA Channel Number

Transmitter Frequency Assignment (MHz) Mobile Base

A"(1 MHz)

////////// 22 991

1012

824.040

824.670

869.040

869.670

CDMA 11 1013

1023

824.700

825.000

869.700

870.000

1.25 MHz


2nd CDMA Channel1.23 MHz GuardGuard

1.25 MHz

3rd CDMA Channel1.23 MHz

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A(10 MHz)

CDMA 311 1

311

825.030

834.330

870.030

879.330

////////// 22 312

333

834.360

834.990

879.360

879.990

B(10 MHz)

////////// 22 334

355

835.020

835.650

880.020

880.650

CDMA 289 356

644

835.680

844.320

880.680

889.320

////////// 22 645

666

844.350

844.980

889.350

889.980

A’(1.5 MHz)

////////// 22 667

688

845.010

845.640

890.010

890.640

CDMA 6 689

694

845.670

845.820

890.670

890.820

////////// 22 695

716

845.850

846.480

890.850

891.480

B’(2.5 MHz)

////////// 22 717

738

846.510

847.140

891.510

892.140

CDMA 39 739

777

847.170

848.310

892.170

893.310

////////// 22 778

799

848.340

848.970

893.340

893.970

Frequencies in shaded (//////////) regions are not valid for CDMA frequency assignments.

Table 2-4: Channel Number and Frequencies

SystemValid CDMA

Frequency Assignments

Analog Channel Count

CDMA Channel Number

Transmitter Frequency Assignment (MHz) Mobile Base

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In Table 2-4 Channel Number and Frequencies, the center frequency in MHz corresponding to thechannel number (expressed as N) is calculated as follows in Table 2-5 CDMA Channel Number toCDMA Frequency Assignment Correspondence.

A visual depiction of the CDMA frequencies is identified in Fig 2-6: AMPS Frequency Allocation.

Figure 2-6: AMPS Frequency Allocation

2.4.1 Segregated Spectrum

When the CDMA carrier is deployed where other technology already exists, the system spectrummust be split into two frequency bands. One band is for the existing technology and the other bandis for digital frequency bands. This concept is shown in the following “B” band frequency chartfigure. Note that the digital band includes a single primary CDMA carrier.

Table 2-5: CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency Assignment Correspondence

Transmitter CDMA Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Mobile Station 1 <= N <= 777 0.030 * N + 825.000

1013 <= N <= 1023 0.030 * (N-1023) + 825.000

Base Station 1 <= N <= 777 0.030 * N + 870.000

1013 <= N <= 1023 0.030 * (N-1023) + 870.000

A’A

WirelineNon-Wireline

AMPSA”

EAMPSB’

EAMPS

691

777384

2831st A Band CDMA

BAMPS

2nd ary A Band CDMA

1st B Band CDMA 2ndary B Band CDMA

666

667

716

717

333

334

991

1023

1 799

EAMPS

1st refers to the primary channel.2nd ary refers to the secondary channel. Not to be confused with a second carrier.

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All advanced technology (NAMPS, TDMA or CDMA) that must co-exist with AMPS/EAMPS inthe available spectrum requires implementation of segregated spectrum. Transition from AMPSto CDMA consists of effectively replacing AMPS channels with CDMA channels. In such a mixedsystem, co-channel interference is minimized by dividing the available cellular spectrum into twoparts as depicted above. The segregated spectrum approach also requires the system to bepartitioned into three distinct geographic areas. This technique ensures the physical separationneeded to permit reuse of AMPS channels from the CDMA band.

There are two benefits to segregated spectrum planning. First, spectrum division reduces concernover introducing interference as each CDMA carrier is implemented. Second, it will allow forindependent AMPS and CDMA planning.

The three distinct geographic areas created are identified as follows:

Core Zone - The region in which CDMA carriers are deployed. The core will operate CDMAchannels in the CDMA band and AMPS channels in the AMPS band. The existing AMPSfrequency plan is modified to delete AMPS channels in the CDMA band.

Perimeter Zone - The outermost area contains those cells that are located an adequate distancefrom the CDMA core such that it is acceptable to assign AMPS channels that are in the CDMAband. This physical separation serves to maintain acceptable interference levels.

Transition Zone - The transition zone (also known as the guard zone) is located between the coreand the perimeter. AMPS channels in the CDMA band should not be assigned in the transitionzone. This zone should not be confused with the transition cell hand-down capability.

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Figure 2-7: Segregated Spectrum

The grade-of-service (blocking) should be checked for all cells to make sure it is acceptable,particularly in the transition zone. In the event that the grade of service is unacceptable and allchannels have been assigned, certain design options can be exercised to resolve this problem. Thefirst option that may be considered is to replace the AMPS channels with CDMA channels. Thecell would then become a core cell. A second option would be to sectorize or cell split the AMPScell. A third option would be to reduce the size of the CDMA core to the point that this cell wouldthen be considered a perimeter zone cell.

Segregated spectrum may be implemented in various configurations: uniform, non-uniform andhomogenous. Uniform deployment consists of a single core area surrounded by a single transitionand perimeter zone. Non-uniform implementation may establish multiple CDMA core andtransition zones. A homogeneous implementation occurs when the entire system consists ofCDMA and there are no transitions or perimeter zones. Homogeneous system composition maybe considered by isolated systems or systems adjacent to another CDMA system.

Perimeter Zone

Core

Transition

CoreCORE

CORE

Option # 3 - Homogeneous

Option # 1 - Uniform Option # 2 - Non-Uniform

Requires Isolated system or adjacent CDMA systems

Zone

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2.5 1,900 MHz Channel Spacing and Designation

The block designators for the personal and base station frequencies are as specified in Table 2-6.

The channel spacing, CDMA channel designations and transmit center frequencies are specified inTable 2-7.

Transmission on conditionally valid channels is permissible if the adjacent block is allocated to thelicensee or if other valid authorization has been obtained. Valid CDMA Channels Numbers areidentified in Table 2-8.

Table 2-6: Band Class 1 System Frequency Correspondence



A 1850-1865 1930-1945

D 1865-1870 1945-1950

B 1870-1885 1950-1965

E 1885-1890 1965-1970

F 1890-1895 1970-1975

C 1895-1910 1975-1990

Table 2-7: CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency Assignment

Transmitter CDMA Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Personal Station 0 <= N <= 1199 1850.000 + 0.050 * N

Base Station 0 <= N <= 1199 1930.000 + 0.050 * N

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Table 2-8: CDMA Channel Numbers and Corresponding Frequencies for Band Class 1

Block Designator

Valid CDMA Frequency

Assignments

CDMA Channel Number

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)


A(15 MHz)

Not ValidValid

Cond. Valid

0 - 2425 - 275276 - 299

1850.000 - 1851.2001851.250 - 1863.7501863.800 - 1864.950

1930.000 - 1931.2001931.250 - 1943.7501943.800 - 1944.950

D(5 MHz)

Cond. ValidValid

Cond. Valid

300 - 324325 - 375376 - 399

1865.000 - 1866.2001866.250 - 1868.7501868.800 - 1869.950

1945.000 - 1946.2001946.250 - 1948.7501948.800 - 1949.950

B(15 MHz)

Cond. ValidValid

Cond. Valid

400 - 424425 - 675676 - 699

1870.000 - 1871.2001871.250 - 1883.7501883.800 - 1884.950

1950.000 - 1951.2001951.250 - 1963.7501963.800 - 1964.950

E(5 MHz)

Cond. ValidValid

Cond. Valid

700 - 724725 - 775776 - 799

1885.000 - 1886.2001886.250 - 1888.7501888.800 - 1889.950

1965.000 - 1966.2001966.250 - 1968.7501968.800 - 1969.950

F(5 MHz)

Cond. ValidValid

Not Valid

800 - 824825 - 875876 - 899

1890.000 - 1891.2001891.250 - 1893.7501893.800 - 1894.950

1970.000 - 1971.2001971.250 - 1973.7501973.800 - 1974.950

C(15 MHz)

Cond. ValidValid

Not Valid

900 - 924925 - 11751176 - 1199

1895.000 - 1896.2001896.250 - 1908.7501908.800 - 1909.950

1975.000 - 1976.2001976.250 - 1988.7501988.800 - 1989.950

Table 2-9: CDMA Preferred Set of Frequency Assignments for Band Class 1

Block Designator

Preferred Set Channel Numbers

A 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275

D 325, 350, 375

B 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675

E 725, 750, 775

F 825, 850, 875

C 925, 950, 975, 1000, 1025, 1050, 1075, 1100, 1125, 1150, 1175

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2.6 Dual-Mode vs. Dual-Band

Dual-mode subscriber units can support two air-interfaces using a common frequency band (i.e.800 MHz). In a mixed digital and analog system, normally the registration request will beattempted first to the digital service then to the analog service. Dual-mode allows the digitalservice provider the option to re-direct traffic to a different air-interface where resources areavailable, for capacity control or emergency hand down. Dual-mode phones also allow thesubscriber unit to roam outside of its home network (assuming service is provided).

Dual-band subscriber units are designed to allow a subscriber to utilize two frequency spectrums,such as PCS frequency spectrum and the cellular bands. Handoffs are supported between CDMAproviders of different bands (much like dual-mode) and also supported between CDMA, NAMPSand AMPS. With dual-mode phones, the service provider has the option to re-direct the subscriberunit to a different air interface, however dual-band providers re-direct the subscriber unit to adifferent part of the frequency spectrum. An example for dual-mode would be a subscriber unitthat is capable of operating on a CDMA 800 MHz system or could be re-directed to an AMPS 800MHz system, assuming resources are available. An example for dual-band operation would be asubscriber unit that is capable of operating on a CDMA PCS (1900 MHz) system and also beingable to operate on an AMPS 800 MHz system.

The goal in developing dual-mode and dual-band subscriber units is to ease transition from onetechnology to a second (such as 800 MHz AMPS to 800 MHz CDMA), allow a single subscriberunit to roam outside of the provider’s service area, and eventually to have a subscriber unit whichwill work everywhere (domestic and international) thus providing "seamless" coverage."Seamless" coverage does not necessarily imply a single service provider.

2.7 Spectrum Clearing

Spectrum clearing is a topic which is especially important to CDMA systems. The CDMAtechnology bases its capacity on a signal to noise balance (uplink and downlink). Adequatespectrum must be cleared to optimize a system to its greatest capacity. Although there are manyapproaches to testing the airways for clearance, it is advised that drive tests are performed (i.e. witha spectrum analyzer) to verify that the spectrum is clear, and/or locate possible spectrum violators.

In the cellular bands, CDMA bandwidth is created by removing the appropriate number of AMPSchannels. This should be done in cells within the core and transition zones. For the 1st CDMAcarrier, 59 AMPS (30 kHz) channels would need to be cleared.

Cells for the transition (or guard) zone can be identified either by predictive RF propagation oractual noise floor measurements. The coverage area needing spectrum clearing will varydepending upon transmission signal strength, base station height, terrain variation, foliage, andreflection from buildings, hills or the atmosphere. The zone or area of cells to be cleared is relatedto the re-use distance needed to achieve acceptable C/I levels. The area needing clearing forCDMA may be reduced by controlling interference. Examples of how to control interferenceinclude: utilizing directional antennas, increasing or decreasing antenna heights and downtilts,careful adjustment of power applied to pilot and voice channels, or by using geographic elements

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for isolation.

Because all transmission equipment has the capacity to block or disrupt signalling, each countryhas laws governing transmission of signals. Many countries have adopted the United StatesFederal Communications Commission (FCC) standards. However, do NOT assume thesestandards are international. In the United States, Codes of Federal Regulations must be strictlyadhered to. The U.S. government divides these codes into what are called "Titles". Each Titlecovers a specific topic. For instance, Title 7 covers Agriculture codes, Title 15 covers Commerceand Foreign Trade. The Telecommunication Code of Federal Regulations is listed in Title 47.Title 47 is subdivided into "Volumes" which contain "Parts" or chapters explicitly defining eachcode. The FCC World-Wide Web Page contains a search engine which can assist you in locatingspecific regulations. For example, regulations governing licensing and use of frequencies in the806-824, 851-869, 896-901, and 935-940 MHz bands are located under CFR 47, Part 90, SubpartS. Specific codes for PCS exist under CFR 47, Part 24. The following list is what is containedin subparts A thru I.

Subpart A: General InformationSubpart B: Applications and LicensesSubpart C: Technical StandardsSubpart D: Narrowband PCSSubpart E: Broadband PCSSubpart F: Competitive Bidding Procedures for Narrowband PCSSubpart G: Interim Application, Licensing and Processing Rules for Narrowband PCSSubpart H: Competitive Bidding Procedures for Broadband PCSSubpart I: Interim Application, Licensing and Processing Rules for Broadband PCS

Within these subparts great detail is given to rules and restrictions. One rule for example, underSubpart E paragraph 24.236 gives the field strength limits: "The predicted or measured medianfield strength at any location on the border of the PCS service area shall not exceed 47 dBuV/munless the parties agree to a higher field strength."

Rules can very specific. For instance regulations are given for items such as antenna mast heights,antenna location, what maximum radiated power is allowed at each frequency, how to dividespectrum, who is responsible for clearing spectrum and what is the allotted time frame. It isimportant to understand clearly the regulations of the government for which you are designing thesystem. Large fines can be assessed to the customer and/or Motorola.

Although Federal Regulations take priority, each state and town/city may have additional codes orzoning regulations.

For non-U.S. regulations, please contact the governing agency of that country.

2.8 Conclusion

To design a system adequately, the RF System Engineer will need to work closely with thecustomer and carefully follow government codes. To optimize CDMA, the signal to noise ratiomust be balanced. The goal is to minimize the noise and maximize the capacity.

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2.9 References1. EIA/TIA/IS-95-A, Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode

Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular Systems, 1995, Sections 2.1.1.1, 2.2.1.1, 3.1.1.1,3.2.1.1, 6.1.1.1, 6.2.1.1, 7.1.1.1, Tables 2.1.1.1-1, 6.1.1.1-1, 6.1.1.1-2.

2. ANSI J-STD-008, Personal Station-Base Station Compatibility Requirements for 1.8 to2.0 GHz Code Division Multiple Access Personal Communications, March 24, 1995,Section 2.1.1.1, Tables 2.1.1.1-1, 2.1.1.1-2, 2.1.1.1-3 and 2.1.1.1-4.

3. CFR 47 (Telecommunications), Office of the Federal Register National Archives andRecords Administration, October 1, 1997.

4. FCC Web Page (Wireless Telecommunications Bureau): http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/National Archives and Records Administration (CFR Search Engine): http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/index.html

Documents

Basic CDMA Spectrum Planning