348

ANNEXTURE - 1

BASIC CALCULATIONS FOR AMáAKRAMA.

1. Am¿akrama.

In order to check the am¿akrama few examples are taken on the garbhag¤has,

doors, wall thickness and adhis¶¡nas. The basic calculations are given in succeeding

paragraphs.

2. Garbhag¤has. The details are given in table form:

Sl. No. Temple ¿rikovil Measurements (Width)

Proportions

árikovil Garbhag¤ha

1

ári Sankara Narayana Temple,

Ramanthali

1096cm 535cm Nearly 2:1

2

ári Subramanya Swami Temple,

Payyannur.

1090cm 472cm 2.3:1 Nearly 2:1

3 ári áiva Temple, Venniyur. 535cm 268cm Nearly 2:1

4 ári Maha áiva Temple. 470cm 276cm Nearly 10:6

349

Triprangod.

5 ári á¡sta Temple, Panjal 245cm 155cm Nearly 10:6

6

ári V¡mana Murti Temple,

Mevallur

846cm 366cm

Nearly 10:4

( Not as per TSS)

Most of the temples have garbhag¤has as per am¿akrama or very closely

agreeing with it:

3. Doors. The details are given below:

Sl. No árikovil

Proportion

Pr¡s¡da Door Height Door Width

1

ári Tali áiva

Temple,

Nedumpura

832 cm 174 cm 106 cm

Nearly 10:6 width of

door is nearly 1/8th of

pr¡s¡da width

2

ári Ayyappa

Temple,

198cm 125cm 58cm

Nearly 11:5. The width

is nearly 3/10th of

350

Chundakattu pr¡s¡da width

3

Maha¿iva

Temple,

Triprangod

470cm 170cm 85cm

Ratio of 2:1. The width

of door is

approximately 1/5.5 of

pr¡s¡da width

4

ári á¡sta

Temple, Panjal

245cm 133cm 60cm

Width nearly 4/9th of

height, width is nearly

1/4th of pr¡s¡da width

5

ári Ayyappa

Temple,

Muttichur

236cm 112cm 56cm

Width of door is ½ of

height, width of door is

nearly 1/4th of pr¡s¡da

width

The proportions of door widths to heights nearly agree with am¿akrama. The

widths of door proportionate to the widths of pr¡s¡das vary from 1/8th to 1/4th. The sizes

of doors appear to have considered the convenience of entry/exist of persons.

351

4. Wall Thickness. The details are as under:

Sl.No árikovil Pr¡s¡da width Wall thickness Proportions

1

ári Vamanamurthi

Temple, Mevallore.

846cm 55cm Nearly 1/16th

2

ári Dharma¿¡sta Temple,

Arattupuzha.

580cm 37cm Nearly 1/16th

3

ári Ayyappa Temple,

Muttichur.

236cm 37cm Nearly 1/6th

4 ári áasta Temple, Panjal. 245cm 32cm Nearly 1/8th

5

ári áiva Temple,

Venniyur.

535cm 46cm Nearly 1/12th

6

ári Maha áiva Temple,

Mannur.

975cm 45cm Nearly 1/22th

352

Some of the wall thickness agrees with the proportions of 1/8th to 1/16th where as some are

different.

5. AdhiÀt¡na. The details are given below:

Sr. No árikovil Pr¡s¡da width Height of Adhis¶¡na Remarks

1

ári Tali áiva

temple,

Nedumpura.

832cm

(11 kol pariÀa)

Pancavarga type.

Height=148cm. Theoretically

adhis¶¡na

height=24+28=52a=2 kol 1.33

A

Nearly agree with

the theoretical

height

353

2

ári áankara

Narayana

Temple,

Ramanthali.

1096cm

(15 kol pariÀa)

Theoretically height=2 kol 4A.

Actual=116cm= 39A say 40A =

1 kol - 16A

Less than the

theoretical height.

3

ári Mah¡deva

Temple,

Trikadiyur.

490cm

(7 kol pariÀa)

Theoretical height=1 kol 16A.

Actual height=98cm

Approximately 1 kol 8A

Less than the

theoretical height.

4

ári áiva Temple,

Veniiyur.

535cm

(7 kol pariÀa)

Theoretical Height=1 kol 16A.

Actual=108cm. (1Kol 12A)

Nearly agrees

5

ári áiva Temple,

Elannummal.

532cm

(7 kol pariÀa)

Actual height = 96cm Height is less

6

ári á¡sta Temple,

Panjal

245

(3 kol pariÀa)

Actual Height=78cm Nearly agree

Some of the adhis¶¡nas agree with the theoretical proportions where as some are slightly

different especially in bigger ¿rikovils.

354

ANNEXTURE -2

BASIC CALCULATIONS TO OBTAIN FACTOR OF SAFETY

1. In order to arrive at the factor of safety, few examples of walls, rafters and

basements are taken. Materials of high quality are considered. Factors of safety are

incorporated while working on allowable stresses. NBC 2005 chapter 3.3.1 has been taken

as the basis for working out the ultimate comprehensive strength of masonry. It is

compared with Civil Engineer's, Hand Book by P.N Khanna (Chapter-VII). The working

stresses of timber are taken from the text books 'Design of steel structures Vol.1 by

Ramachandra (Chapter 13). The basic assumptions of stresses are:

(a) Allowable compressive stresses:-

(1) Timber - 8N/mm2 parallel to the grain

4N/mm2 perpendicular to the grain

(2) Mansory in Lime mortar 0.60N / mm2

355

(3) Consolidated soil - 0.40 N/ mm2

And hard soil - 0.60 N/ mm2

The roof is assumed to be having slope of 45º. The weight of roof including live

load of 75kg/m2 worked out came to be 1.6KN/m2. The load on wall is assumed to have a

minimum eccentricity of effective height divided by 500 + lateral dimension divided by

30 subjected to a minimum of 20mm as per SP16 (S&T), 1980.

The results of approximate calculations are given in table form below:

Sl.No árikovil Member Actual stress Allowable

stress Remarks

1

ári áankaranarayana

Temple, Ramanthali.

(Two storeyed)

Rafters

Masonry

Foundation

1.08N/mm2

0.2N/ mm2

0.10N/mm2

8N/ mm2

0.6N/ mm2

0.6N/ mm2

Hard Soil

2

ári Subramanya Swami

Temple, Payyanur

(Two storeyed)

Rafters

Masonry

Foundation

0.8N/mm2

0.24N/mm2

0.08N/mm2

8N/mm2

0.6N/ mm2

0.4N/mm2

Consolid-ated

soil

3 ári áiva temple, Mannur, Rafters 1.26N/mm2 8N/mm2 Hard soil

356

(Two storeyed) Masonry

Foundation

0.28N/mm2

0.25N/mm2

0.6N/ mm2

0.6N/mm2

4

ári á¡sta Temple, Panjal

(Single storeyed)

Rafters

Masonry

Foundation

0.94N/mm2

0.14N/mm2

0.10N/mm2

8N/mm2

0.6N/ mm2

0.6N/mm2

Hard soil

5

ári Harikanyaka

Temple, Ariyannur,

Near Guruvayoor

(Two storeyed)

Rafters

Masonry

Foundation

2N/mm2

0.42N/mm2

0.34N/mm2

8N/mm2

0.8N/ mm2

0.3N/mm2

The sub soil

was of built

up soil.

Settlement

observed

6 ári Mah¡deva Temple

Rafters

Masonry

Foundation

1.2N/mm2

0.21N/mm2

0.2N/mm2

8N/mm2

0.6N/ mm2

0.6N/mm2

Hard soil

Note: It is assumed that about 50% of the rafter¿ sectional area is cut for decoration and

fixing.

From the above it can be observed that the actual stresses in timber (rafters) is

about 4 to 10 times less than the allowable stresses. In the case of masonry, the allowable

357

stresses are about 2 to 3 times the actual stress. The stresses in foundation are about half

to one third of allowable stresses taking compacted earth at sub base in most of the cases.

The members are oversized and may be the sacrificial section considering the life

of ¿rikovils to be many centuries and be durable against all detrimental effects. The

points raised by engineers that high factors of safety are applied in the design of temple

¿rikovils appear to be true. In the case of one ¿rikovil given at Sl. No. 5 the unequal

settlements and cracks in the basement were noticed. The sub soil might have

undergone unequal settlement in this case resulting in settlement of foundation and

development of cracks in the basement. Such developments are seldom found in the

¿rikovil structures.

355

ANNEXTURE -3

LIST OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED/DISCUSSED WITH

1. Dr. Achuthan .A., 'Amulyam', Bilathikulam, Kozhikode - 6.

2. Smt. Alphonsa Joseph, Design Engineer, Noble Tech Engineering Pvt. Ltd.,

Cochin - 25.

3. Sri. Babu Namboodiri, Udayapuram, Vaikaom, Ernakulam Dist.

4. Sri. Babu Raj. K., Chief Engineer, Corporation of Cochin, Kochi.

5. Sri. Balan Achari B, Anugrah, Near Subramanyaswami temple, Payyannore,

Kannur Dist.

6. Dr. Balagopal. T.S.Prabhu, Retd. Professor, N.I.T. Calicut, 'Srivalsam', Kiliyanad,

Calicut Dist.

7. Sri. Balakrishnan. M, Engineer, 'Sabash', East Nadakkavu, Calicut.

8. Dr. Benny Abraham, Head of Civil Department, CUSAT, Kochi- 22.

9. Sri. Binu. V, Architect, 'Jyothi', Near Trikkara Temple, Trikkakkara, Ernakulam

Dist.

356

10. Sri. Brahmadathan Namboodiripad, Vezheparambu Mana, Alangad, Ernakulam

Dist.

11. Sri. Damodaran Namboodiri, Cheruvally Illom, Alappadambu, Mathil, Kannur

Dist.

12. Dr. Dayalan, Supdt; Archeologist, Archeological Survey of India, Chennai Region,

Chennai.

13. Sri. Divakaran Namboodiri. M.M., Madathil Mundayoor Mana P.O,

Peramangalam, Trichur Dist.

14. Sri. Eldhose M.P, Asst. Executive Engineer, Cochin Port Trust,

Kochi - 9.

15. Sri. Girish Namboodiripad, Chennas Mana, Allapra P.O, Perumbavoor,

Ernakulam. Dist.

16. Sri. Gireesan. P, Asst. Executive Engineer, KWA. 'Prayaga', Kollali, Kozhikode-16.

17. Smt. Girijadevi, Asst. Executive Engineer, Cochin Corporation, Trippunithura,

Ernakulam Dist.

357

18. Sri. Govindan Namboodiri, Melshanti, Thiruvannore Shiva temple, Kozhikode

Dist.

19. Sri Govindan Namboodiri, Thottasseri Illom, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta Dist.

20. Sri. Hariharan. T.E, 'Varsha', Chettankunnu, Thalasseri, Kannur Dist.

21. Sri. Harish Namboodiri, Paikkad, Melshanti, Sree Subramanya temple,

Payyannyur.

22. Sri. Harish Namboodiri, Paikattu Mana, Meppayur, Tanur, Malappuram Dist.

23. Sri. Harithan Namboodiripad, Kanipayoor Mana P.O, Udayamperoor,

Ernakulam Dist.

24. Sri. Iswaran Namboodiri. P, Panniyottillom P.O., Vilayamkode, Kannur Dist.

25. Sri. Iswara Vadhyan Namboodiri. V.P. Vadakkina palakhiz P.O, Karanthat,

Kannur Dist.

26. Late Sri. Iswaran Namboodiri, Vattapparambu Mana, Sasta Nagar, Trissur - 1.

27. Sri. Jayan Namboodiri, Chief Priest, Mahadeva temple, Mannore, Feroke,

Kozhikode Dist.

28. Sri. Jayashankar. S, A-25. Jawahar Nagar, Trivandrum.

358

29. Sri. Joseph C.J, Engineer, Chiraparambil, St. Antory Road, Kaloor, Kochi-17.

30. Sri. Kapali Namboodiri, Chuzhali, Taliparambu, Kannur Dist.

31. Sri. Kesavan Bhattathiri. K. Bhattathiri Mana, Chirakkal P.O,

Kannur Dist.

32. Sri. Kesavan Namboodiri. M, Meledam, Puliyannor Lane, Aroor, Ernakulam Dist.

33. Sri. Kesava Vadhyan Namboodiri, Abli Illom, Vadakkumthara P.O. Palghat Dist.

34. Sri. Kopathan Namboodiri, Rajarajeswara Temple, Taliparamba. Kannur Dist.

35. Sri. Krishna Mallan, Executive Engineer (Retd), Sarovaram, East Hill Road,

Calicut.

36. Sri. Krishan Namboodiri. K.N., Katiyokol Illom, Maryathuruth P.O., Kottayam

Dist.

37. Sri. Krishna Upadyaya, Chief priest, Madhur Siddivinayaka temple, Madhur,

Kasargod Dist.

38. Sri. Krishan Pillai. K.A. Engineer, Noble Tech Engineering Ltd.

Cochin - 25.

359

39. Sri. Krishnan Namboodiripad. K.S., Kanipayyor P.O, Kunnamkulam, Trisur

Dist.

40. Sri. Krishnan Namboodiri. E.N., Sri. Mahavishnu Temple, Thirunelli, Vynad Dist.

41. Sri. Krishnan Namboodiripad, Sankara Nilayam, (Kanipayoor), Kunnamkulam,

Trichur Dist.

42. Sri. Kunjuraman Achari, Muthachari, Olora P.O, Payyannur.

Kannur Dist.

43. Sri. Kunhiraman Viswakarman, Kunnaru, Karanthat P.O, Kannur Dist.

44. Sri. Kuttan Moosad, Thrikkandiyur, Thirur, Malappuram Dist.

45. Sri. Madhavan Achari, Thekkinapurayil House, Kozhummal P.O, Kannur Dist.

46. Sri. Madhavan Namboodiri. V.E., Chief Priest, Nambiatharakhol Temple,

Payyannur, Kannur Dist.

47. Prof. (Dr.) Mathew P.S., Professor, IIT, Chennai.

48. Prof. (Dr.) Mehar Prasad, Professor and Head of Department, IIT, Chennai.

49. Sri. Namboodiri. C.K.K, Chandramana, Kottapadi, Trikkariyur, Kothamangalam,

Ernakulam Dist.

360

50. Dr. Namboodiri. D.D; Kainikkara, Chandrathil Road, Edappally, Kochi-24.

51. Sri.Nandakumar, Elavally, Chittattukara, Trichur Dist.

52. Sri. Narayanan T.V, Asst. Executive Engineer (Retd.).

53. Sri. Narayanan Bhattathiri, Parambur Illom, Mathilbhagam, Tiruvalla,

Pathanamthitta Dist.

54. Sri. Narayanan Embranthiry, Melshanti, Maha Deva temple, Thrikkandiyur,

Thirur, Malappuram Dist.

55. Sri. Narayanan Moosad, Kizhakke Ambalam, Trippamgod, Malappuram Dist.

56. Sri. Narayanan Namboodiri, Thekkumppat Mana, Mangalam P.O,Thirur,

Malappuram Dist.

57. Sri. Narayanan Namboodiri, Cheruvalli, 'Sanathanam'.

Arakkinar P.O., Kozhikode.

58. Sri. Narayanan Namboodiri, Palakkathiri Mana, Chalisseri P.O. Palghat Dist.

59. Sri Narayanan Namboodiri. K.P.C., Peravaram, Cherp P.O.

Trissur Dist.

361

60. Sri. Narayanan Namboodiri. S., Puthillom, Chennithala P.O,

Alleppey Dist.

61. Sri. Narayanan Namboodiripad, Kidangasseri Mana,

Thannisseri P.O, Trichur Dist.

62. Sri. Narayanan Namboodiri, Ably Vadhyar, Chief Priest, Sri. Vallabha Swami

Temple, Thiruvalla, Panthanamthitta Dist.

63. Dr. Nair .R.P.R., Rajendu, Cheloor P.O, Trichur.

64. Dr. Neelakandan. C.M. Prof. and Head. Department of Vedic Studies, S.S.U.S,

Kalady, Ernakulam Dist.

65. Sri. Neelakandan Namboodiri, Vatasseri Mana, Njarakkal P.O,

Ernakulam Dist.

66. Sri. Paramanandan. O.K., Madhavam, Quilandi, Calicut Dist.

67. Sri. Padmanabhan Namboodiri, Narayana Mangalam, Melsanti, Sankara

Narayana temple, Ramanthali P.O, Kannur Dist.

68. Sri. Pankajakshan K.N. Contractor, Navalaya Engineers, Edappally. Kochi -24.

362

69. Sri. Parameswaran Namboodiri, Andaladi Mana. Maruthur P.O, Pattambi,

Palghat Dist.

70. Sri. Parameswaran Namboodiri K.N., Keezhu Mundayoor Mana, Peramangalam

P.O, Trichur Dist.

71. Dr. Parameswarn. M.P, Matamgarli Mana, Kottapuram, Trichur Dist.

72. Sri. Parameswaran Namboodiri.A, Andaladi Mana, Maruthur P.O. Pattambi,

Palghat Dist.

73. Sri Paramewaran Namboodiripad. N.P. Nedumbal Tarananallore Mana,

Tanisseri P.O. Trichur Dist.

74. Sri. Parameswaran Nambnoodiripad, Vezheparambu Mana, Kumaranallore,

Kottayam Dist.

75. Sri. Parameswaran Namboodiri, Kizhu Mundayoor, Peramangalam, Trissur

Dist.

76. Sri. Paravoor Sridharan Tantrikal, Paravoor, Ernakulam Dist.

77. Sri. Prabhakaran Embranthiri, Chief Priest, Mahadeva temple, Venniyur,

Malappuram Dist.

363

78. Sri. Prasanth Namboodiripad, Assistant Engineer, CDB, Puliyannur Mana,

Aroor, Ernakulam Dist.

79. Sri. Raja P.K, Managing Trustee, Thiruvannore Siva temple, Thiruvannore,

Kozhicode.

80. Sri. Raman Bhattathiripad, Namboodiripad Associates, Mele pattambi,

Malappuram Dist.

81. Sri. Raman Namboodiri. E.P, Ezhumavu Mana, Edappally, Kochi-24.

82. Sri. Raman Namboodiri, Perumbadathu Mana, Mannothi,

Trichur Dist.

83. Sri. Radhakrishnan Moosad, Thirumangalam, Trippamgod, Malappuram Dist.

84. Sri. Raghava Varier, Edappally Varium, Edappally, Kochi - 24.

85. Sri. Raghu Nair. N.G (Rt. Engineer), KRRA/36, Kochi - 24.

86. Sri. Raju Jose. N. Executive Engineer, PWRM, Ernakulam Dist.

87. Lt. Col. Ramachandran. K, M.D - Warehousing Corporation, Ernakulam Dist.

88. Sri. Ramakrishnan Nair. M.N, Structural Consultant, 1/3083 - B, West Hill P.O,

Kozhikod.

364

89. Sri. Ramdas, Dept. of Civil Engineering, CUSAT, Kochi - 22.

90. Sri. Sachidanandan, Marottikkal, Elamakkara, Ernakulam Dist.

91. Late Sri. Sambhu Vadhyan Namboodiri, Ex. Sabarimala Melsanthi, Karanthat,

Kannur Dist.

92. Sri. Sanal Narayanan Namboodiri, Pullamvazhi Mana, Haripad, Alleppey Dist.

93. Sri. Sankaran Bhattathiripad, Paloor Mana, Paravoor,

Ernakulam Dist.

94. Sri. Sankara Narayanan, Chief Engineer. FEDO, Ernakulam Dist.

95. Sri. Sankara Narayanan Namboodiri, Kapplingat Mana, Nedumpura,

Cheruthuruthy, Trichur Dist.

96. Sri. Sankaran Namboodiripad, Kalpuzha Mana, Triprangot P.O, Malappuram

Dist.

97. Sri. Sankaran Namboodiri A., Andaladi Mana, Maruthur P.O. Pattambi, Palghat

Dist.

98. Sri. Sivasankara Menon. K, Civil Engineer, 'Shivasakthy', Vaniyamkulam, Palghat

Dist.

365

99. Sri. Shivaraman. K, Asst. Executive Engineer, Cholattu House, Pancode P.O,

Ernakulam Dist.

100. Sri. Shivaprasad, Shivapuri, Kulakkat chali P.O, Malappuram Dist.

101. Sri. Subramanyam Namboodiri, Thevamkottillam, Poovarani, Pala, Kottayam

Dist.

102. Sri. Sasikumar, Manager, Mahadeva Temple, Vazhappally, Thiruvalla.

103. Sri. Sashipalan. S. Engineer, Sriniketan House, Arakuzha Road, Moovatupuzha,

Ernakulam Dist.

104. Sri. Sasidharan Namboodiripad, Chennas Mana, Allapra P.O, Perumbavoor,

Ernakulam Dist.

105. Sri. Sivasankara Menon. K., Sivasakti, Vaniyamkulam, Palghat Dist.

106. Sri. Sridharan Namboodiri, Kizhakkillom, Korom, Kannore Dist.

107. Sri. Sreekandan. P, Executive Engineer, G.C.D.A, Kochi - 20.

108. Sri. Subramanyan Namboodiri, Thevankottillom, Meenachil, Pala, Kottayam

Dist.

366

109. Smt. Sudha. K.V. Engineer -Projects, Noble Tech Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Cochin -

25.

110. Sri. Sudhi Namboodiri, Sri Mahadeva temple, Trippamgod, Malappuram Dist.

111. Sri. Sunil Kumar. K. Engineer, Coloth House, Kudayathoor P.O. Todupuzha.

112. Sri. Surendran. R. Research Scholar, Vastuvidya, S.S.U.S. Kalady, Ernakulam

Dist.

113. Sri. Trivikraman Bhattathiri, Adarsh Nagar, Edappally, Kochi-24.

114. Dr. Trivikraman. N.T., Menon Parambu Road, Edappally, Kochi - 24.

115. Sri. Unnikrishnan Namboodiri, Arithottath Mana, Perandur P.O., Kochi - 26.

116. Sri. Unni. C.P, Vezheparambu Mana, Karumallore, Ernakulam Dist.

117. Sri. Unnikrishan Menon. N, Retd; Stuructural Engineer, 'Lakshmi', Vidya Nagar,

Cochin University. P.O.

118. Smt. Valiyathampuratti, Thiruvannore Kovilakam, Thiruvannore, Kozhikode.

119. Sri. Vishnu Asra, Vazhunnavar Illom, Madhur P.O, Kasargod.

120. Dr. Vishnu Namboodiri, Velinjal Mana, Cheranallore, Ernakulam Dist.

367

121. Sri. Vasudevan Bhattathiripad, Thevayil Kuzhikkat Illom, Thukalasseri,

Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta Dist.

122. Sri. Vasudevan Namboodiri, Mahadeva Temple, Vazhappally, Thiruvalla,

Pattanamthilla Dist.

123. Sri. Vasudevan Namboodiri, Kakkattu Mana, Korattikkara P.O., Kadavallore,

Trichur Dist.

124. Sri. Vsudevan Namboodiripad. P.N., Puliyannur Mana, Eroor P.O., Ernakulam

Dist.

125. Sri. Vishnu Namboodiri.A, Attupurathillom, Kavumbhagam, Thiruvalla

Pathanamthitta Dist.

126. Dr. Vishnu Namboodiri. M.V., Karanthat P.O, Kannore Dist.

127. Sri. Vasudevan Namboodiri, Kannadi Illom, Kaloor, Ernakulam Dist.