basic aircraft structure.ppt

8/20/2019 basic aircraft structure.ppt

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Yadav Khagendra K.

M-tech(AME)[email protected]


2/47

Outline of Preentation

Aircraft !om"onent

Material ue in Airframe !ontruction E#am"le of Material ue in Airframe !ontruction $unction of Aircraft %tructure $uelage %tructure

- &ru &y"e

- Pratt &ru- 'arren &ru

- Monocoue

- %emi-Monocoue aic %tructure Mem*er &erm 'ing %tructure Em"ennage %tructure Po+er Plant

- 'ing Pod Mount

-$uelage Mount ,anding ear %tructure


3/47


4/47

Pro"eller

,anding ear

'ing

,eft Aileron

$uelage

Em"ennage

acelle

/ight Aileron

'ing0ori1ontal

%ta*ili1er

2ertical

%ta*ili1er

/udder

Elevator


5/47

Parts of an aircraft and teir


6/47

! "ain #od$ of airplane

! Pilot % cargo compartments! Generall$ constructed in two or more sections

! Carries accessories and oter e&uipments

! 'ncludes numerous access doors( inspection plates( landingweel wells( and oter openings

$uelage


7/47

! Airfoils attaced to eac side of te fuselage

! "ain lifting surfaces

! )arious design si*e and sape

! "a$ #e attaced at te top( middle( or lower portion of te

fuselage

+ ,ig+wing( mid+wing( and low+wing

! Te num#er of wings can also -ar$

+ "onoplanes( #iplanes

'3


8/47

! now as tail section

! Consist of

/ )ertical 0ta#ili*er

/ 1udder

/ ,ori*ontal 0ta#ili*er

/ Ele-ators

Em"ennage


9/47

Po+er Plant A unit or macine tat con-erts cemical energ$ contains in

te fuel to trust force. Trust force is essential for mo-ing

te airplane forward and producing lift force. Wit te piston

engine( te propeller is used to con-ert tor&ue at engine

saft to #e trust. Wit te 2et engine( te 2et engine output is

te trust force.


10/47

! Located underneat of te

fuselage wit soc3 strut

! Fi4ed 5 1etracta#le

! Pro-ides means of landing ta4iing

! Tri+ c$cle /Con-entional t$pe

! Floating gear for seaplane 5s3i+

e&uipped for ice surface landing

etc..

,anding ear


11/47

Material ue in Airframe !ontruction Airframe "aterials Properties

+ ,ig 0trengt to Weigt ratio

+ Ligt weigt

+ Corrosion 1esistant

+ 0ould #e non flamma#le

+ ,ig &ualit$


12/47

• WOOD (Spruce)

• STEEL & ITS ALLOYS (Strong )

• ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOY (Commonly ue)

• TITANIUM ALLOYS (!e"t #"rr$er)

• MA%NESIUM ALLOYS ( t$me l$g'ter t'"n

AL)

• LASTICS & COMOSITE MATEIAL

E#am"le of Material ue in Airframe !ontruction


13/47

eneral &he tructure of mot flight vehicle are thin +alledtructure (hell)

/eit a""lied load (Aerodynamic load acting on the+ing tructure)

Provide the aerodynamic ha"e Protect the content from the environment

$unction of Aircraft %tructure


14/47

4efinition

Primary tructure5 A critical load+#earing structure on an aircraft.'f tis structure is se-erel$ damaged( te aircraftcannot fl$.

%econdary tructure5 0tructural elements mainl$ to pro-ide enancedaerod$namics. Fairings( for instance( are found

were te wing meets te #od$ or at -ariouslocations on te leading or trailing edge of tewing.


15/47

$uelage %tructure

BA0'C 0T1UCTU1E T6PE0

&/6%% &YPE

- P/A&& &/6%%

- 'A//E &/6%%

MOO!O76E

%EM3-MOO!O76E


16/47

T1U00 T6PE"ost earl$ aircraft used tis tecni&ue wit wood and

wire trusses and tis t$pe of structure is still in use in man$

ligtweigt aircraft using welded steel tu#e trusses. Te truss

t$pe fuselage frame is assem#led wit mem#ers forming a rigid

frame e.g. #eams( #ar( tu#e etc7 Primar$ mem#ers of te

truss are 8 longerons. Tere are two t$pes of truss structure.

+ P1ATT T1U00

+ WA11E9 T1U00


17/47

P1ATT T1U00! Earl$ da$s

! Wooden or metal structure

! Great weigt

! Difficult to streamline

! Bo4 wit tu#ular longerons :

-ertical mem#ers

Diagonal mem#ers oftu#ing or solid rods


18/47

• Longeron * only D$"gon"l Mem+er

• ,orce tr"n-er to e.ery ot'er tructure• C"p"+le to c"rry ten$on * compre$on

• e/uce "mount o- 0e+ 0or1

• More p"ce 2 trengt' 2 r$g$/$ty

• #etter tre"ml$ne

WA11E9 T1U00


19/47

Warren Truss 0tructure of an airplane

Four longerons

0tringers


20/47

";9;C;


21/47

0E"'+";9;C;


22/47

0emi+monoco&ue 0tructure of an airplane


23/47

Te most common airframe construction is semi+monoco&ue


24/47

0emi+monoco&ue 0tructure of an airplane


25/47

Basic 0tructure "em#er Terms

3ert$c"l Mem+er

• ,ormer

• ,r"me

• $ng• #ul1'e"/

Long$tu/$n"l Mem+er

• Longeron

• Str$nger


26/47

'ing %tructure"an$ ig+wing airplanes a-e e4ternal #races( or wing struts(

wic transmit te fligt and landing loads troug te struts tote main fuselage structure. 0ince te wing struts are usuall$

attaced appro4imatel$ alfwa$ out on te wing( tis t$pe of

wing structure is called semi-cantilever . A few ig+wing and

most low+wing airplanes a-e a full cantilever wing designed to

carr$ te loads witout e4ternal struts. Te principal structural

parts of te wing are spars( ri#s( and stringers. Tese are

reinforced #$ trusses( '+#eams( tu#ing( or oter de-ices(

including te s3in. Te wing ri#s determine te sape and

tic3ness of te wing =airfoil>.


27/47

'n most modern airplanes( te fuel tan3s eiter are an integral

part of te wing structure( or consist of fle4i#le containers

mounted inside of te wing. Attaced to te rear( or trailing(

edges of te wings are two t$pes of control surfaces referred

to as ailerons and flaps. Ailerons e4tend from a#out te

midpoint of eac wing outward toward te tip and mo-e in

opposite directions to create aerod$namic forces tat cause

te airplane to roll. Flaps e4tend outward from te fuselage to

near te midpoint of eac wing. Te flaps are normall$ fluswit te wing?s surface during cruising fligt. Wen e4tended(

te flaps mo-e simultaneousl$ downward to increase te

lifting force of te wing for ta3eoffs and landings.

'ing %tructure


28/47

Wing 0tructure of an airplane


29/47

Wing 0tructure of an airplane


30/47

Wings t$pes


31/47

Wings t$pes

swept#ac3 Wing =A@> delta wing =concorde>

)aria#le+sweep wing =Tornado F@>

0et of wings( tat ma$ #e swept

#ac3 and ten returned to its

original position during fligt.


32/47

Wings Positions


33/47

Em"ennage %tructure

Te correct name for te tail section of an airplane is

empennage. Te empennage includes te entire tail group(

consisting of fi4ed surfaces suc as te -ertical sta#ili*er

and te ori*ontal sta#ili*er. Te mo-a#le surfaces include

te rudder( te ele-ator( and one or more trim ta#s. A

second t$pe of empennage design does not re&uire an

ele-ator. 'nstead( it incorporates a one+piece ori*ontal

sta#ili*er tat pi-ots from a central inge point. Tis t$pe of

design is called a stabilator ( and is mo-ed using te control

stic3( 2ust as $ou would te ele-ator.


34/47

Te rudder is attaced to te #ac3 of te -ertical sta#ili*er.

During fligt( it is used to mo-e te airplane?s nose left andrigt. Te rudder is used in com#ination wit te ailerons

for turns during fligt. Te ele-ator( wic is attaced to te

#ac3 of te ori*ontal sta#ili*er( is used to mo-e te noseof te airplane up and down during fligt.

Trim ta#s are small( mo-a#le portions of te trailing edge of

te control surface. Tese mo-a#le trim ta#s( wic arecontrolled from te coc3pit( reduce control pressures. Trim

ta#s ma$ #e installed on te ailerons( te rudder( and5or te

ele-ator.

Em"ennage %tructure


35/47

Empennage of an airplane


36/47

Empennage 0tructure of an airplane


37/47

Empennage 0tructure of an airplane

0par

1i#s0tringers

03in

0par

0tringers

0ta#ilator


38/47

Aircraft tails T$pes


39/47

Aircraft tails T$pes

0tandard5Con-entional T+tail

Twin tail

Beec Beeccraft Bonan*a

)+tail5 )+#utterfl$ tail

, di %t t


40/47

Te landing gear is te principle support of te airplane wen

par3ed( ta4iing( ta3ing off( or wen landing. Te most common

t$pe of landing gear consists of weels( #ut airplanes can also

#e e&uipped wit floats for water operations( or s3is for landing

on snow. Te landing gear consists of tree weels two

main weels and a tird weel positioned eiter at te front or

rear of te airplane. Landing gear emplo$ing a rearmounted

weel is called con-entional landing gear.

,anding ear %tructure

, di %t t


41/47

Airplanes wit con-entional landing gear are sometimes

referred to as tail weel airplanes. Wen te tird weel is

located on te nose( it is called nose weel( and te design

is referred to as a tric$cle gear. A steera#le nose weel or

tail weel permits te airplane to #e controlled trougout all

operations wile on te ground.

,anding ear %tructure


42/47

Landing Gear Arrangement

P Pl t


43/47

Te power plant usuall$ includes #ot te engine and te

propeller. Te primar$ function of te engine is to pro-ide te

power to turn te propeller. 't also generates electrical power(

pro-ides a -acuum source for some fligt instruments( and in

most single+engine airplanes( pro-ides a source of eat for

te pilot and passengers. Te engine is co-ered #$ a cowling(or in te case of some airplanes( surrounded #$ a nacelle.

Te purpose of te cowling or nacelle is to streamline te flow

of air around te engine and to elp cool te engine #$

ducting air around te c$linders. Te propeller( mounted on

te front of te engine( translates te rotating force of te

engine into a forward acting force called trust tat elps

mo-e te airplane troug te air.

Po+er Plant


44/47

W$ / M


45/47

• W$ng o/ Mount 4 Commonly ue on commerc$"l "$rpl"ne $nce

-uel $ c"rry on 0$ng

4 Le no$e4 CL m"5 $ not " goo/ " -uel"ge mount

4 Y"0$ng moment e6ect

4 %roun/ cle"r"nce l$m$t"t$on '$g'er ge"r trut

F l " t


46/47

• Cle"n 0$ng 2'$g' CL M"5 2 'orter t"1e o67

• No groun/ cle"r"nce l$m$t"t$on

• Le y"0$ng e6ect

• We$g't pen"lty A-t Cg7 "n/ lo"/ /$tr$+ut$on

• C"+$n No$e "n/ 3$+r"t$on

Fuselage "ount


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basic aircraft structure.ppt