Baseline Survey on Improving Access to WASHhotjobs.bdjobs.com/jobs/wateraid/finalreport182.pdfBaseline Survey on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) for Levi’s

Baseline Survey on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) for Levi’s Ready Made Garments (RMG) workers in Bangladesh

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Final Report

Baseline Survey on Improving Access to WASH

for Levi’s RMG workers in Bangladesh

9 March 2017

Submitted to Water Aid Bangladesh

House 97/B, Road 25, Block A, Banani, Dhaka 1213

Submitted by

Spectra Tulip, Flat 102 House 10 Road 5/1, Niketan, Gulshan, Dhaka-1212

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9

Chapter Two: Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 13

Chapter Three: Findings .............................................................................................................................. 18

3.1 Survey respondents’ socio-economic characteristics .................................................................... 18

3.2 Access to Improve Drinking Water at Garment Worker Households ............................................ 23

3.3 Access to Improved Latrines at Garment Worker Households...................................................... 24

3.5 Practice of Water Safety Plans at House ....................................................................................... 28

3.6 Hand Washing Facilities at Households ......................................................................................... 29

3.7 Knowledge and Practice of Menstrual Hygiene Management ...................................................... 31

3.8 Child Faeces Management Practices at Households ..................................................................... 33

3.9 Access of garment workers to safe drinking water, improved inclusive toilet and hygiene in the

factories .................................................................................................................................................. 33

3.10 WASH facilities and behaviour at project selected health facilities .......................................... 36

3.11 WASH facilities and behaviour at project selected education institutions ............................... 40

Chapter Four: Discussion and Way Forward ............................................................................................... 45

4.1 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 45

4.2 Way forward ............................................................................................................................. 46

Annex .......................................................................................................................................................... 48

Annex 1: Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 48

Annex 2: Data Collection Instruments ........................................................................................................ 50

Annex 3: Water Quality Test Results .......................................................................................................... 78


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Acknowledgement

DevResonance Ltd would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us with the

opportunity to conduct this study. We are immensely indebted to all the relevant officials of Monitoring

and Evaluation Department and Programme team of WaterAid Bangladesh for their professional support

at all stages of the study.

We are especially indebted to Ms. Amina Mahbub, Manager M&E, Mr. Muktadirul Islam Khan, Programme

Officer, Monitoring for their thought-provoking ideas and constructive suggestions at various stages of

the study. Their whole-hearted support has enabled us to look at various issues from less obvious

perspectives.

We gratefully acknowledge Administration and Management of three factories for their collaboration

during data collection. The study would not have been successful without the keen interest and profound

support of primary respondents: the garment workers and all key informants. We particularly

acknowledge research assistants and all the enumerators involved in the fieldwork and data management

for their hard work and team spirit.


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Acronyms

BSCI Business Social Compliance Initiative

BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association

BKMEA Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association

CBO Community based Organization

CIPL Cosmopolitan Industries Ltd

DPHE Directorate of Public Health Engineering

ETI Ethical Trading Initiative

GDP Gross Domestic Product

FGD Focus Group Discussion

HER Project Health Enables Returns Project

HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome

FLA Fair Labour Association

ILO International Labour Organization

ISO 14001 International Organization for Standardization

LGI Local Government Institutions

MHM Menstrual Hygiene Management

NGO Non-Government Organization

RMG Ready Made Garment

SAI Social Accountability International

SDG Sustainable Development Goals SMC School Management Committee SRHR Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights STD Sexual Transmitted Disease TTC Thermotolerant Coliform

UHC Upazila Health Complex

UH&FWC Union Health and Family Welfare Centre

WAB WaterAid Bangladesh

WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

WHO World Health Organization

WRAP Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production

WSP Water Safety Plan


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Executive Summary

WaterAid Bangladesh, with financial support from Levi Strauss and in partnership with local NGO, Sajida

Foundation, launched a project towards improving wellbeing and living conditions of 12,000 garment

workers and their family members living at Savar and Ashulia of Dhaka by providing them with access to

WASH facilities. The Project has also planned to integrate WASH with health, nutrition and financial

services focusing on women and children and Influence local authorities to maintain WASH compliance in

the factories.

The sequence of the presentation of the executive summary is done as per the objectives set out in the

Terms of Reference (TOR) for the study. The broad objective of the baseline is to understand and analyze

present WASH situation at household and factory premises and provide necessary benchmark on current

the current situation against each specific objectives.

Over 92% of the factory workers use water from deep/submersible tubewells at their residences. The

water test results indicate that, in all household samples, Arsenic and Ferrous are within the limit

allowable by Bangladeshi standard in all cases. However, bacteria count returned positive for 12 out of 41

samples (29.3%) from factory workers’ drinking water pots at respective house. Almost 79% of workers

reported that they leave the container of drinking water on the floor after collection, over 16% reported

that they keep it on a raised platform. Only 5% reported that they do not preserve drinking water, i.e.

they drink water straight from the tap. Nearly 92% of the respondents reported that they clean their water

containers regularly, while about 7% reported that they clean the containers occasionally. Observations

during survey and during water collection indicated that in many instances the bottles are being used for

a long time and showed stains, which is reflected in water quality tests’ results. About 7% were observed

that their fingers usually get dipped in water while serving, while 61.3% never dipped their fingers in

water.

The factories conduct regular tests of the water supplied through the water points at icddr,b. The water

test results indicate that in all three factories both Arsenic and Ferrous levels are within the allowable

limit by Bangladesh standard. Bacteria count returned zero for the water from both CIPL and Pearl

garments, but it was positive (10) for the water from Medlar Apparels.

Regarding access to improved latrine use, 87% of the sample use with safety tank. More than 85% of the

respondents reported that they have soap and hand washing facility inside or reasonably near the latrine.

More than 96% of respondents indicated that they washed their hands with soap after defecation, with

nearly three quarter washing both hands with soap.

Among the variables that returned the highest positive responses were ‘after defecation’ (88.2%), ‘before

eating’ (79.2%) and ‘after returning home from outside (64.2%). Critically, only 10.4% respondents

reported that they washed their hands before feeding children, 10.1% reported that they washed their

hands after touching or cleaning wastes, and to clean dirt from the hands.


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Of the total sample of 355 garment workers, only 36 had a young child under 5 years. Of them 31 used

elders’ toilet for their children and the others used children’s potty. Few instances of mentioning of ‘Wash

Out’ reflect that some young children, occasionally, defecate in the open space which is then cleaned and

the floor is wiped.

It was apparent from their responses that most of them use different types of protections. Most of the

workers use sanitary napkins. Over 45% also use cloth pieces. Some workers mentioned that they use

factory waste that becomes available after cutting of clothes. Among others objects used were panty,

tissue paper and cotton. It is observed generally that more workers do not change their protection

materials when they are at their work place. Most of the workers who use cotton or tissue paper or panty

do not change the materials whether they are at home or at work. For those who do change the materials,

the most common practice appears to be changing them 2-3 times a day.

The three garment factories (CIPL, Medlar, and Pearl) had participated in the HER project’s initiative for

improving health and hygiene of the garment factory workers. However, positive experiences from HER

project initiatives have induced the CIPL and Pearl factory management continue some of the project

activities beyond the project and undertake new initiatives to improve the health and hygiene practices

of their workers.

Most workers at CIPL (51.8%) and Pearl Garments (58.1%) use piped water for drinking while one third of

Medlar Apparels workers use piped water at their factories. Overall, a quarter of the workers use tubewell

water for drinking, the proportions are about 34% among CIPL workers, 2.3% among Pearl Garment

workers and 21.5% among Medlar Apparels workers, respectively. Just less than 30% of workers in the

sample use filtered water1 at their work place – 14.3% of CIPL workers, 39.5% at Pearl Garments and

45.1% at Medlar Apparels.

During factory visits, it was found that all three factories supply drinking water through a piped system,

and most, if not all, workers use the water supplied through this system as drinking water. The water is

lifted to overhead reservoirs by deep tubewell and supplied to the factory floors. The workers fill the

water in bottles, from taps at designated water points on factory floor, to drink while working. They

collect water 3-5 times a day in half-litre bottles for consumption while they at the factory floor.

In the schools, water is supplied using submersible pumps. During the school visits it was found that the

Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School had three toilets – 2 for students and one for teachers. One of the

student toilets was not operational at the time of the visit, because of broken doors. At the Hajee Jaan

Mohammad High School it was found that the only existing latrine was unusable. Another latrine was

being constructed at the school at the time of the visit. None of the schools had separate hand washing

for teachers and students or urinal facilities that could be used by male students and teachers. The test

1The factory visits and discussions with management and workers, in FGDs, did not give the impression of such diverse sources,

as is indicated in the above. It may be that the workers were mistaking in their interpretation of survey checklists, and the

surveyors could not cross check due to not knowing the supply system at that time of survey. The factory visits were conducted

after bulk of the surveys had been conducted.


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results indicate that the concentration of Arsenic and Ferrous, in both schools are within the limit allowed

by Bangladesh standard and water was also found to be free of any bacteria.

In Yarpur Community Clinic (CC), the tubewell has been out of operation for more than a month. The CC

does not have a viable water source if its own source is not working. In Banshbari CC, the tubewell has

been out of operation for more than a month. Currently water is brought from the nearby primary school.

There is a functional deep tubewell in Kathgora CC. In three CCs, the latrines are found with broken water

seal and waste is deposited in safety tank.

There is no arrangement for water in Yarpur Union Health and Family Welfare Centre (UHFW&C) and

water is brought from the tubewell in the neighbouring house. In Ashulia and Dhamsona, deep tubewell

is source of drinking water. The UHFWCs have latrines with water seal and waste is deposited in safety

tank. There are two, four, and three chambers in Yarpur, Ashulia, and Dhamsona UHFWCs respectively.

Deep tubewell is the source of drinking water in Savar Upazila Health Complex and supply is sufficient for

patients and staff. The UHC has a latrine with water seal and waste is deposited in safety tank. There are

22 chambers in the latrine in the UHC.

It appears that during the working days, there is very little time for the workers to spare for activities other

than work and household chores. During the holidays, almost all female workers take care of the

household chores – including cleaning house and latrine, washing clothes and cooking; as their major

activities. Most of the workers (82.5%) watch TV regularly and there is not much difference between male

and female workers. The women usually watch Indian Bangla channels which usually show drama serials,

while for the men watching habit is more mixed including these channels, Bangladeshi news and

entertainment channels and sports channels among the major ones. Only 1.4% of respondents reported

to watch local dish channels, operated by the cable operators.

Given the context at factories, worker dwellings, schools and health facilities, the study team recommends

following considerations in formulating project strategy going forward –

Installation of physical facilities for water and sanitation, should be need based. For example, it

appears, from the baseline study, that factories have been able to install them through previous

projects and their own initiatives. Similarly most of the houses, where the factory workers live,

already have similar facilities. New installation should be specifically targeted only to where they

needed, following more detailed consultation and assessment by the project team. The current

project should focus more on changing behavioural practices regarding water-sanitation and

menstrual hygiene management. Particular emphasis has to be on cleanliness of water points and

latrines, preservation of drinking water – including use of hygienic containers.

Build the new curriculum and implementation strategy on the existing or previously implemented

interventions. Specifically, taking advantage of the existence of Peer Educators among the factory

work force in designing training/education curriculum and implementation strategy.

The intervention should also target the management and at least, the house owners at the

community level, albeit with a more condensed and customised curriculum to suit the needs


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maintaining provisions’ quality (water quality, functioning of latrines, waste management and

cleanliness of common spaces, etc.)

The intervention should be synchronised with relevant participants’ time schedule. It is usual that

workers remain busy during the day time, thus it will only be feasible for the home based

interventions to take place after work hours and during weekends. Factory based interventions

should seek to strengthening of existing BCC interventions, in discussion with factory

management.

The intervention should focus on critical measures (e.g. using only clean and hygienic materials

during menstrual period, changing these materials regularly; importance of regular cleaning of

water reservoirs and latrines for house owners and workers) that one has to be conscious of in

maintaining WASH and MHM. MHM can be a critical focus area for the project.

It appears that the workers are not fully aware of the initiatives taken by the factory management,

which may result in their lack of confidence on the provisions arranged by the factory

management. These initiatives can be communicated more effectively to the workers to improve

their awareness and enhance use.

The project should conduct more in-depth assessment of WASH situations at schools and health

facilities and undertake initiatives to improve customising interventions, including facilities

development and awareness creation, according to need.

WAB and its partner, Sajida Foundation, in collaboration with factory management, should

advocate with the relevant authorities (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) to create

opportunities for the services at a time suitable for the garment workers.

While interventions in the current programme are ongoing the partners – WAB and Sajida

Foundation, should focus on documenting results and learning to advocate with the sector

owners’ and employers’ associations (e.g. BGMEA, BKMEA) and Department of Industries and

Factories Inspection, Ministry of Education, Health and Family Welfare, so that intervention can

be scaled up across the sector.


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Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background

The Ready Made Garment (RMG) has been the largest export earnings contributor of Bangladesh,

boosting the overall economic growth of the country. The industry has grown dramatically over the past

35 years and employees about 4 million people. In the process, it has contributed to the development of

other manufacturing and service sectors. In the fiscal year 2015-16, the garment export earned over USD

28 billion from exports, over 82% of the country’s total export earnings, and accounts for over 10% of the

country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product), and contributes around 40% of its manufacturing output.

In Bangladesh, the industry expanded mainly on the easy availability of labour especially of the women

labour. This industry has provided the largest employment opportunities for women in the industrial

sector where more than 85% of the production workers are women. The garment factories provide them

employment opportunities that help them support their families and attain financial independence and

self-sufficiency. Unmarried women comprise the majority of the female worker population. Young women

often start work at the age of 18 and usually continue till they are 30-35 years old. The women workers in

Bangladesh tend to have very little education as they drop out of school early to help support their

families, and some do not have literacy.

Few factories have referral programmes2 for health, for example, where the factory has a contractual

relationship with a local clinic to send its workers in case of emergencies. The medical facilities depend on

the size of the factory as well as the clients to whom they supply. Some factories have a worker welfare

fund which is used to cover workers’ medical fees if they fall seriously ill, but this is not common.

The prospects of RMG sector, however, in Bangladesh not only depends on availability of cheap labour

and government’s liberal policy but also depends on compliance3 with codes of conduct. This sector needs

to improve the factory working environment and various social issues related to the industry. Bangladesh

Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) and Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and

Exporters Association (BKMEA) set standards for compliance like factories must have alternative

emergency stairs, basic fire equipment, approved layout plan from concerned authority for ensuring safe

building construction, group insurance for workers, hygienic sanitation facility and first aid appliance, as

well as ensuring minimum wages and flexible jobs for the workers. There are many recognised compliance

bodies worldwide like ILO, ISO 14001, WRAP, BSCI, ETI, SAI, FLA. The owners of RMG factories and

government can seek help from those bodies to improve the standard of environment as well as products

of the industries. The workers’ rights to safe water, improved sanitation and reproductive health, among

2The law states that every factory with more than 300 workers should have a full time doctor. Most factories fail to comply with this requirement, and have only a nurse, a clinic room, and some basic medicines. Sometimes there is a part-time visiting doctor. 3Compliance means to comply with something or yield to the wishes of another. International buyers are very particular about compliance with codes of conduct before placing any import order. Poor housekeeping, storage system, ineffective monitoring and controlling system, disorganized production layout, lack of team–based work, rented factory premises, narrow staircases, closed environment, insufficient light and air, clean drinking water, separate wash room for male and female, etc. are common practices in most of the RMG factories in Bangladesh.


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others are protected by the relevant labour laws of the Government of Bangladesh. The Department of

Inspection for Factories and Establishments, under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, periodically

visits the factories and inspects for worker safety and rights’ fulfilment. RMG factories are given utmost

preference4 (36.6% of total 12,543 visits were made to RMG factories in four major RMG industrial hubs

of Dhaka, Narayangonj, Gazipur and Chittagong, the plan for 2016-2017 indicates that 50% of the factories

inspected will be RMG factories in these four hubs) in the inspections and ensuring compliances.

The theme for World Water Day in 2016 was “Water and Jobs.” Water is an essential resource not only

for the manufacturing of clothing, but for the livelihoods and wellbeing of the women who make that

clothing. Thus, it is important to know that the growing number of women in the country who are now

working outside of their homes and how they are impacted by access to clean water, sanitation, and

hygiene facilities in the garment industry. R4D5 identified four key areas of opportunity in the WASH sector

that deserve more attention where hygiene promotion, hand washing and link with urban settlement are

important areas to focus.

While the newly agreed upon Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) address WASH, they do not have a

dedicated target for hygiene promotion and hand washing, despite its merits as one of the most cost-

effective public health interventions. In addition, few countries have specific policies in place for hygiene

promotion, and even then, they are often poorly implemented and under-resourced. Average expenditure

on hygiene promotion interventions by national governments is less than 1% of total WASH funding. In

addition, other important aspects of hygiene could benefit from greater investment, including menstrual

hygiene management (MHM), personal hygiene, and hygienic food preparation. Education around proper

MHM practices and giving women the power to choose from a range of high quality MHM products is key

to helping them feel healthier, more comfortable and more confident. Integrating proper hand washing

and other hygiene practices into education programs in the workplace can help women develop lifelong

habits that will improve their own health and the health of their families, and also contribute their

productivity.

4 Annual Report, Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments, 2015-2016. 5To better understand the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) landscape in some of the countries where they do business, the global retailer Gap Inc. worked with Results for Development Institute (R4D) to identify some of the opportunities in the WASH sector in India, Bangladesh and Viet Nam. The study examined the regulatory environments around the WASH sector and included interviews with innovators, development professionals, and academics.


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The Project: At a Glance

1.2 Objectives of the study

The broad objective is to understand and analyze present WASH situation at household and factory

premises and provide necessary benchmark on current the current situation against each specific

objectives. The specific objectives are:

1. To know the proportion of households of the garment workers have access to safe drinking

water facilities.

2. To know the proportion of households of the garment workers have access to improved6 latrine

facilities.

3. To find out the level of TTC7, Iron and Arsenic in the water of the facilities in targeted

intervention areas (source of drinking water at households of the factory workers and factories).

6 Improved latrines are flush or pour flush to piped sewer system or septic tank or pit latrine, ventilitated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab and composting toilet and unimproved latrines are flush/pour flush to elsewhere, pit latrine without slab, bucket, hanging toilet or hanging latrine, no facilities or bush or field and shared facilities of any type. 7 Total Thermotolerant Coliform


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4. To understand the proportion of households of the garment workers are practicing water safety

plan (WSP).

5. To know the proportion of households of the garment workers have hand-washing facilities with

soap and water near the toilet and kitchen.

6. To measure knowledge and awareness of the garment workers regarding hand washing at critical

times.

7. To understand knowledge and practice of the female garment workers about menstrual hygiene

management.

8. To know child faeces management pattern at the household of garment workers.

9. To comprehend to what extent the garment workers have access to safe drinking water, improved

inclusive8 toilet and hygiene in the factories.

10. To understand situation of WASH in the health facilities at intervention area.

11. To comprehend situation of WASH in the schools at intervention area.

8 Inclusive toilet facility includes separate chamber for female with MHM facility.


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Chapter Two: Methodology

2.1 Conceptual Framework

Availability of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in factories and workers’ living space provides a

healthy and comfortable environment that helps improve their health and boosts work attendance and

productivity. The survey team identified key dimensions of WASH from the perspective of garment

workers through formative investigations that included discussions with service providers and decision

makers. To visualize the overall scenario, the study conducted a comprehensive analysis so that effective

WASH intervention can be developed later aligning with the project objectives. The conceptual model of

analysis was:

Figure 1: Conceptual Model of Analysis

The study was conducted following a cross-sectional design and using both qualitative and quantitative

techniques to analyse four components:

1. A quantitative exercise, which is a cross-sectional survey among the RMG workers, especially the

households living in three study locations to quantify and describe access to WASH at household

and factory level.

2. A quantitative and qualitative sample exercise of health facilities from community clinic, Union

Health and Family Welfare Centre, Upazila Health Complex, educational institution in study

locations with a checklist to understand the situation of WASH.

Policy and enabling environment

Social norms

Policy framework

Budget/expenditure

Availability of essential Inputs

Monitoring of WASH in factories/ communities

Supply

Existence of functioning WASH in factory/ community

infrastructure

Availability of human resources

Equitable geographical access

Budget for operation and maintenance

Demand

Mechanisms for operation and maintenance

Desire for use

Quality

Gender-appropriate facilities in factories/

communities

Facilities appropriate for

children/ disabled in communities

Status of environmental

sanitation

Status of WASH facilities


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3. A qualitative exercise among purposively selected community members, women and men factory

workers, factory manager to explore the different dimensions of service provisions, WASH access

and conduct a bottleneck analysis.

4. A lab test/ experiment of water samples from water points of the factory, source of drinking water

of the workers at home to evaluate the water quality through Total Thermotolerant Coliforms

(TTC) test.

Mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) was applied to satisfy the objectives of the study. Detailed

sampling methodology and other related process have been described below:

2.2 Sampling

To ensure a representative sample size for quantitative data collection, probabilistic sampling approach

was used. Considering the nature and availability of the potential project beneficiaries, we proposed

simple random sampling method for selecting intended households for the study.

The following formula, by W.G. Cochran, was used for estimating the sample size.

𝑛0 =𝑧2𝑝𝑞

𝑑2

Where,

Level of confidence 95%, Z = 1.96

Margin of error d = 0.05

Assuming baseline level of indicators 50% = 0.5 (no data available in any of the intended indicators).

𝑛0 =3.8416 ∗ (0.5 ∗ (1 − 0.5))

0.05 ∗ 0.05

n0= 384

The above formula is for unknown population size. But in this case, population size was known which was

3,668. To consider correction for finite population, the following formula was used.

𝑛 =𝑛0𝑁

𝑛0 + (𝑁 − 1)

And it produces the sample size as 348. These 348 households were allocated among the staff of three

factories proportionately. To avoid non-response error due to absence or any other reason (considering

frequent movement of the workers to other locations), 20% more samples were added. That meant 418

samples were selected to cover the expected size. As mentioned earlier, we have followed simple random

sampling method, so it was not necessary to consider any design effect. According to the list of staff

received from WaterAid Bangladesh, there are 460 people working for Pearl Garments, 1,682 people for

Cosmopolitan Industries and 1,526 people for Medlar Apparels. The following table shows the distribution

of samples among three factories.


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Name of the factory Number of households

Fraction HHs to be interviewed

Sample to be selected

Pearl Garments 460 0.125 43 52

Cosmopolitan Industries 1,682 0.459 160 192

Medlar Apparels 1,526 0.416 145 174

Total 3,668 1 348 418

We have used the website called www.random.org to generate the random numbers.

2.3 Data Collection Process

Depending on the working time of garment workers, the plan was to collect data in the evening and/or

Fridays and public holidays. It was estimated that one person would be able to collect four (4) interviews

in one day. There were supervisors to supervise the data collection. A three-day training including one-

day field testing was conducted for the team. There was a separate team with two members who collected

water in prescribed tube and deposit those in the laboratory within timeframe. Data collection started in

November 2016 and after several attempts using a modified list of sample workers, it was finally

completed in December 2017.

The survey team attempted several times to reach 348 samples to find and interview them. As of 9th

December 2016, 173 samples were interviewed with quantitative questionnaire. Having experienced

difficulty in finding randomly selected workers for interview, DevResonance adopted the snowball

method to complete the survey in a reasonable time for the rest of the agreed sample size. Finally, the

number of interviews for Cosmopolitan, Pearl and Medlar were 168, 43 and 144 respectively.

2.4 Qualitative data collection

This method was planned to explore perspectives and behaviour of the RMG workers regarding WASH

situation in factories and residences. Findings of this exercise helped the study team explore two critical

questions - ‘why’ and ‘how’ and gave an in-depth understanding of the WASH situation through probing

the workers’ experiences, behaviours, beliefs, opinions. To understand group level perspectives and

dynamics, FGD method was used. The FGD helped to gain multiple perspectives in one interaction. A

complete FGD guides was developed to ensure control in data collection. A total of 4 FGDs were

conducted of which 1 was in a mixed group, 2 were with women participants and 1 with men participants.

In addition, there were three interviews with administrative persons (one in each factory) of the factories

and observations with specific checklist.

2.5 Water quality test

Bacterial contaminants such as E. coli and faecal coliform in drinking water represent an acute health risk.

Meaningful health risk from most chemical contaminants, such as arsenic, radon, or benzene, requires a

long period of exposure. Consequently, these contaminants are considered chronic. Therefore, the team

collected sample of water from sources, as in the list below, and did the lab test at DPHE Tongi.

Sample Collection Plan by Location

# of Sample Water sources Locations

http://www.random.org/


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3 Drinking water points CIPL., Medlar Apparels Ltd., Pearl Garments

Company Ltd. (one for each factory)

10 Drinking water points of household Sampled drinking water points

38 Drinking water pots of household Houses of sampled houses of RMG workers

7 Health facilities 3 CCs, UH&FWC, 1 UHC

3 Schools High Schools and Madrasahs where project

intervention will take place

Note: CC=Community Clinic; UH&FWC=Union Health and Family Welfare Centre; UHC=Upazila Health Complex

Water samples were collected following the process prescribed by the DPHE. The steps included

disinfecting the hand by using disinfectant (Hexisol), using hand gloves and mask, and using disinfected

bottle to collect water. After collection of water, it was preserved in the specified temperature and sent

to the DPHE laboratory within 5 hours after collection of water. These measures were taken to maintain

the exact characteristics of water that the workers and education and health facility users consume.

2.6 Data Collection Instruments

A survey questionnaire was developed covering specific concerns on access to water, sanitation and

hygiene facilities, including health and menstrual hygiene practices. A checklist for FGD was also

developed covering the qualitative side of the survey. Separate templates were developed for health

facilities and schools. The questionnaire and the template were approved by WaterAid Bangladesh.

These instruments were pre-tested with the data enumerators in the study locations. Modifications of the

instruments were done based on the feedback. Issues on data gathering faced by the pre-testing team

were discussed and addressed accordingly.

2.7 Challenges

Finding workers matching the sample list to interview for quantitative survey: DevResonance had devised

the survey strategy keeping in mind that RMG workers would only be free to talk to the surveyors only

after work hours, i.e. in the evening. However, the survey team ran into the challenge finding the

interviewee workers from the sample list. By the 9th of December, already two weeks behind schedule,

the survey had completed 173 interviews after attempts at 348 workers from the sample list. Though the

sample number (total 418) considered 20% non- response error, the practical scenario shows that there

was more than 50% non-response error during data collection. The 175 samples who could not be

interviewed, were not found for different reasons; such as, non-existence of the person and/or house-

owners as per the household listing, worker(s) having moved to another factory, etc. Considering the

situation, to collect information from required sample, DevResonance proposed the following options:

1. Find the next member in the list. If s/he is also not available, go for next one and so on.

2. Snowball method: Asking the respondent about any other staff who is working in the same

factory and stay in the same community. The next one will be identified through the second


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respondent. Same process would continue until the required number of respondents were

interviewed.

WaterAid Bangladesh approved the Snowball method and data collection was completed within a very

short period of time after that.

Difficulty in collecting water sample for testing: Caretakers of the workers’ houses were not willing to let

the water sample collection team collect samples from the source of water. They were apprehensive

about the purpose of water testing and kept refusing to allow water collection saying that the water there

does not contain hazardous level of Arsenic contamination. The survey team had extensive consultations

with the house owners and caretakers to help them understand the purpose of the study and that water

testing would not negatively affect their houses’ occupation.

Observation of hand washing behaviour: Hand washing behaviour has been assessed on the basis of how

they were reported by the survey respondents, rather than observation. Observation of actual practice

might have given a picture different to what has emerged from the used strategy.

Observation of septic tanks in worker houses: Status of latrines – whether they were improved or

unhygienic, were assessed based on how survey respondents reported them to be during the interview.

While toilets inside the houses were let into and thus physical observation could be made, attempts to

observe the actual condition of septic tanks were unsuccessful as they were usually behind the house and

covered with concrete layer.

2.8 Preparation and organization of the report

The report is prepared based on the findings arrived through different methods of data collection applied in

the study. The report is structured on the basis of study objectives. The report consists of some specific

chapters. Chapter one presents the introductory statements and background of this study. Chapter two

discusses methodology applied in the study. Chapter three describes the findings and it is divided in sub-

sections such as safe water source, sanitation facilities, and hand washing practices of households and

factories; water, sanitation and hand washing facilities in education institutions, health facilities, factories;

menstrual hygiene management of garment workers in factories and home. Chapter four discusses overall

findings and concludes with way forwards. The draft report had been submitted to WaterAid Bangladesh

(WAB) and major findings were shared with relevant staff of WAB at Dhaka office. After incorporating their

feedback and comments into it the report was finalized.


18

Chapter Three: Findings

3.1 Survey respondents’ socio-economic characteristics

The figure 3.1.1 summarises the gender composition of survey respondents. Overall 65.6% of the

respondents were female and the rest were male. The proportion of female respondents was the highest

in the sample of Pearl Garments at 86% and the lowest in the sample of Medlar Apparels Ltd. at 54.2%.

Figure 3.1.1 summarises educational status of survey respondents. Overall 13.5% of the survey

respondents were illiterate. The proportion of illiterate respondent workers was the highest among the

sample from Medlar Apparels Ltd. at close to 17% and the lowest among the sample from Pearl Garments

at below 5%. Just less than a seventh of the respondent workers were illiterate had studied but did not

complete primary education – with the ratio being 16.1% among the sample of Cosmopolitan Industries

Ltd, and 18.6% and 9.7% among the samples of Pearl Garments and Medlar Apparels Ltd, respectively. In

the sample of CIPL, 12.5% respondents had completed secondary education or higher, while it was 30.2%

in the sample of Pearl Garments and 24.3% in the sample of Medlar Apparels.

Table -3.1.1: Educational status of survey respondent garment workers (in %)

Educational status of the respondent Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Illiterate 13.1 4.7 16.7 13.5

Studied primary 16.1 18.6 9.7 13.8

Primary passed 17.9 18.6 19.4 18.6

Studied secondary 37.5 27.9 29.2 33.0

Secondary passed 6.5 20.9 14.6 11.5

Higher secondary passed 6.0 9.3 9.7 7.9

Read and write only 2.4 0.0 0.7 1.4

Non-formal education 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3

N 168 43 144 355

Over 90% of the female workers, in the survey sample, were below the age of 35, as compliant factory

units the minimum age for employment in each of these factories were 18 (Table 3.1.2). Almost 99% of

the female workers were below the age of 45 years. The corresponding proportion of male workers being

less than 35 years of age was about 69% and below 45 years old was about 92%. The average age of male

0

50

100

Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

70.286

54.2 65.6

29.814

45.8 34.4

Figure 3.1.1: Gender Composition of Survey Respondents

Female Male


19

workers in the sample was 31.66 years, while that of female workers was 26.81 years. Discussions with

factory management revealed that most of their workers were female. These proportions clearly indicate

that most of the garment sector workers are usually young adult women.

Table -3.1.2: Percentage distribution of respondents by their age and sex.

Age group Male Female Total

18-24 years 16.4 32.6 27.0

25-34 years 52.5 57.5 55.8

35-44 years 23.0 8.6 13.5

45+ years 8.2 1.3 3.7

Average age (years) 31.66 26.81 28.48

N 122 233 355

Table 3.1.3 indicates that most (81.9%) of the garment workers – in the sample, were married. Over 13%

of workers in the sample, 11.2% in case of female sample, were unmarried. While there was no widower

or divorced respondent in the male sample, in women sample, 2.1% were widow and 1.7% were divorced.

Table -3.1.3: Percentage distribution of respondents by their marital status and sex.

Marital status Male Female Total

Not married 17.4 11.2 13.3

Currently married 81.0 82.4 81.9

Widow/widower 0.0 2.1 1.4

Divorced 0.0 1.7 1.1

Separated 1.6 2.6 2.3

N 121 233 355

Consistent with the above table, where it was seen that 82% of the workers were married, 73% of the

workers lived in households comprising of husband and wife, although it is evident that majority of share

their houses with others. Over 12% of the workers lived with parents and other relatives and 8.7% of the

workers lived in mess – shared usually with other garment workers. The trend of living in mess was

significantly higher among the male workers, whereas the trend of living with parents and relatives were

higher for female workers.

Table -3.1.4: Percentage distribution of respondents by their dwelling status and sex.

Dwelling status Male Female Overall

Alone 3.3 7.7 6.2

Mess system 21.3 2.1 8.7

Husband-wife only 23.8 36.9 32.4

Husband-wife and others 43.4 39.1 40.6

With relatives 7.4 11.2 9.9

With parents 0.8 3.0 2.3

N 122 233 355

The mean income and expenditures of the samples of three factory worker households were Taka 20,466

and Taka 11,614 respectively (Table 3.1.5). The median monthly income and expenditure were Taka

11,042 and Taka 10,350 respectively. The highest mean income was of the workers of Medlar Apparels at

Taka 23,372, followed by workers of Pearl Garments at Taka 22,082 and of CIPL at Taka 17,561. The

median income was highest among the workers of Pearl Garments followed by those of CIPL and Medlar.


20

Comparison of mean incomes and expenditures of the workers of each of the factories indicate a positive

difference implying a net savings ranging from about Taka 22,000 for the workers of Medlar Apparels to

about Taka 5500 for the workers of CIPL. Comparison of median incomes and expenditures also indicate

that most of the workers in the sample had some positive savings in their households.

Table -3.1.5: Household Income and Expenditure (in Tk.) of garment workers

Industries Monthly Income Monthly Expenditure

N Mean Median Mean Median

Cosmopolitan 17,561 11,232 12,061 10,865 168

Pearl 22,082 11,400 10,615 9,150 43

Medlar 23,372 10,551 11,391 10,095 144

Total 20,466 11,042 11,614 10,350 355

The table 3.1.6 below indicates that majority of expenditures of garment workers consist of food and

house rents – at combined total of about 56% of income. Other major regular expenditures include money

sent back home (outward remittance at 15.9%), expenditures for children’s education, loan repayment

and health related expenditures.

Table -3.1.6: Average monthly expenditure (in Taka) of workers on various items by factories.

Expenditure items Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total % of tot exp.

Food 4216.46 4251.16 3820.97 4060.24 34.96 Clothing 387.56 484.88 432.64 417.63 3.60 House rent 2490.57 2432.56 2068.75 2312.44 19.91 Education 433.15 833.72 614.41 555.20 4.78 Health 340.62 169.77 222.60 272.05 2.34 Conveyance 139.58 69.77 136.53 129.89 1.12 Electricity 44.05 168.60 6.77 44.01 0.38 Gas/fuel 11.90 16.51 109.86 52.20 0.45 Water 2.69 21.16 0.21 3.92 0.03

Sanitation 6.34 8.84 7.01 6.92 0.06 Waste disposal 21.90 22.09 26.44 23.77 0.20

Betel leaf 55.83 0.00 65.28 52.90 0.46 Smoking 71.73 0.00 45.49 52.39 0.45 Outward remittance 1630.36 1469.77 2206.25 1844.51 15.88 Tiffin 167.14 34.88 135.83 138.42 1.19 Savings 671.29 186.26 359.72 486.15 4.19 Cosmetics 161.13 116.28 175.83 161.66 1.39 Entertainment 58.93 6.98 75.83 59.49 0.51 Cell phone 245.06 188.84 194.79 217.86 1.88 Loan repayment 717.99 0.00 359.03 485.42 4.18 Others 189.88 116.28 327.19 236.66 2.04 N 168 43 144 355

Of the average monthly expenditure only 0.3% is spent on WASH, reflecting the phenomenon that much

of the costs in these regards are absorbed by the house owners as part rent. The workers save, on average,

4.2% of their income every month.


21

Table 3.1.7 summarises types of construction of houses that the sample workers live in. Most of the

workers tend to live in partially brick constructed (semi-pucca) houses. Proportion of dwelling houses

constructed completely of bricks (Pucca) is highest among the workers of CIPL, while sizeable proportion

of workers – about one in eight, of Pearl Garments also live in fully brick constructed houses. Observation

of surveyors during interviews also indicated that the areas where CIPL and Pearl Garment workers live

were more developed with better amenities, compared to the areas where the Medlar Apparels workers

live.

Table -3.1.7: Status of the house

Variable Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Pucca 28.5 16.3 6.3 17.9

Semi pucca 65.5 76.7 90.2 76.9

Tin-shed 6.1 7.0 2.8 4.8

Bamboo/Mud wall, Tin Shed 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3

N 165 43 143 351

Most of the workers (82.5%) watch TV regularly and there is not much difference between male and

female workers (Table 3.1.8).

Table -3.1.8: Percentage distribution of respondents according to their TV watching habit.

Watch TV Male Female Total

Yes 82.8 82.4 82.5

No 17.2 17.6 17.5

N 122 233 355

The women usually watch Indian Bangla channels which usually show drama serials, while for the men

watching habit is more mixed including these channels, Bangladeshi news and entertainment channels

and sports channels among the major ones. Only 1.4% of respondents reported to watch local dish

channels, operated by the cable operators (Figure 3.1.2).

Most of the workers, 82.8% in the survey sample, have their own mobile phones (Table 3.1.9). About 22%

of those who own mobile phone have smart phones, and about 91% carry their phone wherever they go.

The trends of ownership of mobile phone, possession of smart phone and having the phone always with

0

50

100

150

Male Female Overall

Figure 3.1.2 TV channels the workers regularly watch

Star Jalsha Zee Bangla Shomoy TV

Sony 8 Local Dish Channel Other Bangladeshi Channel

Other foreign Channel


22

them all were significantly higher for male workers – 98.4%, 30% and 95% respectively, compared to that

among female workers – at 74.7%, 16.1% and 87.9% respectively.

Table -3.1.9: Percentage distribution of respondents according to their ownership of cell phone.

Ownership of a cell phone Male Female Overall

Having a phone 98.4 74.7 82.8

N 122 233 355

Having a smart phone 30.0 16.1 21.8

N 120 174 294

Carry it wherever they go 95.0 87.9 90.8

N 120 174 294

In the survey, it was explored with the female garment workers about their daily routine during working

day and weekends and these are shown in table 3.1.10.

Table -3.1.10: Daily routine of a female garment worker (work days)

Time of day Work done 5:30 a.m.- 7:50 a.m. Wake up in the morning, freshen up, prepare and have breakfast, shower etc. and

commute to factory.

8:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Work in the factory.

1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Lunch and refreshment break (some workers go home, some have their lunch at the factory, they also take some rest during this hour).

2:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Work in the factory.

5:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. Work in the factory (overtime).

7:00 p.m. – 7:45 p.m. Getting home after work, workers usually do their grocery shopping during time.

7:45 p.m. – 11:00 p.m. Cooking, including preparation, and eating supper. During this time most of the workers watch some TV, some help with their children’s education.

11:00 p.m. – 5:30 a.m. Sleep.

During the holidays, almost all female workers take care of the household chores – including cleaning

house and latrine, washing clothes and cooking; as their major activity (Table 3.1.11).

Table -3.1.11: Daily routine of a female garment worker (holidays)

Time of day Work done Around 6 a.m. Wake up in the morning.

Till 3-3:30 p.m. Freshen up, have breakfast, cleaning house and latrine, washing clothes, prepare for and cook food. Preparation of food includes crush pasting spices for the week.

3:30 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Lunch

4:00 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. Shopping, taking children out, visiting friends and relatives etc.

6:30 p.m. – 10:50 p.m. Watching TV and take supper.

11:00 p.m. – Sleep.

It appears that during the working days, there is very little time for them to spare for activities other than

work and household chores. During the weekends and holidays, most of the workers have the afternoon

– after lunch till evening (6:30 p.m., which can be extended a little more since cooking is usually complete

in the morning half of the day) for leisure and social interaction, which could be a useful time slot for any

programme that requires interaction with the workers. In the survey, most of the female workers (over


23

65% - 66.4% overall) indicated, that they watch TV during their leisure hours after work. Other major non-

household chore activities during the leisure hours include visiting friends and relatives and chatting.

However, it is apparent from the survey (leisure time utilisation trend is presented in Annex Table A1 and

A2) and daily routine that the workers have very little spare time outside of their household chores during

working days. Over 90% of the women workers reported that cooking is a major holiday activity for them.

Proportion of men performing these tasks are also quite high – 45% reporting that they spend time in

washing clothes, nearly 37% reported to clean their homes and latrines and over 18% reported that they

cook. Other major holiday activities include shopping (25.3% female and 71.3% male), visiting friends and

relatives (16.3% female and 33.6% male), watching TV/cinema (nearly 49% female and 60% male). Time

utilisation trend on holidays is presented in Annex A1. It is also apparent from the table below that even

on holidays, the garment workers – particularly the female workers, have very little time to do works

other than household chores.

3.2 Access to Improve Drinking Water at Garment Worker Households

Over 92% of the factory workers use water from deep/submersible tubewells at their residences. Among

the workers of Pearl Garments, all use water from such tubewells (Table 3.2.1). For CIPL and Medlar

Apparels workers, the proportion is more than 91%. Bulk of the other workers gets their water from piped

sources within their residences. Only 5 CIPL employees reported to fetch drinking water from outside of

their homes. Observations and FGDs suggested that those, who reported to fetch water from outside of

their residences, live in large homes which are divided into few small dwelling places – each consisting of

a couple of rooms, and the water is provided through taps in common places. This results in virtually no

distance needed to be covered for collecting water for the beneficiaries.

Table -3.2.1: Main Source of drinking water for household

Sources of drinking water Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Supply water (In house) 8.3 0.0 8.3 7.3

Supply water (Out house) 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3

Deep Tube well 91.1 100.0 91.7 92.4

N 168 43 144 355

It was revealed in the survey that all the water sources that supplied water for worker households were

owned by the house owners. They would also arrange for and bear the cost of repair and maintenance in

case the water pumps break down.

It appears that the costs associated with water supply and maintenance is covered by house rent in most

cases, as only 2.5% of the respondents reported that they needed to incur any expenditure for water

(Table 3.2.1). They pay their water bills separately, from the house rent, to the owner.


24

Table -3.2.2: Expense for drinking water

Variables Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Spend money for drinking water 1.8 7.0 2.1 2.5

N 168 43 144 355

It is revealed from FGD that when there will be no electricity for prolonged hours, and thus possibility of

scarcity of water, the household members store water in pitchers and buckets for use during these hours.

This situation occurs no more than 1-2 times in a month. In the rarer occasions when the pump machine

is broken and needs maintenance work water may not be available – in a particular house for 2-3 days.

During such times, the house owner arranges water to be brought in from neighbouring houses using

generator. Sometimes during the scarcity of water, it has to be fetched from nearby tubewell, which can

be some distance away from few households. FGD participants opined that prolonged absence of

electricity should be publicly notified – by miking, beforehand so that their inconveniences are minimised.

Some participants also mentioned that having large underground water reservoirs will also help reduce

the inconvenience.

3.3 Access to Improved Latrines at Garment Worker Households

It is found in the survey that 87% of the sample use improved latrine with septic tank. Observations and

FGD discussions also revealed that most of the latrines in the houses that workers live in are improved

ones. The proportion of improved latrine users is the highest among Pearl Garment workers at 97.7% and

the lowest among CIPL workers at 79.2%. About 8% worker households – the proportion is highest at

15.5% among CIPL worker households with a concentration in the Shooting-Bari area, use slab-latrine with

water seal, but their latrines discharge into open water or places away from their dwelling places. The rest

uses unhygienic latrines.

Table -3.3.1: Type of Toilet facility in households

Variables Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Overall

WS slab septic tank 79.2 97.7 93.1 87.0

WS slab not septic tank 15.5 0.0 1.4 7.9

WS broken slab septic tank 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.5

WS broken slab not septic tank 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.6

Slab covered pit 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3

Others 3.0 0.0 0.7 1.7

N 168 43 144 355

Nearly 80% of the worker households use shared latrines, of whom more than three quarter share their

latrines among three or more households (Figure 3.3.1). About one-fifth (19.7%) worker households use

exclusive latrines. It was mentioned in the FGD that as they live in shared houses – sometimes with other

workers, more often with extended family members, the latrines are also shared. They do not keep their

latrines segregated for male and female users.


25

Among the worker sample households, 51.3% incur no expenses for operation and maintenance of the

latrines they use at home – typically implying that their maintenance is done by the house owners (Figure

3.3.2). The others maintain their toilets out of their own pockets. On average each worker household had

spent Taka 32 over the last twelve months preceding the survey.

The FGDs suggested that the repair and maintenance of latrines are done by the house owners, while

regular cleaning is done by the tenants. It appears that the costs incurred by the tenants are mostly for

cleaning and some small maintenance, for example, changing light bulbs. The workers clean their latrines

regularly, the frequency of full cleaning with toilet cleaners being roughly once a week, taking turns in

cleaning the latrines in shared houses.

As has been discussed earlier, latrines releases into septic tanks or pits through pipes. The study team

observed the tanks around their houses. The interview respondents informed that the cleaning and

maintenance of these tanks are done by the house-owners.

8.3

34.9

28.5

19.7

28.6

14 11.8

20

63.1

51.2

59.7 60.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Figure 3.3.1: Sharing of toilet (percentage of respondents)

Do not Share Share with 2 hhs Share with >2 hhs

47.644.2

57.6

51.348.8

51.2

40.345.6

3.6 4.72.1 3.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Figure 3.3.2 Operation and maintenance cost of latrine

No Cost Tk. 1-500 Tk. 501 or more


26

3.4 Quality of Drinking Water at Houses and at Factories

3.4.1 Water Quality at House Level

The baseline survey also included testing of water collected from samples of worker residences and from

garment factory drinking water points. Water was also collected from drinking water points at the

education institutions and health facilities that the project has targeted to work with. The tests were

conducted at DPHE. The test results of water from households and factories are discussed in this section.

A total of 48 samples were collected from households (41 from pot where they store drinking water and

7 from water sources, mostly tanks) and tested at the DPHE9. The test summary results for household

drinking pots for iron and TTC is given in the Figure 3.4.1a and 3.4.1b respectively.

Table -3.4.1: Test result of Arsenic in household drinking pots

Water Test Result (Bangladesh Standard: <0.05 mg/L) HH water pots

<0.001 28

> 0.001 13

N 41

The water test results indicate that, in all household samples, Arsenic and Ferrous are within the limit

allowable by Bangladeshi standard in all cases. However, bacteria count returned positive for 12 out of 41

9 AS (Bangladesh Standard: <0.05 mg/L; FE (Bangladesh standard: <1 mg/L); TC (Bangladesh Standard: 0 CFU/100 ml)

0.00

1.00

2.00

Table 3.4.1a: Presence of Fe(mg/l) at household drinking pots

Fe(Mg/L)

Reference

0

50

100

Table 3.4.1b: Presence of Tc(cfu) at household drinking pots

Tc(CFU)

Reference


27

samples. In most cases where bacteria count returned positive, the bottle used for storing water was old

and dirty. The area around the tap of these households was also observed to be dirty. The water quality

results in water points (mainly tanks) is shown in table 3.4.2.

Table -3.4.2: Test result of Arsenic in common water points of households

Factory name

Water test results -

AS (Bangladesh Standard: <0.05 mg/L

FE (Bangladesh standard: <1 mg/L)

TC (Bangladesh Standard: 0 CFU/100 ml)

Liton, Address: Gomail <0.001 0.20 0

Morshad Ali, Address: Pabnartak

<0.001 0.11 0

Nazrul, Address: Ashulia Dakhin Para

<0.001 0.15 0

Kamal, Address: Ashulia Shootingbari

<0.001 0.10 0

Amir, Address: Changaon <0.001 0.08 0

Shajahan, Address: Khejurbagan

<0.001

0.22

0

Kowsar Hossain, Address: Charabagh Gouripur

<0.001 0.30

0

3.4.2 Water Quality at Factory Level

The factories conduct regular tests of the water supplied through the water points at icddr,b – CIPL testing

at an interval of every three months and Pearl Garments testing at an interval of six months. The CIPL and

Medlar authorities shared the test reports, done in November, 2016 and May, 2016respectively; with the

baseline study team, the test reports at Pearl Garments were seen hung on the wall near the water point.

In spite of the tests conducted by the factories themselves, the study team conducted tests, at DPHE, of

collected water samples from each factory, the results of which are given in table 3.4.3.

Table -3.4.3: Test results of water samples collected from the factories

Factory name


AS (Bangladesh

Standard: <0.05 mg/L

FE (Bangladesh standard:

<1 mg/L)

TC (Bangladesh

Standard: 0 CFU/100 ml)

Cosmopolitan <0.001 0.21 0

Pearl <0.001 0.20 0

Medlar <0.001 0.18 10

The water test results indicate that in all three factories both Arsenic and Ferrous levels are within the

allowable limit by Bangladeshi standard. Bacteria count returned zero for the water from both CIPL and

Pearl garments, but it was positive for the water from Medlar Apparels. The test results provided by CIPL

and the result conducted by the study team are consistent in their outcomes. The test results hung on the

wall of Pearl Garments is also consistent with the findings conducted during the baseline study. However,

the study test result conducted for water from Medlar Apparels returned positive bacteria count whereas


28

the test result provided by Medlar management shows zero count. It should be mentioned that although

the water is supplied through filtered pipes, algae was visible on the filter surface at particular point from

where water was collected, which perhaps indicate that at Medlar water supply maintenance system

leaves some room for improvement.

3.5 Practice of Water Safety Plans at House

Almost 79% of workers reported that they leave the container of drinking water on the floor after

collection, over 16% reported that they keep it on a raised platform (Table 3.5.1). 5% of the sample

workers reported that they do not preserve drinking water, i.e. they drink water straight from the tap.

The proportion of workers drinking water directly from the tap was the highest – at 11.8%, among the

workers of Medlar Apparels.

Table -3.5.1: Preservation System of drinking water in the household

Water preservation system Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Overall

On the floor 83.9 88.4 69.4 78.6

On a platform 15.5 11.6 18.8 16.3

Don’t preserve water 0.6 0.0 11.8 5.1

N 168 43 144 355

During the FGDs the workers mentioned that drinking water is collected in pitchers, jugs and bottles from

the tap and drunk from these containers. The collection and storing is predominantly done by the women,

men usually help out if the women do not have the time. The FGD participants mentioned that they cover

the container with a lid and keep them on a raised platform, usually on a table. About 79% of the

respondents reported that they always keep the water container covered after collection of water (Table

3.5.2). 11% of the workers in the sample reported that they do not cover the container after water

collection. The rate was highest among the workers of CIPL at 15.5%.

Table -3.5.2: Use of lid to cover container after collecting water


Yes, Always 78.0 76.7 80.6 78.9

Yes, Sometimes 6.5 20.9 9.7 9.6

No 15.5 2.3 8.3 11.0

Don’t know 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.6

N 168 43 144 355

The FGD participants mentioned that they do not boil or filter the water – as they deem the water lifted

by pump to be safe. They also mentioned that as gas supply is erratic and they have little time after

returning from work, they do not boil the water. Nearly 92% of the respondents reported that they clean

their water containers regularly (Table 3.5.3), while about 8% reported that they clean the containers

occasionally. Mentionable that, most workers preserve water in plastic bottles (used bottle of mineral

water and beverages) which are relatively more difficult to clean. As a result, even if the workers cleaned

their bottles regularly they may not be as clean as they think they are. Observations during survey and

during water collection indicated that in many instances the bottles are being used for a long time and


29

showed stains, which is reflected in water quality tests’ results where 29.3% of the samples from

households returned positive bacteria count.

Table -3.5.3: Cleanliness of water preserving container


Yes, Always 91.7 86.0 93.8 91.8

Yes, Sometimes 7.7 14.0 3.5 6.8

No 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.6

Don’t know 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.8

N 168 43 144 355

Table 3.5.4 summarises behaviour of serving drinking water – the respondents were asked to serve a glass

of drinking water. About 7% of the respondents got their fingers dipped in water while serving, 61.3% did

not dip their fingers in water. Less than 2% of the respondents dipped their fingers in water while

collecting, while just less than 33% did not. Less than 9% of the respondents were observed not to touch

the upper surface area of the glass while serving.

Table -3.5.4: Water serving practice (multiple response)

While serving water Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Overall

Finger dipped into water while serving water in a glass

6.9 2.3 8.7 7.0

Finger not dipped into water while serving water in a glass

58.1 88.4 56.5 61.3

Took water by dipping finger into the water

0.6 0.0 3.6 1.8

Took water by not dipping finger into the water

38.1 7.0 34.8 32.8

Upper outside area of glass not touched by finger

8.8 2.3 10.9 8.8

N 160 43 138 341

Note: Total of percentages will exceed 100 as it was a multiple response question.

Water is used directly from the tap for cooking, bathing and washing. Clothes are washed near the tap. In

many houses there are separate bathrooms for males and females, however as most of them live in

houses shared by others – the use is also shared. In the bathroom, water is collected by the users

themselves.

The workers and house owners mentioned that water has been screened for Arsenic and has been found

to be safe. The workers also mentioned that the water tastes good and is free of iron, sand and any other

dirt and thus they feel safe to drink the water.

3.6 Hand Washing Facilities at Households

More than 85% of the respondents reported that they have soap and hand washing facility inside or

reasonably near the latrine. It was almost 92% for the workers of Pearl Apparels. In the households of

87.6% households the hand washing facility was inside or in close proximity of the latrine. Although very

small at just over 2%, the difference between having just a hand washing facility and having the facility


30

with soap in close proximity of latrines indicate the inconvenience some of the workers have to suffer

even if they were to use soap after defecation. It is mentionable that most of the workers use remnants

of soaps used in bathrooms for hand washing in latrines.

Table -3.6.1: Hand washing location near latrine

Variables Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Hand washing place inside or near latrine (Within 10 steps)

91.1 86.0 84.0 87.6

N 168 43 144 355

Having facility of soap and water for washing hand inside or near latrine (Within 10 steps)

84.3 91.9 85.1 85.5

N 153 37 121 311

The FGDs indicated that the worker houses have tapped water supply inside the latrine, therefore there

is no need to collect water from outside. It was indicated that most keep soaps and sandals, exclusively

for the use in latrines inside. Few workers reported that they use their regular sandals in the latrine, but

most keep separate sandals for use in the latrine.

During the FGDs all workers, both male and female, indicated that they use soap to wash their hands with

soap after defecation. In the survey data, more than 96% of respondents indicated that they washed their

hands with soap after defecation, with nearly three quarter washing both hands with soap (Table 3.6.2).

Table -3.6.2: Hand wash behaviour after using toilet


Wash with water only 2.4 11.6 2.1 3.4

Wash one hand with soap and water 22.6 4.7 31.9 24.2

Wash two hand with soap and water 75.0 83.7 66.0 72.4

N 168 43 144 355

The baseline survey indicated that more than 87% of the workers used sandal while using the toilet, while

just more than 52% had separate sandals for use in the toilet (Table 3.6.3). However, it should also be

noted that 2.8% workers – the workers of Medlar Apparels reported the highest relevant prevalence,

reported that they never used sandal while using toilet, a practice absence of which is closely related to

enteropathic diseases.

Table -3.6.3: Use of Separate Sandals while using toilet


Having Separate Sandal for toilet 53.0 48.8 52.1 52.1

N 168 43 144 355

Use of Sandals while using toilet

Yes Always 96.4 79.1 79.2 87.3

Yes Sometimes 3.6 18.6 14.6 9.9

Never 0.0 2.3 6.3 2.8

N 168 43 144 355

The workers in the survey sample were asked questions about their hand washing behaviour – more

specifically about washing hands before or after performing a task. Among the variables that returned the


31

highest positive responses were ‘after defecation’ (88.2%), ‘before eating’ (79.2%) and ‘after returning

home from outside (64.2%) (Table 3.6.4). Critically, only 10.4% respondents reported that they washed

their hands before feeding children, 10.1% reported that they washed their hands after touching or

cleaning wastes, and to clean dirt from the hands.

Table -3.6.4: Hand washing behaviour of workers in critical times (multiple response)

Hand washing behaviour of workers Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Before eating 84.5 62.8 77.8 79.2

Before cooking 38.7 34.9 22.2 31.5

After defecation 92.9 76.7 86.1 88.2

After cleaning child 32.7 18.6 11.8 22.5

Before feeding child 13.7 16.3 4.9 10.4

After meal 20.2 14.0 13.2 16.6

Before serving food 8.3 7.0 11.8 9.6

After returning home from outside 72.0 55.8 57.6 64.2

After touching waste 3.6 0.0 2.8 2.8

After house work 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.3

During bath 1.8 0.0 2.1 1.7

After cleaning waste 2.4 14.0 6.9 5.6

After cleaning utensils 0.0 2.3 0.7 0.6

After cooking 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.8

Cleaning dirty hand 1.8 2.3 1.4 1.7

Before sleeping 1.8 0.0 1.4 1.4

N 168 43 144 355 Note: Total of percentages will exceed 100 as it was a multiple response question.

3.7 Knowledge and Practice of Menstrual Hygiene Management

The table 3.8.1 summarises the responses of

workers of the three garment factories regarding

the materials they use during menstruation. It was

apparent from their responses that most of them

use different types of protections. Most of the

workers use sanitary napkins. Over 45% also use

cloth pieces. Among others objects used were

panty, tissue paper and cotton.

Consultations with factory management and

workers indicated that the garment factories have

made arrangement with a local producer – namely

ACI limited, to supply sanitary napkins for their

workers. These napkins are kept at the factory health

centers from where the workers can pick them up at

agency price – i.e. at a price lower than they would

have to pay if they were to buy them from the open

market.


32

Table -3.7.1: Behaviour of using materials at menstrual period (multiple responses)

Items used during menstruation Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Cotton 0.9 0.0 3.8 1.8

Tissue paper 2.6 2.8 6.4 3.9

Piece of cloth 38.6 22.2 66.7 45.6

Sanitary napkin 61.4 66.7 34.6 53.1

Only panty 14.0 8.3 17.9 14.5

No menstruation 4.4 8.3 3.8 4.8

Nothing 1.8 0.0 1.3 1.3

N 114 36 78 228 Note: Total of percentages will exceed 100 as it was a multiple response question.

Those who use clothes, mentioned that they usually use pieces from used clothes and wash them before

use. Some workers mentioned that they use factory waste that becomes available after cutting of clothes.

Those who use sanitary napkins or panties, buy them at the factory health centre or – some in case of

CIPL, at the Smiling Sun Clinic10 that operates at their factory once a week.

Table 3.7.2 summarises the protection materials changing behaviour, the frequency at which the

materials are changed in a day, by the garment workers when they are home or at their work place. Most

of the workers do not change their protection materials during work, those who do so do it once. Usually

they change the materials when they go home during lunch. The few who change in the factory, wrap the

disposable wastes in paper and dispose them in the basket kept in the female toilet in the factory. Many

of those who reported that they do not change the materials said that they do not feel the need to change

as their menstrual flow is very low. Most of the workers who use cotton or tissue paper or panty do not

change the materials whether they are at home or at work. For those who do change the materials, the

most common practice appears to be changing them 2-3 times a day. A table will be in the annex shows

above results by three factories separately.

Table -3.7.2: Times of changing the materials during menstrual period

Frequency of changing

At Home At Factory

Napkin Cloth Cotton/ Tissue/ Panty

Napkin Cloth Cotton/ Tissue/ Panty

Do not change 19.3 23.3 66.2 21.7 25.9 70.0

Once in a day 17.2 14.7 10.4 40.6 37.1 12.9

2-3 times in a day 60.0 56.6 19.5 31.5 33.6 15.7

More than 3 times 3.4 5.4 3.9 6.3 3.4 1.4

N 145 129 77 143 116 70

When it comes to dumping the used protection materials, most (85%) workers tend to dispose them in

dustbins (Table 3.7.3). A few tend to dispose them in drains or toilets. The trend of disposing the materials

in bins has also been indicated in the FGDs, where the workers mentioned they dispose all household

10The NGO Health Service Delivery Project supports the delivery of primary health care through a nationwide network called Surjer Hashi, or “Smiling Sun” with financial support from USAID, DfID, and Chevron. The network consists of more than 25 local NGOs, 300+ static clinics, and 8,800+ satellite clinics. In total, it serves approximately 22.2 million people (15% of the population).


33

wastes in bins, which are then deposited in large buckets or drums outside of the houses. These wastes

are then collected by community arranged garbage collectors – each house pays a charge of Taka 50 per

month for this service, and dumped in specific places outside of residential community. The workers

mentioned that they usually collect perishable wastes (e.g. fish, vegetable skins) in poly bags and dispose

them in the drum/bucket outside. They are aware that improperly disposing wastes, particularly

perishable wastes can cause stench in the local communities and also can cause health hazards.

Table -3.7.3: Place of dumping used napkin/tissue/cotton/cloth

Variables At Home At Factory At factory (if no place)

Dustbin 88.9 74.0 85.0

Drain 0.9 2.0 5.0

Toilet 3.4 12.0 5.0

Throw out any where 0.9 4.0 0.0

Specific place 0.0 6.0 0.0

Throw out using a poly bag 0.0 2.0 0.0

Bring it back home 0.0 0.0 5.0

Under bed 4.3 0.0 0.0

Under ground 1.7 0.0 0.0

N 117 50 20

The FGD participants said that they do not have to miss work due to any complications or inconveniences

during menstruation cycle. One woman reported that she has abdominal pain when she tries to clear her

bowel, she visits the Smiling Sun clinic and takes medicine given by the clinic.

3.8 Child Faeces Management Practices at Households

Of the total sample of 355 garment workers, only 36 had a young child. Of them 31 used elders’ toilet for

their children, the others used children’s potty. Few instances of mentioning of ‘Wash Out’ reflect that

some young children, occasionally, defecate in the open space which is then cleaned and the floor is

wiped. The FGD participants indicated that, if required, they collect the faeces and dump them in the

commode in their latrines and flashes them down with water.

Table -3.9.1: Child faeces management practice

Child faeces management Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Overall

Adult toilet 89.5 75.0 84.6 86.1

Open space 0.0 0.0 7.7 2.8

Specific pit 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.8

Wash out 5.3 25.0 7.7 8.3

N 19 4 13 36

3.9 Access of garment workers to safe drinking water, improved inclusive toilet and hygiene

in the factories


34

3.9.1 WASH initiatives by factory management

The three garment factories that have been targeted by the ‘Improving Access to WASH for Levi’s RMG

Workers in Bangladesh’ project had participated in the HER project’s initiative for improving health and

hygiene of the garment factory workers. However, positive experiences from HER project initiatives have

induced the CIPL and Pearl factory management continue some of the project activities beyond the

project and undertake new initiatives to improve the health and hygiene practices of their workers. These

initiatives are summarized below.

Health, hygiene and SRHR (Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights) education: The HER project

initiated education programme has been continued at CIPL and Pearl Garments. The ‘Peer

Educators’ developed through the HER project has continued to enhance awareness of the

workers, particularly the new recruits, through discussion circles during lunch hours and one-to-

one counselling. The module includes topics on personal hygiene, water borne diseases, nutrition,

mother and child health, reproductive health and hygiene, family planning, health risks like

HIV/AIDS, STDs, malaria, dengue, reproductive health; occupational hazards and safety etc.

Supply of safe water at work place: The factories supply filtered water through piped system

through multiple water points at each factory floor. The water is lifted from underground by deep

tubewell and filtered before they reach the water point taps. At CIPL the water lifted into the

overhead tank is filtered in treatment plant, at the Pearl and Medlar factories, the water is

supplied directly from the overhead tank through pipes which have filters fitted near the water

point. The workers fill bottles with water and drink from the bottle when they are working. The

water is regularly tested for its suitability for drinking – the tests are conducted at the icddr,b

every six months (CIPL has recently begun to test water every three months).

Toilet facility: Factories have set up multiple toilets and wash rooms at factory floors, separately

for women and men. These toilets and wash

rooms are located around the factory floor

premises making it convenient for the workers

to use the nearest one. The factory

management ensures supply of water, soap,

towels and sandals at the toilets/wash rooms.

However, during consultation the workers

indicated that the supplies of soap and sandals

are irregular and all supplies in place often only

during buyer/auditor visits.The baseline team

visited the situation at the water points and

toilets in one production floor at each factory.

The observations at toilets are given in the box

on the right.

In house Medical Centre and linkages with local hospitals: All three factories have Medical Centres

resourced with doctor, nurse, basic medicine, first aid boxes and sick-beds. Workers can consult

the available service providers in case of sickness or an injury. The centres provide primary

Each floor had separate toilets for male and female.

Although each toilet had multiple chambers some of the chambers were non-functional (e.g. at Medlar 3 out of 12 chambers in the female toilet are not used).

The toilets had pooled water on the floor (outside of the chambers).

Although each toilet chamber had tissue holders, some of them were empty.

Although it was mentioned by the workers that there are sandals provided at the toilet, the visit team did not see those in all factories.


35

treatment and medicines and refer the more serious cases to local hospitals, each of the factories

have an arrangement with at least one hospital in the neighbourhood.

Waste management: The factories have placed waste bins, including in the wash rooms, around

the floor so that wastes can be disposed of easily. The study team was particularly interested

about disposing of sanitary napkins and other materials used during menstrual period and it was

apparent that the workers dispose the dirty materials in the bins at the wash room which are then

disposed of in the large bin at the factory periphery. The factory has employed some people to

collect the wastes from bins within the factory and carry them to the ‘central’ bin for disposal,

these people are also responsible for ensuring that supplies are in place at the toilets and wash

rooms. The wastes are collected from this bin by outside people, who have been contracted by

the factory management.

Provision of sanitary napkins at discounted price: At CIPL and Pearl garments, the factory

managements have got into contract with ACI Limited to supply locally produced sanitary napkins,

which are then kept at the factory health center. The workers can pick up supplies of sanitary

napkins from these centers at less than regular consumer prices (the data of using this facility is

given in Annex).

Home visits by welfare officer and factory management: The garment factories – Pearl and CIPL,

have initiated a worker home visit programme by the Welfare Officers, a fact also mentioned by

workers during the FGDs. The Welfare Officers, in a roaster and occasionally accompanied by

management staff, visit workers’ homes during weekends. They use a checklist (a sample is given

in Annex), enquire about workers health and hygiene issues and counsels the workers on how to

improve their current state.

3.9.2 Findings from baseline survey

Most workers at CIPL (51.8%) and Pearl Garments (58.1%) use piped water for drinking while one third of

Medlar Apparels workers use piped water at their factories (Table 3.9.1). Overall, a quarter of the workers

use tubewell water for drinking, the proportions are about 34% among CIPL workers, 2.3% among Pearl

Garment workers and 21.5% among Medlar Apparels workers, respectively. Just less than 30% of workers

in the sample use filtered water at their work place – 14.3% of CIPL workers, 39.5% at Pearl Garments and

45.1% at Medlar Apparels.

Table -3.9.1: Main Source of drinking water at the factory

Source of drinking water Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Supply water 51.8 58.1 33.3 45.1

Tube well water 33.9 2.3 21.5 25.1

Filtered water 14.3 39.5 45.1 29.9

N 168 43 144 355

During factory visits, it was found that all three factories supply drinking water through a piped system,

and most, if not all, workers use the water supplied through this system as drinking water. The water is

lifted to overhead reservoirs by deep tubewell and supplied to the factory floors. The workers fill the

water in bottles, from taps at designated water points on factory floor, to drink while working. The

workers collect water 3-5 times a day in half-litre bottles for consumption while they at the factory floor.


36

A couple of workers, in the FGDs, mentioned that they drink very little water during working hours and

thus have to collect water no more than 1-2 times every day. FGDs and observations during factory visits

indicated that there is usually no queue in water point and thus little wasting of time during working

hours. Workers mentioned that if the water points look crowded, they usually wait for a few minutes for

the crowd to clear up before going to collect water.

In the case of CIPL the filtering happens at the storage stage, while there were visible pipe filters at the

supply point in case of Pearl Garments and Medlar Apparels, which may explain the lower incidences of

reporting filtered water drinking at CIPL and higher in Pearl and Medlar. The factory visits and discussions

with management and workers, in FGDs, did not give the impression of such diverse sources, as is

indicated in the above table. It may be that the workers were mistaking in their interpretation of survey

checklists, and the surveyors could not cross check due to not knowing the supply system at that time of

survey. The factory visits were conducted after bulk of the surveys had been conducted.

Table -3.9.2: Having separate toilet at the factories

Variable Cosmopolitan Pearl Medlar Total

Workers reporting if they had

separate toilets for male and

female at factory

98.2 100.0 99.3 98.9

N 168 43 144 355

Table 3.9.2 indicates that almost all workers acknowledged the existence of separate toilets for women

and man (Table 3.9.2). It was observed during factory visits that each factory floor had multiple toilets,

separate for men and women. The toilets were distributed around the factory floor to ensure that the

workers on each side of factory could reach the toilets with very little difficulty and walk.

3.10 WASH facilities and behaviour at project selected health facilities

The ‘Improving Access to WASH for Levi’s RMG Workers in Bangladesh’ project has targeted to work with

health facilities at Upazila, Union and community levels. However, the RMG workers are occupied in their

work during the times at which these service providers are open. In most instances, the RMG workers

consult pharmacists or private practitioner Doctors in their neighbourhood in the evening and during the

weekends. The factories’ arrangement with service providers are also with local private clinics. As a result,

the RMG workers – primary target population of this project, rarely use the public health facilities even if

they were located in close proximity.

The baseline study team visited Community Clinics (3), UH&FWCs (2) and Upazila Health Complex (1),

which has been selected by the project for intervention. The team checked the WASH facilities – using a

structured checklist, and talked to a service providers and officials at each of these facilities to both verify

the data in the checklist and learn more about the facilities and their use. This section describes the

findings at the health facilities.


37

Community Clinics:

Three community clinics – Yarpur Community Clinic in Yarpur Union, Banshbari Community Clinic in

Dhamsona Union and Kathgora Community Clinic in Ashulia Union, were visited by the study team.

Findings from the visit are summarized in the table below.

Table -3.10.1: Findings against checklists at Community Clinics

Checklist indicator Yarpur CC Banshbari CC Kathgora CC

Source of drinking water Deep tubewell Deep tubewell Deep tubewell

Was the source functioning at the time of visit? The tubewell has been out of operation for more than a month. The CC does not have a viable water source if its own source is not working.

The tubewell has been out of operation for more than a month. Currently water is brought from the nearby primary school.

Yes

When working, does the source supply sufficient water (for drinking and hand washing) for everyone in the CC?

Yes Yes Yes

Number of latrines (chambers) in the CC 1 (1) 1 (2) 1 (1)

Type of latrine Toilet with broken water seal and waste is deposited in safety tank

Toilet with water seal and waste is deposited in safety tank


Problems in using the latrine (only positive responses)

Too many users – people have to wait in queue √ √

Dirty √ √ √

Not usable √

Not having covered bin √ √ √

Not having sandals for use in latrine √ √ √

When functional, is the latrine not usable at any particular time of the year

No No No

Is there a latrine/chamber for exclusive use by women/staff?

No One chamber for

staff No

Can the latrine used by women be locked from inside

Yes Yes Yes

Is there a hand washing arrangement within 10 steps from the latrine?

No No No

Does the facility include water and soap? No No No

Does the facility have three specifically labeled waste bins?

No No No

How frequently is the facility cleaned Once a month, after 15 days if necessary

Once a month Once a week

The Community Clinics are generally looked after by the CHCPs – who are the full time service providers

at the community clinics. All three clinics have health education modules, with contents and monitoring

checklists on WASH issues. In Yarpur and Kathgora Community Clinics, it was reported that education

sessions are conducted using the government prescribed module. But in Banshbari Community Clinic the


38

module has not been used. Each of the community clinics have treated patients for water borne diseases

in the last six months – the numbers vary for each community clinic with an estimated 150 at Yarpur CC,

300 at Banshbari CC and 600 at Kathgora CC. None of the community clinics had taken any specific

initiative to promote WASH issues in their catchment communities. They have not received any support

from the government.

Union Health and Family Welfare Centres and Upazila Health Complex:

The study team visited two UH&FWCs – at Yarpur, Dhamsona and Ashulia, and the SavarUpazila health

Complex. Findings from the visits are summarized in the table below.

Table -3.10.2: Findings against checklists at Upazila and Union Health and Family Welfare Centres

Checklist indicator UH&FWCs Savar Upazila Health

Complex Yarpur Ashulia Dhamsona

Source of drinking water

No arrangement for water. Water is brought from the tubewell in the neighbouring house.

Deep tubewell Deep tubewell Deep tubewell

Was the source functioning at the time of visit?

Yes Yes Yes

Does the source supply sufficient water (for drinking and hand washing) for everyone?

Yes Yes Yes

Number of latrines (chambers)

1 (2) 1 (4) 1 (3) (22)

Type of latrine Toilet with water seal and waste is deposited in safety tank




Problems in using the latrine (only positive responses)

Dirty Dirty √ Somewhat clean

Not usable

Not having covered bin √ √

Not having sandals for use in latrine

√ √ √ √

Is the latrine not usable at any particular time of the year

No No No No

Is there a latrine/chamber for exclusive use by women/staff?

One chamber for women

One chamber for staff

One for staff, one for women

There are separate latrines for women and

staff.

Can the latrine used by women be locked from inside

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Is there a hand washing arrangement within 10 steps from the latrine?

No Yes Yes Yes

Does the facility include water and soap?

No Yes Yes Water only


39

Checklist indicator UH&FWCs Savar Upazila Health

Complex Yarpur Ashulia Dhamsona

Does the facility have three specifically labeled waste bins?

No No No Yes

How frequently is the facility cleaned

Once a week Once a month Every 3-4 days Everyday

The Upazila Health Complex uses a health education module that includes WASH issues in its content and

monitoring checklist. Similar arrangements are present in DhamsonaUH&FWC but not at Yarpur or Ahsulia

Union Centers. The Upazila Health Complex has taken the initiative to provide safe drinking water, no

WASH related activity has been undertaken by the UH&FWCs. None of the health facilities have received

any support from the government, except those that are designated by the government (e.g. supplies).

The UH&FWCs have treated between 50 (Ashulia) to 400 (Yarpur) patients for water borne diseases in the

last six months, the number is approximately 600 for the Upazila Health Complex.

The table 3.10.3 summarises the situation at two Union Family Welfare Centres, one that has its own

water supply and the other that does not. The table builds on the data that has been presented above

with those from consultations with service providers at the centres.

Table -3.10.3: A comparative case of two health centres (with and without water supply).

Dhamsona UH&FWC Yarpur UH&FWC

The Dhamsona Union Family Welfare Centre has

supply of water through its own submersible pump.

The water is of good quality, with no arsenic or iron.

Water is supplied to the latrine through tap and

drinking water is available in the office and operation

rooms. Users drink the pipe water directly.

The centre has latrine with separate chambers for

male, female staff and patients. The latrines have

water supply and are used by patients and staff alike.

The latrine is cleaned regularly. Each latrine chamber

has waste bin, the waste from these, from office and

medical wastes are dumped in a corner and burnt. The

ash and needles are buried in the ground.

Cleaning items are supplied from the Upazila once a

year, however the bill submitted there are not

regularly reimbursed.

The SACMO, Mr. Md. Doulot Khan, however, pointed

out that the centre suffers from two vacant posts (out

of five allocated posts) – one of which is of the

cleaner. Therefore cleaning of the centre has to be

done by the existing staff and by locally hired cleaner

who is paid from their own pocket.

The Yarpur Union Health and Family Welfare Centre

does not have supply of water for the last ten years.

There is one tubewell in the centre but it is unusable

after ground water level fell beyond its reach. Water

brought from a nearby house is used at the centre to

meet its daily needs. No expenditure is incurred to get

the water, an Ayah of the centre brings water from the

house every day.

The centre has no arrangement of water for patients.

The service providers drink from what is brought from

the neighbour. Water brought from the neighbour is

used when required for surgical procedures.

Although there is a latrine in the centre – with separate

chambers for males and females, it is very dirty with no

water. As a result it cannot be used.

The dirt at the centre is burnt, in its backyard, once

every month. The SACMO, Mr.Mokhlesur Rahman, is of

the opinion that a submersible pump could solve the

problem of water in the centre which would meet the

needs of the service providers and the service seekers.

It will also enable the use of existing latrine and keeping

it clean.


40

The baseline study involved collecting water from all 7 health facilities and testing them for presence of

Arsenic, Ferrous and Coliform. The water was collected from the drinking water sources, taps or bottles,

from which water is directly consumed and were tested at the DPHE. The test results are given in the table

3.10.4.

Table -3.10.4: Test results of water samples collected from health facilities

Health Facility


AS (Bangladesh


FE (Bangladesh

standard: <1 mg/L)

TC (Bangladesh Standard: 0

CFU/100 ml)

SavarUpazila Health Complex 0.001 0.3 8

YarpurUH&FWC <0.001 0.2 0

DhamsonaUH&FWC <0.001 0.25 58

AshuliaUH&FWC <0.001 0.19 0

Yarpur Community Clinic <0.001 0.33 0

Ashulia Community Clinic <0.001 0.15 0

Dhamsona Community Clinic <0.001 0.18 12

Of the seven health centres, each of them had Arsenic and Ferrous concentration within the limit

allowable under the Bangladeshi standard. For Coliform test – bacteria count returned positive for three

– Upazila Health Complex, UH&FWC and Community Clinic in Dhamsona, of the seven health centres. It

was observed that the tap from which drinking water was collected at the SavarUpazila Health Complex

was also used for hand and face washing. In the other two centres therewas no piped water in the centres

and water is stored in pots.

3.11 WASH facilities and behaviour at project selected education institutions

The ‘Improving Access to WASH for Levi’s RMG Workers in Bangladesh’ project has selected with three

educational institutions – two secondary schools and one secondary madrasah, to improve their WASH

situation and behavioural practices of students, with an assumption that many of the children of the

targeted RMG factory workers would study in these institutions. However, consultations during FGDs

portray two dominant scenarios regarding school going behaviour of the RMG workers’ children. Many of

the RMG workers leave their children behind in the villages and the children attend schools there. Those

who can afford to have a caregiver (usually mother) at home, keep their children with them and in such

instances most young children go to nearby kindergarten schools while the older children go to one of the

targeted secondary schools. During the baseline study, outside of the quantitative and qualitative survey,

the team also enquired about the trend of workers’ children going to school. The table 3.11.1 summarises

the trend.


41

Table -3.11.1: Trend of garment workers’ children going to school

Indicators Factory

CIPL Pearl Medlar Number of school going children 43 3 37 Goes to school in village 19 19 Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School 1 Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School 1 Khadija Khatun Dhakil Madrasah 18 Other schools in the locality 6 1 18

It is apparent from the table 3.11.1 that of the 83 students identified by the survey team, 38 (45.8%) go

to a school in their home village, while 25 (about 30%) go to a school in the locality which is not one of

the three project intervention education institution. The other students go to one of the project

intervention schools. It should also be noted that survey sample of Medlar workers, was from a different

community which is not in the catchment of Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School – which is in proximity

of the Medlar factory, and thus the children go to a different school. Enquiries with the school authority

revealed that a number of Medlar workers, who reside in the catchment of the school actually attend that

school.

The table 3.11.2 presents the profile of two schools and one madrasah in the catchment of the

communities where the workers of three project factory workers reside, which have been selected for

project intervention.

Table -3.11.2: Project selected schools and their profile

Name of school/ Madrasah Location

Number of students Number of teachers

Girls Boys Total Female Male Total

Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School

Nishchintopur, Union: Yarpur

170 140 310 3 8 11

Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School

Dogortoli, Union: Dhamsona

192 128 320 5 15 16

Khadija Khatun Dhakil Madrasah

Ahsulia, Union: Ahsulia

258 318 576 1 14 15

Among the students in the three educational institutions, 4 – 1 girl each of Nishchintopur DewanIdris High

School and Khadija Khatun Dakhil Madrasah, and 2 boys of Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School, were

reported to have some form of disability.

All the educational institutions have combined committees of parents and teachers. However none of the

Schools have any students’ organization and any WASH related programs. The Madrasah has a students’

body, named Student Cabinet, which discusses issues like sports, eve teasing, cleanliness and hygiene,

tree plantation etc. Each of the educational institutions has a ‘School Improvement Plan’ where

development of water-sanitation facilities are included.


42

Water is supplied in the schools using submersible pumps. The pumps were found to be operational at

the time of visit. The pump at Nishchintopur school was malfunctioning a few days back and it took the

school management 2-3 days to repair the pump and restore water supply, during which, as is the usual

practice when the pump is not working, water would be fetched from nearby mosque. In the Khadija

Khatun Dakhil Madrasah if the pump is not working, water is arranged from nearby mosque. In the Hajee

Jaan Mohammad High School, it was mentioned that there is no viable alternative water source if the

school’s pump is not operational. The following table brings together findings against some other

checklists that were looked into during visit and consultation at the school.

Table -3.11.3: Findings against checklists at schools – Water

Checklist indicators Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School


Khadija Khatun Dhakil Madrasah

Is water regularly available from the mentioned source?

√ √ √

If functional, does the source supply adequate water for everybody in the school?

√ √ √

Are the disabled students able to collect water from the source?

√ √ √

Can the youngest child in school collect water from the source?

√ √ √

The purpose for which water is used:

Drinking √ √ √

Hand washing √ √

Washing after defecation √ √ √

To cook and making tea √ √

For school building construction √ √

In the Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School, water is lifted by running the pump in the morning at the

outset of school hours. One tap, piped directly from the pump, is designated as drinking water source.

Water is collected from the tap in jugs, pitchers and plastic bottles. The pitchers, with mugs, are kept in

front of the classrooms for drinking by the students. The plastic bottles are kept in teachers’ room for

their drinking. Another pipe deposits water in an overhead tank, over the latrine, the water from which is

used in the latrines. However, water from the tank leaks through the roof making the latrine damp.

At the Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School, water is lifted into a plastic tank using submersible pump.

Students and teachers collect drinking water from a tap attached to the tank. Mr. Mohammad Mosharraf

Hossain, Assistant Head Teacher of the school, mentioned that the water has never been tested, but he

is sure that the water quality is good. It has no Arsenic and it tastes good and has no bad odour. He

mentioned that the two disabled children face difficulty in fetching water from the tap, but they are

helped by their peers.

During the school visits it was found that the Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School had three toilets – 2

for students and one for teachers. One of the student toilets was not operational at the time of the visit,

because of broken doors. At the Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School it was found that the only existing

latrine was unusable. Another latrine was being constructed at the school at the time of the visit. None of


43

the schools had separate hand washing for teachers and students or urinal facilities that could be used by

male students and teachers. The following table summarizes findings at the schools against the checklists

relevant to existence and use of latrines.

Table -3.11.4: Findings against checklists at schools – latrine

Checklist indicators Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School


Khadija Khatun Dakhil Madrasah

Number of latrines in the school

For teachers 1 4

For students 2 5 (and two urinals for boys)

For common use 1

Number of functional latrines in the school

For teachers 1 0 4

For students 1 0 5 (and two urinals for boys)

For common use 0 0

Type of latrine Slab and pit latrine with water seal

Slab and pit latrine with water seal

Slab and pit latrine with water seal

Problems at the latrine The existing latrine is not usable currently. A new

latrine is being constructed

Too many users – have to wait in queue √ √

Dirty √ Relatively clean

Stench √ √

Broken door √

No hand washing facility with water and soap

√

If functional, is there any particular time in the year when the latrine(s) cannot be used?

No No

Is there a latrine which is exclusively for females?

No Two

Can the latrine used by females be locked from inside?

Yes Yes

Is there a covered bin inside the latrine? No No

Do the disabled students use the latrine? Yes Yes

Do the youngest child in the school use the latrine

Yes Yes

The Assistant Teacher, Mr. Mohammad Wasim Akram, of Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School

mentioned that, as one of the students’ latrine in the school was not functioning, it created too much

pressure on the other students’ latrine and it was not always possible to keep the latrine clean because

of overuse. As the school did not have a latrine exclusively for girl students their attendance is disrupted

during menstrual period. Although the teachers’ toilet had soap and tissue, it did not have a basket to

dispose of the waste materials. The tap of the wash basin in this latrine was working and basin was

unusable and dirty. Mr.Akram said that the school authorities were unable to repair and maintain the

latrines for a lack of funds.


44

Mr. Mosharraf Hossain mentioned that as the toilet in the school is non-functional, particularly girls and

women teachers face serious problem. In case of urgent need they use the latrines in neighbouring

houses. The boys either use the existing but non-working latrine or urinate in the open space around the

school. He mentioned that, although the school is reputed to be a good school, girl students sometimes

remain absent due the absence of functioning latrine. The under construction new building of the school

will have three latrines, one of which will be kept for females only.

In all the educational institutions cleanliness and hygiene education is limited to what is included in the

curriculum, there is no other formal and systematic intervention to teach the students about cleanliness

and hygiene except for occasional discussions at school assemblies. There was no specific place to dump

wastes in the Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School. Wastes are dumped in an open space outside of the

school and the accumulation is then burnt after every few days. In the Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School

the wastes are dumped in a hole designated for the purpose. In the Khadija Khatun Dakhil Madrasah,

waste is dumped in bins.

There was no deworming activity at the Nishchintopur Dewan Idris High School. It was mentioned at this

school that girls do attend school during menstruation, but occasionally they leave school early during this

time. Hajee Jaan Mohammad High School had arranged deworming activities in the last one year.

The baseline study involved collecting water samples from the selected educational institutions targeted

by the project. Water was collected from the points from where drinking water is collected. The water

was tested at DPHE, the results of which are presented in the table 3.11.5. The test results indicate that

the concentration of Arsenic and Ferrous, in both schools are within the limit allowed by Bangladeshi

standard. In both cases, water was also found to be free of any bacteria.

Table -3.11.5: Test results of water samples collected from education institutions

School name


AS (Bangladesh


FE (Bangladesh

standard: <1 mg/L)

TC (Bangladesh

Standard: 0 CFU/100 ml)

NishchintopurDewanIdris

High School

<0.001 0.35 0

Hajee Jaan Mohammad

High School

<0.001 0.18 0

Khadija KhatunDakhil

Madrasah

<0.001 0.18 0


45

Chapter Four: Discussion and Way Forward

4.1 Discussion

All three RMG factories, targeted by the project, have arranged for drinking water supply and improved

latrines in the factory floors. The factory owners and management have initiated various measures to

improve quality of provisions for water-sanitation and menstrual hygiene management at the factory

sites. Some of these initiatives have perhaps been instigated by the compulsion to participate in buyer

supported programmes to meet the compliance needs– particularly in relation to labour rights and

wellbeing. In spite of the apparent commitment from the factory management, there were observed

weaknesses in maintaining regularity of provisions – e.g. provision of adequate soap, covered waste

baskets in the wash room. There appears to be a lack of functional awareness among the responsible

workers for ensuring supplies and management for effective monitoring.

The housing facilities have developed to meet the needs of industrial working population and typically

feature many urban amenities. In most cases, the factory workers live in residences with improved water

and latrine facilities. It has been observed during the study that the workers, and their families, use ‘safe’

drinking water and improved latrines. However, observations suggest that behavioural practices – such

as maintaining cleanliness, leave a lot of room for improvement.

In the area of menstrual hygiene management, factory managements have arranged for supply of

disposable pads at subsidised prices and arranged a system for disposing the wastes. However, evidences

suggest that few workers take advantage of these facilities. Most of the workers still use clothes –

including factory waste from cut clothes, as protection materials and often do not change the materials

during working hours.

There has been programmes (such as the HER project) which have sought to raise awareness and bring

about behavioural changes in WASH, among other objectives. The HER project has developed a group of

Peer Educators at CIPL and Pearl Garments. The WAB should build on what has already been done under

these projects, and if necessary customise interventions specifically for each factory.

At schools the study indicated a functional safe water supply system, although the quality of hygiene

management needs to be improved. There are latrines in the school – although in one school it is currently

not functional, however, these latrines are often dirty and unusable, particularly for menstruating girls.

The situation in health centres leaves a lot of room for improvement – in some cases there is no functional

water supply. Even those that have water supply, the water points are not hygienically maintained. The

toilets in the health facilities, again, are usually not clean and particularly unusable for women.


46

4.2 Way forward

Given the context at factories, worker dwellings, schools and health facilities, the study team recommends

following considerations in formulating project strategy going forward –

Installation of physical facilities for water and sanitation, should be need based. For example, it

appears, from the baseline study, that factories have been able to install them through previous

projects and their own initiatives. Similarly most of the houses, where the factory workers live,

already have similar facilities. New installation should be specifically targeted only to where they

needed, following more detailed consultation and assessment by the project team. The current

project should focus more on changing behavioural practices regarding water-sanitation and

menstrual hygiene management. Particular emphasis has to be on cleanliness of water points and

latrines, preservation of drinking water – including use of hygienic containers.

Build the new curriculum and implementation strategy on the existing or previously implemented

interventions. Specifically, taking advantage of the existence of Peer Educators among the factory

work force in designing training/education curriculum and implementation strategy.

The intervention should also target the management and at least, the house owners at the

community level, albeit with a more condensed and customised curriculum to suit the needs

maintaining provisions’ quality (water quality, functioning of latrines, waste management and

cleanliness of common spaces, etc.)

The intervention should be synchronised with relevant participants’ time schedule. It is usual that

workers remain busy during the day time, thus it will only be feasible for the home based

interventions to take place after work hours and during weekends. Factory based interventions

should seek to strengthening of existing BCC interventions, in discussion with factory

management.

The intervention should focus on critical measures (e.g. using only clean and hygienic materials

during menstrual period, changing these materials regularly; importance of regular cleaning of

water reservoirs and latrines for house owners and workers) that one has to be conscious of in

maintaining WASH and MHM. MHM can be a critical focus area for the project.

It appears that the workers are not fully aware of the initiatives taken by the factory management,

which may result in their lack of confidence on the provisions arranged by the factory

management. These initiatives can be communicated more effectively to the workers to improve

their awareness and enhance use.

The project should conduct more in-depth assessment of WASH situations at schools and health

facilities and undertake initiatives to improve customising interventions, including facilities

development and awareness creation, according to need.

WAB and its partner, Sajida Foundation, in collaboration with factory management, should

advocate with the relevant authorities (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) to create

opportunities for the services at a time suitable for the garment workers.

While interventions in the current programme are ongoing the partners – WAB and Sajida

Foundation, should focus on documenting results and learning to advocate with the sector

owners’ and employers’ associations (e.g. BGMEA, BKMEA) and Department of Industries and


47

Factories Inspection, Ministry of Education, Health and Family Welfare, so that intervention can

be scaled up across the sector.


48

Annex

Annex 1: Tables

Table A1: Percentage distribution of respondents by their time passing after work on work days and sex (multiple response).

Ways of spending leisure time Male Female Total

Visiting 23.0 19.2 20.5

Chatting 44.3 19.7 28.2

Watch TV 68.0 65.5 66.4

Play cards 2.5 0.4 1.1

Go to cinema 4.9 2.6 3.4

Search job 2.5 0.4 1.1

Sleep 53.3 60.7 58.1

Study 7.4 9.2 8.5

Cooking 2.5 10.0 7.4

Spend time with kids 6.6 2.6 4.0

Household chores 0.8 1.3 1.1

Take rest 3.3 1.7 2.3

Sewing 0.0 1.7 1.1

Shopping 0.0 0.9 0.6

Business 1.6 0.0 0.6

Training 0.0 0.4 0.3

Tuition 2.5 2.6 2.6

Katha stitching 0.0 1.3 0.9

Eating 0.0 1.3 0.9

Talk over cellphone 0.0 0.4 0.3

No leisure time 0.0 0.4 0.3

Listen songs 0.8 0.0 0.3

Play games 0.8 0.0 0.3

Read Quran 0.8 0.4 0.6

N 122 233 355 Note: Total of percentages will exceed 100 as it was a multiple response question.


49

Table A2: Percentage distribution of respondents by their time passing on holidays and sex (multiple response).

Ways of spending holidays Male Female Total

Visiting 33.6 16.3 22.3

Shopping 71.3 25.3 41.1

Chatting 33.6 9.4 17.7

Watch TV 57.4 47.6 51.0

Play cards 3.3 0.0 1.1

Go to cinema 3.3 1.7 2.3

Wash clothes 45.1 84.1 70.7

Search job 0.8 0.0 0.3

Cooking 18.9 92.3 67.0

Home cleaning 36.1 85.8 68.7

Sleep 54.9 30.0 38.6

Study/reading 7.4 1.7 3.7

Toilet cleaning 0.8 0.9 0.8

Spend time with kids 6.6 1.7 3.4

Personal work 0.8 0.0 0.3

Religious work 7.4 0.0 2.5

Fed kids 0.0 0.9 0.6

Sewing 0.8 1.7 1.4

Business 2.5 0.0 0.8

Read Quran 0.0 0.4 0.3

Listen songs 0.8 0.4 0.6

Play games 1.6 0.0 0.6

Association 0.8 0.0 0.3

N 122 233 355 Note: Total of percentages will exceed 100 as it was a multiple response question.


50

Annex 2: Data Collection Instruments


51

BASELINE STUDY ON IMPROVING ACCESS TO WASH FOR LEVI’S RMG WORKERS

IN BANGLADESH

Quantitative Survey Tool

Area code Factory code 1. Man 2. Woman Sample number

Area code:1| c~e© biwmsncyi; 2| †LRyi evMvb; 3| cjvkevwo

Factory code:1| Km‡gvcwjUb BÛvw÷ªR; 2| cvj© Mv‡g©›Um; 3| †gWjvi A¨vcv‡ijm

Section A: Basic and Checking Details (To be filled by Research Assistants)

Avwg †Wf‡i‡Rvb¨vÝ wjwg‡UW bv‡g GKwU †emiKvix Awd‡mi Kg©x| Avgiv IqvUvi GBW evsjv‡`‡ki cÿ †_‡K Avcbv‡ì gZ Mv‡g©›Um

Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I cwi”QbœZv welqK GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv KiwQ hvi D‡Ïk¨ G welq¸‡jv‡Z Avcbv‡ì m‡PZbZvi gvÎv

cwigvc Kiv Ges mwVK GKwU cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv| Avcbvi †`qv mKj Z_¨ AZ¨šÍ †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ M‡elYvi Kv‡R eënvi

Kiv n‡e| Avcwb hw` ivwR _v‡Kb Z‡e Avgiv mvÿvrKviwU ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi| GB mvÿvrKviwU †kl n‡Z AvbygvwbK 30 †_‡K 40 wgwbU

mgq jvM‡e| Gi †h †Kvb ch©v‡q Avcwb DËi cÖ vb Kiv eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKsev hw` g‡b K‡ib †h Avcwb †Kvb GKwU we‡kl cÖ‡kœi

DËi w`‡Z ¯^v”Q›` †eva Ki‡Qb bv Z‡e †m c‡kœi DËi bvI w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avgiv wK mvÿvrKviwU ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi?

1 nu¨v 2 bv

01 DËi`vZvi bvg (RvZxq cwiPq cÎ Abyhvqx)

02 DËi`vZvi bvg (d¨v±wii †iKW© Abyhvqx)

03 DËi`vZvi eqm eQi

04 KviLvbvq Avcbvi cèxi bvg Kx?

05 †dvb b¤i 0 1

06 mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ZvwiL (gvm/w`b/mvj) 2 0 1 6

we ÍvwiZfv‡e cixÿv Kiv - Z_¨ msMÖnKvix c~iY Ki‡eb|

Avwg GB cy‡iv digwU cixÿv K‡iwQ Ges wbðqZv cÖ`vb KiwQ †h mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw`

mwVKfv‡e Ges ¯úófv‡e wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨ msMÖnKvixi bvg I †KvW

mycvifvBRvi Gi bvg I †KvW

SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION


52

Q # cÖkœ DËi (†KvW mn) skip to

07 Avcbvi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv ejyb|

00|wbiÿi/ïay bvg wjL‡Z cv‡i/¯‹z‡j c‡o bvB

33|ïay co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i

66|bb-digvj GWz‡Kkb

01| cÖvBgvix c‡o‡Qb

02| cÖvBgvix cvk

03| gva¨wgK c‡o‡Qb

04| gva¨wgK cvk

05| D”P gva¨wgK cvk

08 ‰eevwnK Ae ’v

0| AweevwnZ

1| eZ©gv‡b weevwnZ

2| weaev/wecZœxK

3| ZvjvKcÖvß

4|Avjv`v

09 Avcwb †h ai‡bi N‡i _v‡Kb Zv Kx iKg?

1| cvKv

2| Avav cvKv

3| wU‡bi evwo

4| euvk/gvwUi †`qvj, wU‡bi Pvj

5| euv‡ki †eov, euv‡ki Pvj

10 Avcwb Kxfv‡e _v‡Kb?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

01| GKv

02| K‡qKRb wg‡j †gm fvov K‡i

03| ïay ¯vgx / ¿xi mv‡_

04| ¯vgx / ¿x Ges cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ì mv‡_

05| mve‡jU/‡cwqs †M÷ wn‡m‡e

06| AvZ¥xq-¯R‡bi mv‡_

07| Mv‡g©›Um †KvqvU©vi G (d¨v±wii)

08| Ab¨vb¨

11 GK iæ‡g Avcbviv KZ Rb _v‡Kb? Rb

12 QzwUi w`‡b Avcwb Kxfv‡e mgq KvUvb?

(GKvwaK DËi n‡Z cv‡i)

01| †eov‡Z hvB

02| evRvi Kwi

03| eÜz-evÜ‡ei mv‡_ AvÇv †`B

04| †Uwjwfkb †`wL

05| Zvm †Lwj

06| wm‡bgv †`wL

07| Kvco-‡Pvco ayB

08| PvKzwi LuywR

09| ivbœv Kwi

10| Ni cwi®‹vi Kwi

11| NygvB

12| Ab¨vb¨ (D‡jøL Kiæb)



53

13 Aemi mg‡q Avcwb Kxfv‡e mgq KvUvb?


01| †eov‡Z hvB

02| eÜz-evÜ‡ei mv‡_ AvÇv †`B

03| †Uwjwfkb †`wL

04| Zvm †Lwj

05| wm‡bgv †`wL

06| PvKzwi LuywR

07| NygvB


14 Avcwb Kx †Uwjwfkb †`‡Lb? 1| nu¨v

2| bv

17

15 †Kvb P¨v‡b‡ji Abyôvb Avcwb †ewk †`‡Lb?

16 †Kvb ai‡bi Abyôvb Avcwb †ewk †`‡Lb?

01| evsjv‡`kx bvUK/wmwiqvj

02| evsjv‡`kx wm‡bgv

03| fviZxq evsjv bvUK/wmwiqvj

04| fviZxq evsjv wm‡bgv

05| wnw›` bvUK/wmwiqvj

06| wnw›` wm‡bgv

07| evsjv wi‡qwjwU †kv

08| wnw›` wi‡qwjwU †kv

09| †jvKvj wWk P¨v‡bj

10| Ab¨vb¨ (wbw`©ó Kiæb)

17 Avcbvi wK †gvevBj †dvb Av‡Q? 1| nu¨v

2| bv

22

18 Avcbvi †gvevBj †dvbwU †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi?

(ch©‡eÿY Kiæb)

19 GUv wK ¯§vU© †dvb? 1| nu¨v

2| bv

20 Avcwb †hLv‡bB hvb †mLv‡bB wK †gvevBj †dvb

mv‡_ wb‡q hvb? 1| nu¨v

2| bv


54


21

Avcwb Avcbvi †gvevBj †dvb Kx Kx Kv‡R eënvi

K‡ib?


01| K_v ejv

02| GmGgGm Kiv

03| Qwe †Zvjv

04|†gvevBj e¨vswKs

05|Mvb †kvbv

06|wmwiqvj †`Lv

07|wm‡bgv †`Lv

08|†Mg †Ljv

09|†dmeyK

10|¯‹vBc

11|B‡gv

12|B›Uvi‡bU

13|fvBevi

14|†Ljvi Lei †bqv

15| Ab¨vb¨

22

GLb Avwg Avcbv‡K wewfbœ Lv‡Z MZ GK gv‡m

Avcbvi LiP Gi wel‡q wRÁvmv Ki‡ev|

(†Kvb GKwU Lv‡Z LiP bv n‡j duvKv †i‡L hvb)

01| Lvevi:

02| Kvco-‡Pvco:

03| evmv-fvov:

04| wkÿv:

05| ¯v ’¨:

06| hvZvqvZ:

07| we y¨r wej:

08| M¨vm wej/R¡vjvwb KvV:

09| cvwbi wej/LiP:

10| Uq‡jU eve`:

11| eR©¨ Acmvib:

12| cvb-mycvwi:

13| a~gcvb/¸j:

14| evwo‡Z cvVv‡bv:

15| wUwdb:

16| mÂq:

17| Km‡gwUKm:

18| we‡bv`b:

19| †gvevBj LiP:

20| FY cwi‡kva:

21| Ab¨vb¨:

23 Avcwb MZ gv‡m KZ UvKv †eZb †c‡q‡Qb? UvKv

24 Avcwb wK MZ gv‡m †Kvb IfviUvBg K‡i‡Qb? 1| nu¨v

2| bv

26

25 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j MZ gv‡m KZ UvKv IfviUvBg

†c‡q‡Qb? UvKv


55

SECTION B: WATER


26 Avcbvi Lvevi cvwbi Drm †KvbwU?


01| mvcøvB Gi cvwb (evwoi wfZ‡i)

02| mvcøvB Gi cvwb (evwoi evB‡i)

03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj

04| k¨v‡jv wUDeI‡qj (†Kvb wPý Qvov)

05| k¨v‡jv wUDeI‡qj (meyR wPwýZ)

06| k¨v‡jv wUDeI‡qj (jvj wPwýZ)

07| XvKbv †`qv cvZ-K~qv

08| XvKbv wenxb cvZ K~qv

09| e„wói cvwb

10| cyKzi/ †Wvevi cvwb

11| †Kbv cvwb


27 Lvevi cvwbi DrmwU wK mviv eQi eënvi Dc‡hvMx

_v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

29

28 hw` ÕbvÕ nq, Z‡e eQ‡i KZ gvm GwU eënvi

Dc‡hvMx _v‡K?

gvm

77| gv‡S gv‡SB

29 †ewki fvM mgq †h cvwb Avcwb LvIqvi Rb¨

eënvi K‡ib †mB cvwbi ¸YMZ gvb Kx iKg?

1| fvj

2| †gvUvgywU

3| fvj bv

4| ej‡Z cvwibv

5| Ab¨vb¨ (wbw ©ó Kiæb)

31 31 31

30

DËi 2 ev 3 n‡j, †Kb Ggb ej‡Qb?

GKvwaK DËi n‡Z cv‡i|

1| cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK Av‡Q

2| cvwb‡Z AwZwi³ Avqib

3| cvwb jeYv³

4| cvwb gqjv/Kv`vhy³

5| cvwb‡Z yM©Ü

6|cvwb †ivM-Rxevby‡Z fiv

7|wgwó wgwó/wZZv jv‡M


31 cvwbi cÖavb Drm †_‡K Avcbviv mvaviYZ w`‡b

KZ N›Uv cvwb †c‡q _v‡Kb? (memgq cvwb _vK‡j

24 wjLyb)

N›Uv

32 Avcbv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Qvov AbïvI wK Lvevi

cvwbi G Drm †_‡K cvwb msMÖn K‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

34

33 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j Avcbviv mn KZ¸‡jv cwievi GLvb

†_‡K cvwb msMÖn K‡i? wU cwievi

34 Avcbviv †hLvb †_‡K Lvevi cvwb msMÖn K‡ib

†mwUi gvwjK †K?

35 GLvb †_‡K cvwb †bqvi Rb¨ wK Avcbv‡K †Kvb

UvKv LiP Ki‡Z nq?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

37


56


36 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j gv‡m KZ UvKv LiP Ki‡Z nq? UvKv

37 MZ 1 eQ‡i cvwbi DrmwU wK †givgZ Ki‡Z

n‡qwQj?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

9| Rvwbbv / ej‡Z cvwi bv

39

38 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j †givgZ Kiv eve` Avcbv‡K KZ

UvKv LiP Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q?

UvKv

00| Avgvi †Kvb LiP nqwb

39 cvwbi Drm iÿYv‡eÿY Kivi Rb¨ wK Avcbv‡K

†Kvb UvKv LiP Ki‡Z nq?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


41 41

40 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j cÖwZ gv‡m Avcbv‡K KZ UvKv LiP

Ki‡Z nq?

UvKv

41 Avcbviv wK Drm †_‡K cvwb G‡b mivmwi cvb

K‡ib?

1| nu¨v, memgq

2| nu¨v, gv‡S gv‡S

3| bv


43 43

42

hw` DËi Õ2Õ ev Õ3Õ nq, Z‡e Kxfv‡e cvwb weï×

K‡ib?


1| dzwU‡q

2| U¨ve‡jU w`‡q

3| †Qu‡K / wdëvi K‡i

4| wdUwKwi w`‡q


9| Rvwb bv / ej‡Z cvwi bv

43 Lvevi cvwb msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ wK Avcbv‡K/

Avcbv‡ì‡K evwoi evB‡i †h‡Z nq?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

45

44 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j Lvevi cvwb msMÖn Kivi Rb¨

†mLv‡b †h‡Z, cvwb msMªn Ki‡Z Ges wd‡i Avm‡Z

†gvU KZ mgq jv‡M?

wgwbU

99|Rvwb bv / ej‡Z cvwi bv

45

Lvevi cvwbi Drm evmv †_‡K AvbygvwbK KZ dzU

`~‡i?

cvwbi Drm evwoi wfZ‡i n‡j

GLv‡b 0 wjLyb|

dzU


46

Avcbv‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb †ewki

fvM mgq †K msMÖn K‡ib?

(ïaygvÎ GKwU DËi e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)

1| cwiev‡ii bvix m`m¨

2| cwiev‡ii cyiæl m`m¨

3| †Kbv cvwb evmvq †cŠ‡Q w`‡q hvq

4| M„nKg©x


47 Lvevi cvwb msMÖn Kivi mgq wK Avcwb cvwbi

cvÎwU Lvevi cvwb w`‡q †aŠZ K‡ib?

1| nu¨v, memgq


3| bv



57

48 Lvevi cvwb msMÖn K‡i Avbvi mgq wK cvÎwU †X‡K

ivLv nq?

1| nu¨v, memgq


3| bv


49 Lvevi cvwb msiÿY Kivi mgq wK cvwbi cvÎwU

†X‡K ivLv nq? (ch©‡eÿY Kivi ci)

1| nu¨v

2| bv

8| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq/cvwb msiÿY Kwi bv

50 Lvevi cvwb msiÿY Kivi cvÎwU †Kv_vq ivLv nq?

(ch©‡eÿY Kivi ci)

1| †g‡Si Dci

2| DuPz ’v‡b

8| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq/cvwb msiÿY Kwi bv

51

Avcbv‡K GK Møvm cvwb †`qvi Rb¨ DËi`vZv‡K

Aby‡iva Kiæb Ges ch©‡eÿY Kiæb †h Dwb Kx Kx

K‡ib?

(&GKvwaK DËi n‡Z cv‡i)

1| cvwb Xvjvi mgq Møv‡m AvOzj Wzwe‡qwQ‡jb

2| cvwb Xvjvi mgq Zv‡Z AvOzj Wz‡ewb

3| cvwbi wfZ‡i AvOzj w`‡q cvwb wb‡qwQ‡jb

4| cvwbi wfZ‡i AvOzj bv w`‡q cvwb wb‡qwQ‡jb

5| Møv‡mi Dc‡ii wKbviv nvZ/AvOzj w`‡q a‡iwQ‡jb


cÖkœ bs 52 †_‡K 60 ch©šÍ ch©‡eÿY Kiæb Ges †KvW e„ËvwqZ Kiæb

cvwbi Drm hw` wUDeI‡qj (PvcKj) nq Z‡e wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv cÖZ¨ÿ Kiæb Ges DËi wPwýZ Kiæb

52 wUDeI‡q‡ji 30 dz‡Ui g‡a¨ wK †Kvb †jwUªb

Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

53

wUDeI‡q‡ji †Mvov wU Ggb ai‡bi †bvsiv †h

†mLvb †_‡K gkv ev Ab¨ †cvKvgvKo eske„w×

Ki‡Z cv‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

54

wUDeI‡q‡ji cø¨vUd‡g©i Av‡kcv‡k wK Ggb

†Kvb fvOv Av‡Q †hLvb w`‡q gqjv AveR©bvi

mv‡_ cvwbi jvBb hy³ n‡Z cv‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

3| cø¨vUdg© †bB

55 wUDeI‡q‡ji cø¨vUd‡g©i Dci wK cvwb R‡g

_v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


56 wUDeI‡q‡ji cø¨vUd‡g© wK †Kvb fvOv Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


57 wUDeI‡q‡ji †Mvov wK ye©j e‡j g‡b nq? 1| nu¨v

2| bv


58


cvwbi Drm hw` ÕU¨vcÕ nq Z‡e wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv †Lqvj Kiæb Ges DËi e„ËvwqZ Kiæb|

58 U¨vc Gi Av‡kcv‡k wK Ggb †Kvb fvOv Av‡Q

†hLvb w`‡q gqjv AveR©bvi mv‡_ cvwbi jvBb

hy³ n‡Z cv‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

59 U¨vc Gi cø¨vUd‡g©i Dci wK cvwb R‡g _v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


60 U¨vc cø¨vUd‡g© wK †Kvb fvOv Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


61 Lvevi cvwb msMÖn Kivi †ÿ‡Î wK †Kvb ai‡bi

mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


63

62

DËi Õnu¨vÕ Kx ai‡bi mgm¨v?


1| SMov-SvwU nq

2| A‡bï Aax‡b e‡j memgq cvIqv hvq bv

3| cÖvwZôvwbK, e‡Üi mgq cvwb cvIqv hvq bv

4| †givg‡Zi UvKv †`qv nqbv e‡j cvwb †`q bv

5| `xN© jvB‡b uvov‡Z nq


63 Avcbvi ivbœv Kivi cvwbi Drm †KvbwU?




03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj







10| †Kbv cvwb


64

Avcbvi †Mvmj Kivi ev Kvco †avqvi cvwbi

Drm †KvbwU?




03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj









59


65

Avcbvi nvwo-cvwZj ev _vjv-evmb †avqvi

cvwbi Drm †KvbwU?




03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj







10| †Kbv cvwb


66

Avcwb w`‡bi †Kvb †Kvb mg‡q mvevb Ges

cvwb w`‡q nvZ †aŠZ K‡ib?

DËi e‡j †`qv hv‡e bv|


1| Lvevi Av‡M

2| Lvevi ˆZwi Kivi / ivbœv Kivi Av‡M

3| cvqLvbv †_‡K Avmvi ci

4| wkïi †kŠPKvR Kiv‡bvi ci

5| wkï‡K LvIqv‡bvi Av‡M

6| Lvevi c‡i

7| Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kivi Av‡M

8| Ab¨vb¨ (D‡jøL Kiæb)-

67

†Kvb †Kvb mg‡q mvevb Ges cvwb w`‡q nvZ

†avqv DwPZ e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?



1| Lvevi Av‡M





6| Lvevi c‡i



68 wbivc` cvwb ej‡Z Avcwb Kx ey‡Sb?



1| Kv`vgy³

2| Av‡m©wbKgy³

3| ¯v`nxb

4| MÜnxb

5| Avqibgy³

6| K‡ji cvwb




60

SECTION C: SANITATION AND HYGIENE


69

evwo‡Z Avcbvi

eëüZ †jwUª‡bi aib

KxiKg?

(ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e)

01|IqvUvi wmj hy³ ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv wbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

02|IqvUvi wmj hy³ ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv Awbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

03|IqvUvi wmj fv½v ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv wbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

04|IqvUvi wmj fv½v ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv Awbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

05|IqvUvi wmj hy³ ø¨ve mn wcU cvqLvbv

06|¯ø ve mn XvKbvhy³ wcU cvqLvbv

07|¯ø ve mn XvKbv wewnb wcU cvqLvbv

08| ø¨ve wewnb wcU cvqLvbv

09|wcU cvqLvbv wKš‘ cvBc ‡Wªb/ Lv‡ji mv‡_ mshy³

10|SzjšÍ cvqLvbv

11|†Lvjv RvqMv

12| Ab¨vb¨ (D‡jøL Kiæb)...

70 Avcbv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`mïv Qvov AbïvI wK

GB †jwUªb eënvi K‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

71 KZ¸‡jv cwievi GB †jwUªb eënvi K‡i? wU cwievi

72 GB cwievi¸‡jv‡Z †gvU KZ Rb †jvK evm

K‡i?

Rb

73 ïaygvÎ bvixiv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb

†jwUªb wK GLv‡b Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

76

74 DËi nu¨v n‡j ïaygvÎ bvix‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨

GLv‡b KqwU †P¤vi Av‡Q?

wU

75 †gvU KZ Rb bvix GB †P¤^vi¸‡jv eënvi

K‡ib?

Rb

76 †jwUªb ¸‡jvi cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv m¤ú‡K©

Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx iKg?

1| Lye fvj

2| fvj

3| †gvUvgywU

4| Lvivc

5| Lye Lvivc

77 Avcbviv †h †jwUªb eënvi K‡ib Zvi gvwjK

†K?

78 GUv eënvi Ki‡Z wK Avcwb †Kvb ai‡bi

mgm¨v Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

80


61

79 Kx ai‡bi mgm¨v?


1| A‡bK gvbyl GUv eënvi K‡i/jvBb ai‡Z nq

2| †bvsiv

3| yM©Ühy³

4| ìRv bvB / ìRv fvOv

5| Lye ZvovZvwo f‡i hvq

6| wbivcËvRwbZ mgm¨v (bvix‡ì Rb¨)

7| cyiæliv `Lj K‡i iv‡L

8| Lye Zvovûov nq


80 MZ 1 eQ‡i Avcbv‡ì eëüZ †jwUªbwU wK

†givgZ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


82 82

81 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j †givgZ Kiv eve` Avcbv‡K

KZ UvKv LiP Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q?

UvKv



82 †jwUªb iÿYv‡eÿY Kivi Rb¨ wK Avcbv‡K


1| nu¨v

2| bv


84 84

83 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j cÖwZ gv‡m Avcbv‡K KZ UvKv

LiP Ki‡Z nq?

UvKv



84 mviveQi wK Avcbv‡ì eëüZ †jwUªbwU

eënv‡ii Dc‡hvMx _v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

86

85

DËi ÕbvÕ n‡j, eQ‡ii †Kvb †Kvb mgq?



1| memgq

2| el©vKv‡j

3| kxZKv‡j

4| Ab¨vb¨

86 †jwUª‡b eënvi Kivi Rb¨ wK GLv‡b Avjv`v

†Kvb m¨v‡Ûj Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

87 Avcwb wK †jwUª‡b hvIqvi mgq m¨v‡Ûj eënvi

K‡ib?

1| nu¨v memgq

2| nu¨v gv‡S gv‡S

3| bv KL‡bvB bv

88 (ch©‡eÿY) †jwUªb †_‡K 10 K`g `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨

wK nvZ †avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

89 (ch©‡eÿY) †mB ¯’v‡b wK nvZ †avqvi Rb¨

mvevb-cvwbi eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


62

90 †kŠPKvR Kivi ci (Avcwb) Kx w`‡q nvZ †aŠZ

K‡ib?

1| ayB bv

2| ïay cvwb w`‡q

3| GK nvZ mvevb I cvwb w`‡q

4| yB nvZ mvevb I cvwb w`‡q


92 92 92

91 DËi 3 ev 4 n‡j mvevbwU †Kv_vq

iv‡Lb/_v‡K?

1| †jwUª‡bi wfZ‡iB _v‡K

2| N‡i ivwL

3| †jwUª‡bi evB‡iB _v‡K


9| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq

92 Avcbvi mv‡_ wK 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx †Kvb wkï

_v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv 97

93 DËi nu¨v n‡j wkïi eqm KZ gvm? gvm

94 DËi nu¨v n‡j, H wkï †Kv_vq cvqLvbv K‡i?

1| †hLv‡b †mLv‡b

2| cwU †Z

3| eo‡ì Uq‡j‡U

4| weQvbvq / Kuv_vq


95

hw` Õ‡hLv‡b-‡mLv‡bÕ wKsev ÕcwUÕ †Z cvqLvbv

K‡i Z‡e †mB cvqLvbv †Kv_vq †djv nq?



2| †Lvjv ’v‡b/ †hLv‡b †mLv‡b

3| wbw ©ó M‡Z©

4| ay‡q †dwj


96

wkï‡K †kŠPKvR Kiv‡bvi ci Avcwb Kx w`‡q

nvZ †aŠZ K‡ib?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

1| ayB bv

2| ïay cvwb w`‡q





cvwbi Drm hw` ÕU¨vcÕ nq Z‡e wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv †Lqvj Kiæb Ges DËi e„ËvwqZ Kiæb|

58

U¨vc Gi Av‡kcv‡k wK Ggb †Kvb fvOv Av‡Q

†hLvb w`‡q gqjv AveR©bvi mv‡_ cvwbi jvBb

hy³ n‡Z cv‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

59 U¨vc Gi cø¨vUd‡g©i Dci wK cvwb R‡g _v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


60 U¨vc cø¨vUd‡g© wK †Kvb fvOv Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv



63


61 Lvevi cvwb msMÖn Kivi †ÿ‡Î wK †Kvb ai‡bi

mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


63

62

DËi Õnu¨vÕ Kx ai‡bi mgm¨v?


1| SMov-SvwU nq

2| A‡bï Aax‡b e‡j memgq cvIqv hvq bv

3| cÖvwZôvwbK, e‡Üi mgq cvwb cvIqv hvq bv

4| †givg‡Zi UvKv †`qv nqbv e‡j cvwb †`q bv

5| `xN© jvB‡b uvov‡Z nq


63

Avcbvi ivbœv Kivi cvwbi Drm †KvbwU?




03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj







10| †Kbv cvwb


64

Avcbvi †Mvmj Kivi ev Kvco †avqvi cvwbi

Drm †KvbwU?


01| mvcøvB Gi cvwb (evwoi wfZ‡i) 02| mvcøvB Gi cvwb (evwoi evB‡i)

03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj








65

Avcbvi nvwo-cvwZj ev _vjv-evmb †avqvi

cvwbi Drm †KvbwU?




03| wWc wUDe-I‡qj







10| †Kbv cvwb



64


66

Avcwb w`‡bi †Kvb †Kvb mg‡q mvevb Ges

cvwb w`‡q nvZ †aŠZ K‡ib?



1| Lvevi Av‡M





6| Lvevi c‡i



67

†Kvb †Kvb mg‡q mvevb Ges cvwb w`‡q nvZ

†avqv DwPZ e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?



1| Lvevi Av‡M





6| Lvevi c‡i



68 wbivc` cvwb ej‡Z Avcwb Kx ey‡Sb?



1| Kv`vgy³

2| Av‡m©wbKgy³

3| ¯v`nxb

4| MÜnxb

5| Avqibgy³

6| K‡ji cvwb



SECTION C: SANITATION AND HYGIENE


69

evwo‡Z Avcbvi

eëüZ †jwUª‡bi aib

KxiKg?

(ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e)

01|IqvUvi wmj hy³ ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv wbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

02|IqvUvi wmj hy³ ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv Awbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

03|IqvUvi wmj fv½v ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv wbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

04|IqvUvi wmj fv½v ø¨ve cvqLvbv Ges gqjv Awbivc` U¨vs‡K aviY Kiv

05|IqvUvi wmj hy³ ø¨ve mn wcU cvqLvbv

06|¯ø ve mn XvKbvhy³ wcU cvqLvbv

07|¯ø ve mn XvKbv wewnb wcU cvqLvbv

08| ø¨ve wewnb wcU cvqLvbv

09|wcU cvqLvbv wKš‘ cvBc ‡Wªb/ Lv‡ji mv‡_ mshy³

10|SzjšÍ cvqLvbv

11|†Lvjv RvqMv

12| Ab¨vb¨ (D‡jøL Kiæb)...


65


70 Avcbv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`mïv Qvov AbïvI wK

GB †jwUªb eënvi K‡i?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

71 KZ¸‡jv cwievi GB †jwUªb eënvi K‡i? wU cwievi

72 GB cwievi¸‡jv‡Z †gvU KZ Rb †jvK evm

K‡i?

Rb


†jwUªb wK GLv‡b Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

76

74 DËi nu¨v n‡j ïaygvÎ bvix‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨

GLv‡b KqwU †P¤vi Av‡Q?

wU

75 †gvU KZ Rb bvix GB †P¤^vi¸‡jv eënvi

K‡ib?

Rb



1| Lye fvj

2| fvj

3| †gvUvgywU

4| Lvivc

5| Lye Lvivc

77 Avcbviv †h †jwUªb eënvi K‡ib Zvi gvwjK

†K?

78 GUv eënvi Ki‡Z wK Avcwb †Kvb ai‡bi

mgm¨v Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

80

79 Kx ai‡bi mgm¨v?


1| A‡bK gvbyl GUv eënvi K‡i/jvBb ai‡Z nq

2| †bvsiv

3| yM©Ühy³

4| ìRv bvB / ìRv fvOv

5| Lye ZvovZvwo f‡i hvq

6| wbivcËvRwbZ mgm¨v (bvix‡ì Rb¨)

7| cyiæliv `Lj K‡i iv‡L

8| Lye Zvovûov nq


80 MZ 1 eQ‡i Avcbv‡ì eëüZ †jwUªbwU wK

†givgZ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


82 82

81 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j †givgZ Kiv eve` Avcbv‡K

KZ UvKv LiP Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q?

UvKv



82 †jwUªb iÿYv‡eÿY Kivi Rb¨ wK Avcbv‡K


1| nu¨v

2| bv


84 84


66


83 DËi Õnu¨vÕ n‡j cÖwZ gv‡m Avcbv‡K KZ UvKv

LiP Ki‡Z nq?

UvKv



84 mviveQi wK Avcbv‡ì eëüZ †jwUªbwU

eënv‡ii Dc‡hvMx _v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

86

85

DËi ÕbvÕ n‡j, eQ‡ii †Kvb †Kvb mgq?



1| memgq

2| el©vKv‡j

3| kxZKv‡j

4| Ab¨vb¨

86 †jwUª‡b eënvi Kivi Rb¨ wK GLv‡b Avjv`v

†Kvb m¨v‡Ûj Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

87 Avcwb wK †jwUª‡b hvIqvi mgq m¨v‡Ûj eënvi

K‡ib?

1| nu¨v memgq

2| nu¨v gv‡S gv‡S

3| bv KL‡bvB bv

88 (ch©‡eÿY) †jwUªb †_‡K 10 K`g `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨

wK nvZ †avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


mvevb-cvwbi eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

90 †kŠPKvR Kivi ci (Avcwb) Kx w`‡q nvZ †aŠZ

K‡ib?

1| ayB bv

2| ïay cvwb w`‡q




92 92 92

91 DËi 3 ev 4 n‡j mvevbwU †Kv_vq

iv‡Lb/_v‡K?

1| †jwUª‡bi wfZ‡iB _v‡K

2| N‡i ivwL

3| †jwUª‡bi evB‡iB _v‡K


9| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq

92 Avcbvi mv‡_ wK 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx †Kvb wkï

_v‡K?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

97


93 DËi nu¨v n‡j wkïi eqm KZ gvm? gvm

94 DËi nu¨v n‡j, H wkï †Kv_vq cvqLvbv K‡i?

1| †hLv‡b †mLv‡b

2| cwU †Z


4| weQvbvq / Kuv_vq



67

95

hw` Õ‡hLv‡b-‡mLv‡bÕ wKsev ÕcwUÕ †Z cvqLvbv

K‡i Z‡e †mB cvqLvbv †Kv_vq †djv nq?



2| †Lvjv ’v‡b/ †hLv‡b †mLv‡b

3| wbw ©ó M‡Z©

4| ay‡q †dwj


96

wkï‡K †kŠPKvR Kiv‡bvi ci Avcwb Kx w`‡q

nvZ †aŠZ K‡ib?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

1| ayB bv

2| ïay cvwb w`‡q




SECTION C: WATER AND SANITATION IN FACTORIES


97 d¨v±wi‡Z Avcbvi Lvevi cvwbi cÖavb Drm

†KvbwU?

01| mvcøvB Gi cvwb

02|wUDeI‡qj Gi cvwb

03| wdëvi cvwb


98 d¨v±wi‡Z Avcbvi eëüZ †jwUª‡bi aib

KxiKg?

1| †mcwUK U¨vsK (AvaywbK)

2| Ab¨vb¨


†jwUªb wK Avcbv‡ì d¨v±wi‡Z Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

102

100 ïaygvÎ bvixiv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb KqwU

†P¤vi GLv‡b Av‡Q?

wU

101 GK wkd‡U†gvU KZ Rb bvix GB †P¤vi ¸‡jv

eënvi K‡i?

Rb



1| Lye fvj

2| fvj

3| †gvUvgywU

4| Lvivc

5| Lye Lvivc

103 d¨v±wi‡Z †jwUªb eënv‡ii Rb¨ wK Avjv`v

m¨v‡Ûj/RyZv ivLv Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

104 †jwUªb G hvIqvi mgq Avcwb wK m¨v‡Ûj/RyZv

eënvi K‡ib?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

105 †jwUªb †_‡K 10 K`g ~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ wK nvZ

†avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

106 †mB ¯’v‡b wK nvZ †avqvi Rb¨ mvevb-cvwbi

eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


68

107

†jwUªb †_‡K Avmvi ci Avcwb wK w`‡q nvZ

†aŠZ K‡ib?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

1| ayB bv

2| ïay cvwb w`‡q




SECTION D: MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT AT HOME AND FACTORIES


108

Avcwb gvwm‡Ki mgq Kx eënvi K‡ib?


1| KUb/Zzjv

2| wUmy¨ †ccvi

3| UzKiv Kvco/cyi‡bv Kvco

4| m¨vwbUvix b¨vcwKb (c¨vW)

5| ïay c¨vw›U

6| eZ©gv‡b gvwmK nq bv (c‡ii †mKk‡b hvb)


109

(evmvq)gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ KUb/Zzjv/wUmy¨

†ccvi Avcwb †Kv_vq †d‡jb?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

1| gqjvi Szwo‡Z †dwj

2| †Wª‡b †dwj

3| Uq‡j‡U

4| †hLv‡b †mLv‡b Quy‡o †dwj


110

(evmvq)gvwmK Gi mgq eëüZ Kvco Avcwb

wK w`‡q †aŠZ K‡ib?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

1| ïay cvwb

2| mvevb I cvwb

3| mvevb, Gw›U‡mcwUK (†WUj/m¨vfjb) I cvwb


111

(evmvq)gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ Kvco ay‡q

Avcwb †Kv_vq ïKvb?


1| Qvqv‡Z

2| N‡ii wfZ‡i

3| †iv‡`

4| Ggbfv‡e ïKvB hv‡Z †KD bv †`‡L


112

(evmvq)gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ Kvco/c¨vw›U

Avcwb Kxfv‡e msiÿY K‡ib?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)

1| †d‡j †`B

2| weQvbvi wb‡P ivwL

3| Uªvs‡K/ev‡·/e¨v‡M ivwL

4| Avjgvwi‡Z ivwL

5| Ggbfv‡e ivwL hv‡Z †KD bv †`‡L


113

(evmvq)eëüZ m¨vwbUvix b¨vcwKb Avcbviv Kx

K‡ib?

(GKwU DËi n‡e)



3| Uq‡j‡U †dwj




69


114 m¨vwbUvwi b¨vcwKb †Kbv eve` Avcbvi gv‡m

KZ UvKv LiP nq?

UvKv

00 †Kvb LiP nq bv

115 KUb/Zzjv †Kbv eve` Avcbvi gv‡m KZ UvKv

LiP nq?

UvKv

00 †Kvb LiP nq bv

116 wUmy¨ †Kbv eve` Avcbvi gv‡m KZ UvKv LiP

nq?

UvKv

00 †Kvb LiP nq bv

117 gvwmK PjvKvjxb mg‡q Avcbv‡K evmvq KZ

evi m¨vwbUvix b¨vcwKb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq? evi


evi KUb/Zzjv/wUmy¨/c¨vw›U cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq?

evi


evi UzKiv Kvco cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq?

evi

120 m¨vwbUvix b¨vcwKb †djvi Rb¨ d¨v±wi‡Z wK

†Kvb wbw ©ó eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv

119

121 hw` d¨v±wi‡Z †Kvb wbw ©ó eë¯’v bv _v‡K Z‡e

Avcbviv eëüZ b¨vcwKb wK K‡ib?



3| Uq‡j‡U †dwj


5| e¨v‡M K‡i evwo‡Z wb‡q Avwm


122 d¨v±wi‡Z _vKv Ae¯’vq gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ

Kvco/c¨vw›U cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wK

K‡ib?

1| d¨v±wi‡Z ay‡q evmvq wb‡q Avwm

2| bv ay‡q evmvq wb‡q Avwm

3| †d‡j †`B

4| wKQzB Kwi bv

5| cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv


123 gvwmK PjvKvjxb mg‡q Avcbv‡K d¨v±wi‡Z

KZ evi m¨vwbUvix b¨vcwKb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z

nq?

evi


KZ evi KUb/Zzjv/wUmy¨/c¨vw›U cwieZ©b Ki‡Z

nq?

evi


KZ evi UzKiv Kvco cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq?

evi


70

SECTION E: WASTE DISPOSAL


126 Avcbv‡ì evwoi gqjv-AveR©bv Avcbviv

†Kv_vq †d‡jb?

1| wbw`ó ’v‡b / Wv÷we‡b

2|†hLv‡b †mLv‡b

3| evB‡i †Lvjv gv‡V

4| †emiKvix myBcvi wb‡q hvq

5| wb‡R‡ì ˆZwi eR©¨ eë¯’vcbv

6| wbw`ó M‡Z©

7|Ab¨vb¨ (D‡jøL Kiæb)

SECTION F: OBSERVATION


127

†jwUª‡bi †fZ‡ii Ae ’v

`yM©Ü, `„k¨gvb gj, †cvKv-gvKo, †fRv

1| Lye cwi®‹vi

2| cwi®‹vi

3| †gvUvgywU cwi®‹vi

4| Acwi®‹vi

5| †`Lv m¤¢e nq bvB

128 Lvevi cvwbi Drm wK †jwUª‡bi wfZ‡i ev Lye

Kv‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2|bv

8| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq

129 †jwUª‡bi ø¨v‡ei Dc‡i ev Av‡kcv‡k wK gj

†`Lv hvq?

1| nu¨v

2|bv

8| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq

130 †jwUª‡bi c¨v‡bi wfZ‡i wK gj †`Lv hvq?

1| nu¨v

2|bv

8| cÖ‡hvR¨ bq

131 (ch©‡eÿY) ivbœvNi †_‡K 10 K`g ~i‡Z¡i

g‡a¨ wK nvZ †avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q?

1| nu¨v

2| bv


mvevb-cvwbi eë¯’v Av‡Q? 1| nu¨v

2| bv


71

BASELINE STUDY ON IMPROVING ACCESS TO WASH FOR LEVI’S RMG WORKERS

IN BANGLADESH

Qualitative Instrument

GjvKvi bvg:

AskMÖnYKvixi weeib:

bvg,eqm, ‡gvevBj bs, cwic~Y© wVKvbv, mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡bi ZvwiL, mgq,

m¤§wZMÖnb cÎ:

Avwg †Wf‡i‡Rvb¨vÝ wjwg‡UW (DevResonance Ltd) bv‡g GKwU †emiKvix Awd‡mi Kg©x| Avgiv IqvUvi

GBW (Water Aid) evsjv‡`‡ki cÿ †_‡K Avcbv‡ì gZ Mv‡g©›Um Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ cvwb, m¨vwb‡Ukb I

cwi”QbœZv welqK GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv KiwQ hvi D‡Ïk¨ G welq ¸‡jv‡Z Avcbv‡ì m‡PZbZvi gvÎv

cwigvc Kiv Ges mwVK GKwU cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv| Avcbvi †`qv mKj Z_¨ AZ¨šÍ †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_

ïaygvÎ M‡elYvi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv n‡e| Avcwb hw` ivwR _v‡Kb Z‡e Avgiv Av‡jvPbvwU ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi|

GB Av‡jvPbvwU †kl n‡Z AvbygvwbK 30 †_‡K 40 wgwbU mgq jvM‡e| Gi †h †Kvb ch©v‡q Avcbviv DËi

cÖ`vb Kiv eÜKi‡Z cv‡ib wKsev hw` g‡b K‡ib †h Avcwb †Kvb GKwU we‡kl cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨

†eva Ki‡Qb bv Z‡e †m c‡kœi DËi bvI w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avgiv wK Av‡jvPbvwU ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi?

1 nu¨v 2 bv

ZvwiL (gvm/w`b/mvj) 2 0 1 6

d¨vwmwj‡UU‡ii (Facilitator) bvg

m`m¨

m`m¨

m`m¨

Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with women and men


72

Bvg ‡ckv eqm 5 eQ‡ii wb‡P

mšÍv‡bi msL¨v

wK‡kvix mšÍv‡bi

msL¨v

†gvevBj b¤î

evwo‡Z cvwb eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ cÖkœvejx

Avcbvi evwo‡Z Lvevi cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b| [Dr‡mi bvg, cvwb D‡Ëvjb eë¯’v, Dr‡mi

Kvh©KvwiZv, LiP,weKí eë¯’v]| mvavibZ Lvevi cvwb †K msMÖn K‡ib? cvwb wK ai‡bi cv‡Î msMÖn,

msiÿb I cvb K‡ib? cv‡Îi cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

Avcbvi evwo‡Z ivbœv Kivi Rb¨ cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b| [Dr‡mi bvg, cvwb D‡Ëvjb eë¯’v,

LiP,Dr‡mi Kvh©KvwiZv, weKí eë¯’v]| mvavibZ ivbœv Kivi Rb¨ cvwb †K msMÖn K‡ib? cvwb wK

ai‡bi cv‡Î msMÖn I msiÿb K‡ib? cv‡Îi cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

Avcbvi evwo‡Z †Mvmj Kivi Rb¨ cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b| [Dr‡mi bvg, cvwb D‡Ëvjb eë¯’v,

LiP, Dr‡mi Kvh©KvwiZv, weKí eë¯’v]| mvavibZ †Mvmj Kivi Rb¨ cvwb †K msMÖn K‡ib?

GB eë¯’vcbvq †Kvb mgm¨vi/ P¨v‡jÄi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb wK? mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejvq Kx Kx eë¯’v

†bqv n‡q‡Q? mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Kx Kx civgk© w`‡Z Pvb?/Gme welq Avcbv‡ì fwel¨r cwiKíbv

Av‡Q Kx?

cqtwb®‹vkb eë ’v I nvZ †avqv msµvšÍ cÖkœvejx

Avcbvi evwo‡Z wK ai‡bi j¨vwUªb eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb? bvix cyiæl Df‡qi Rb¨ Avjv`v j¨vwUªb Av‡Q

wK? GKwU j¨vwUªb KZwU cwievi/KZ Rb gvbyl eënvi K‡ib? j¨vwUª‡bi g‡a¨ gqjv †djvSzwo I

Avjv`v m¨v‡Ûj Av‡Q wKbv? j¨vwUªb †_‡K 10 K`g ~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ wK nvZ †avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q?

†mB ’v‡b wK nvZ †avqvi Rb¨ mvevb-cvwbieë¯’v Av‡Q?

Avcbvi evwo‡Z cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’v I nvZ †avqv msµvšÍ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb|



Av‡Q Kx?

eR © eë¯’vcbvi Ae ’v msµvšÍ cÖkœvejx

Avcbvi evwo‡Z eR © eë¯’vcbvi Ae ’vi weeiY w`b| evwo‡Z wK fv†e gqjv msiÿb K‡ib? gqjv

†Kv_vq †djv nq? gqjv †K †d‡j? eR © eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Avcwb wK m‡PZb? GwU

†Kb cÖ‡qvRb Ges G eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ Avcbvi wK wK c`‡ÿc i‡q‡Q ejyb|

Avcbvi evwo‡Z eR © eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb|


73



Av‡Q Kx?

evwo‡Z Ges d¨v±wi‡Z gvwmK Kvjxb eë¯’vcbv cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv ïaygvÎ bvix‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨

gvwm‡Ki mgq Avcwb mvavibZ Kx eënvi K‡ib? mvavib KZ evi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq (evmvq Ges

d¨v±wi‡Z)?

evmvq gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ KUb/Zzjv/wUmy¨ †ccvi Avcwb †Kv_vq †d‡jb? eëüZ m¨vwbUvix

b¨vcwKb Avcbviv Kx K‡ib? m¨vwbUvwi b¨vcwKb/ KUb/Zzjv/wUmy¨ †ccvi †Kbv eve` Avcbvi gv‡m

KZ UvKv LiP nq? (evmvq)

evmvq Kvco eënvi Ki‡j gvwmKGi mgq eëüZ Kvco/c¨vw›U Avcwb wK w`‡q †aŠZ K‡ib?

gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ Kvco ay‡q Avcwb †Kv_vq ïKvb? gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ Kvco/c¨vw›U Avcwb

wKfv†e msiÿY K‡ib?

m¨vwbUvix b¨vcwKb/KUb/Zzjv/wUmy¨ †ccvi †djvi Rb¨ d¨v±wi‡Z wK †Kvb wbw ©ó eë¯’v Av‡Q? bv

_vK‡j wK K‡ib? d¨v±wi‡Z _vKv Ae ’vq gvwm‡Ki mgq eëüZ Kvco/c¨vw›UcwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb

n‡j wK K‡ib?

Kg© wèm I QzwUi w`‡bi GKRb bvix Kg©xi mviv w`‡bi (Nyg †_‡K DVv †_‡K Nygv‡Z hvIqv ch©šÍ)

Kvh©vejxi weeiY wb‡Z n‡e|

mgq Kvh©vejx

KII With Health Facilities and Education Institutions (UHFPO, SACMO,

CHCP, Principal/Head Teacher).


74

bvg ‡ckv eqm †gvevBj b¤î

cvwb msµvšÍ cÖkœvejx

Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª Lvevi cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b| [ Dr‡mi bvg, cvwb D‡Ëvjb eë¯’v,

Dr‡mi Kvh©KvwiZv, weKíeë¯’v]|

Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vq cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiYw`b|

Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z nvZ †avqv eë¯’vi Rb¨ cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b|

Dc‡iv³ welq¸wj‡Z (cvbKiv, nvZ †avqv, cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vq) cvwbi DrmwU wK ¯‹z‡j‡Z

/¯v_¨‡K› ª mK‡ji Rb¨ ch©vß cvwb mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i?

cvwb eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

cvwb eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ gvbe m¤ú‡ì eënvi m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

GB eë¯’vcbvq †Kvb mgm¨vi/ P¨v‡jÄi gy‡Lv gywL n‡q‡Qb wK? mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejvq Kx Kx eë ’v


Av‡Q Kx?


Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vi weeiY w`b| [ j¨vwUª‡bi aiY, msL¨v, cvwbi eë¯’v,

nvZ ‡avqvi eë¯’v, j¨vwUª‡bi eënvi †hvM¨Zv, weKí eë ’v]

Avcbvi ‹yjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª ïaygvÎ bvixiv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb †jwUªb wK Av‡Q? j¨vwUª‡bi

g‡a¨ gqjv †djvSzwo I Avjv`v m¨v‡Ûj Av‡Q wKbv?

j¨vwUªb †_‡K 10 K`g ~i‡Z¡ig‡a¨ wK nvZ †avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q? †mB ¯’v‡b wK nvZ †avqvi Rb¨

mvevb-cvwbieë¯’v Av‡Q?

Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’v I nvZ †avqv eë ’vi Rb¨ ch©vß cvwb mieivn Av‡Q

wK?

cqtwb®‹vkb eë ’v I nvZ †avqv eë ’vi Rb¨ e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb?

cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vq ( Uq‡jU cwi®‹vi, cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx mieivn BZ¨vw`) gvbe m¤ú‡ì eënvi

m¤ú‡K© ejyb?



Av‡Q Kx?



75

Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª eR © eë¯’vcbvi Ae ’vi weeiY w`b|

Avcbvi ¯‹z‡j cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv eë¯’vi weeib w`b| KZw`b ci ci ¯‹zjwU/¯v_¨‡K› ª cwi¯‹vi-

cwi”Qbœ Kiv nq?

aviv‡jv ev msµvgK eR©¨ ivLvi Rb¨ Avjv`v cvÎ Av‡Q wK? GmKj eR©¨ eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K©

ejyb|(ïaygvÎ UHFPO Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨)

eR © eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vq e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

eR © eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vq gvb em¤ú‡ì eënvi m¤ú‡K© ejyb|



Av‡Q Kx?

wewea cÖkœvejxt

Avcbvi ¯‹zjwU‡Z/¯v_¨‡K› ª welqK †mkb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †Kvb gwWDj Av‡Q wK? †mLv‡b

wK wK wel‡q †kLv‡bv nq?

KII With Factory Administration and Management

cvwb msµvšÍ cÖkœvejx

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z Lvevi cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b| [ Dr‡mi bvg, cvwb D‡Ëvjb eë¯’v, Dr‡mi

Kvh©KvwiZv, weKíeë ’v]|

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vq cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiYw`b|

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z nvZ †avqv eë ’vi Rb¨ cvwbi Dr‡mi weeiY w`b|

Dc‡iv³ welq¸wj‡Z (cvbKiv, nvZ †avqv, cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vq) cvwbi DrmwU wK d¨v±wi‡Z mK‡ji

Rb¨ ch©vß cvwb mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i?

cvwb eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

cvwb eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ gvbe m¤ú‡ì eënvi m¤ú‡K© ejyb|



Av‡Q Kx?


Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vi weeiY w`b| [j¨vwUª‡bi aiY, msL¨v, cvwbi eë¯’v, nvZ

‡avqvi eë¯’v, j¨vwUª‡bi eënvi †hvM¨Zv, weKí eë¯’v]


76

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z ïaygvÎ bvixiv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb †jwUªb wK Av‡Q? j¨vwUª‡bi g‡a¨

gqjv †djvSzwo I Avjv`v m¨v‡Ûj Av‡Q wKbv?

j¨vwUªb †_‡K 10 K`g ~i‡Z¡ig‡a¨ wK nvZ †avqvi †Kvb eë¯’v Av‡Q? †mB ¯’v‡b wK nvZ †avqvi Rb¨

mvevb-cvwbieë¯’v Av‡Q?

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’v I nvZ †avqv eë¯’vi Rb¨ ch©vß cvwb mieivn Av‡Q wK?

cqtwb®‹vkb eë ’v I nvZ †avqv eë ’vi Rb¨ e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb?

cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’vq ( Uq‡jU cwi®‹vi, cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx mieivn BZ¨vw`) gvbe m¤ú‡ì eënvi

m¤ú‡K© ejyb?



Av‡Q Kx?


Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z eR © eë¯’vcbvi Ae ’vi weeiY w`b|

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv eë¯’vi weeib w`b| KZw`b ci ci d¨v±wiwU cwi¯‹vi-cwi”Qbœ

Kiv nq?

aviv‡jv ev msµvgK eR©¨ ivLvi Rb¨ Avjv`v cvÎ Av‡Q wK? GmKj eR©¨ eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K©

ejyb|(ïaygvÎ UHFPO Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨)

eR © eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vq e¨q-eivÏ m¤ú‡K© ejyb|

eR © eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vq gvb em¤ú‡ì eënvi m¤ú‡K© ejyb|



Av‡Q Kx?

wewea cÖkœvejxt

Avcbvi d¨v±wi‡Z welqK †mkb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †Kvb gwWDj Av‡Q wK? †mLv‡b wK wK

wel‡q †kLv‡bv nq?

KII With Factory Welfare officer

(CIPLGes Pearl )

bvg, cwic~b© wVKvbv, cèx


77

KviLvbv †_‡K wba©vwiZ ïµev‡ii Kvh©vejxi weeiY|

¯v¯’ ,cvwb I cqtwb®‹vkb mn wewfbœ Lv‡Z Kg©x‡ì Rb¨ KviLvbvq †Kvb we‡kl eë¯’v Av‡Q wK?

weeiY w`b|


78

Annex 3: Water Quality Test Results


79


80


81


82


83


84


85

Documents

Baseline Survey on Improving Access to WASHhotjobs.bdjobs.com/jobs/wateraid/finalreport182.pdfBaseline Survey on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) for Levi’s