QUIKPAS: A MICROCOMPUTER BASEDPASSIVE SOLAR ANALYTICAL DESIGN TOOL

byCHARLES A. ST.CLAIR

B.S. in Physics, University of North Carolina - AshevilleAsheville, North Carolina

May, 1981

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTUREIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIESAT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

February, 1984

Charles A. St.Clair 1984

The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and todistruibute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.

Signature of author

Certified by

Accepted by

Charles A. St.Clair, October 25, 1983Department of Architecture

Harvey J.$jya( QAssistant Professor of Building TechnologyThesis Supervisor

ulkan Beinart, qh4rmanrtment Committee on Graduate Students

MA4SH UTTS iNSiiTUTEOF ?ECIH4LOGY

MAR 11984LSARIES

1

QUIKPAS: A MICROCOMPUTER BASEDPASSIVE SOLAR ANALYTICAL DESIGN TOOL

byCharles A. St.Clair

Submitted to the Department of Architecture on October 31,1983 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies.

Abstract

Social and economic pressures are causing architectural designers toresume their responsibility to consider the effects that designdecisions will have on the thermal performance of buildings. Recentstudies have shown that conservation techniques and passive solar designare the two most cost effective strategies for reducing the energy costsof buildings. Although much research has been done in energy conservingtechniques, many designers have been unable to implement thesestrategies because they do not have a means of evaluating the thermalperformance of a building during the design process. Several analyticaltools have been developed but they are usually complex computer programsthat many designers find too cumbersome, time consuming, and expensiveto use in the design process.

The use of analytical methods as design tools is discussed,stressing that designers should use them more as educational tools togain a clear understanding of the principles involved so that thermalaspects of buildings will intuitively be included in their thinkingduring the design process.

QUIKPAS is a microcomputer program that accurately models thethermal performance of buildings, asking for information and givingresults in a manner that is condusive to the internalization processwhich will allow a designer to integrate the thermal aspects ofbuildings into his or her designs. A comprehensive discussion of thefeatures of QUIKPAS is given.

Thesis Supervisor: Harvey J. BryanTitle: Assistant Professor of Building Technology

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Harvey Bryan

Constantine Seremitis

David Krinkel

Bill Bartovics

Jackie McBride

Professor Robert Logcher

Bill Wright

David Hansen

Francis Low, Provost

Whose guidance, support, and enthusiasm forthe QUIKPAS project have far exceeded therole of a thesis supervisor.

For his help in translating the MICROPASprogram code into IBM PC format, for writingthe ouput section of QUIKPAS, and for hisenthusiastic support.

Whose ideas concerning the use of micro-computers as design tools have greatlyinfluenced the ideas expressed in this work.

For editorial and graphical assistance, andfor moral support.

For graphical assistance and for moralsupport.

For providing the computer equipmentnecessary for developing the QUIKPAS program.

For providing equipment and time that wasinvaluable in developing the QUIKPASprogram.

Who provided a copy of the MICROPAS program.

For financial assistance in the form of agrant from the Cabot Research Fundadministered by his office.

I dedicate this work with love to my parents, Kenneth and MiriamSt.Clair, for their constant encouragement and emotional support, andespecially to Susie, who not only assisted me in writing this thesis buthas kept me sane, healthy, and happy throughout my academic career.

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction ..........................

2. A Brief Overview Of ThermalPerformance Prediction Methods ........

3. The Role Of Analytical ModelsIn The Design Process .........

.................. 5

12

25

4. The QUIKPAS Program ......................

5. Conclusion ...................... .. . . . . .. . . - - -58

Notes ............................................. 62

Bibliography .........................................

4

34

67

.. . . .. . .0

INTRODUCTION

Until about the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the thermal

performance of a building was a factor that architects had to consider

as a part of the design process. The heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning (HVAC) systems that are used today to maintain comfort in

buildings (and, in some cases, are necessary to make a building

inhabitable) simply did not exist a hundred years ago. Heating "systems"

consisted mainly of fireplaces and stoves and used wood and coal as

fuels. These "systems" were inefficient and incapable of providing the

large amounts of heating energy that is often required today to keep room

temperature at a comfortable level on a cold day. Mechanically driven

fans were not used effectively until the late 1880's (1) and air

conditioning was not invented until 1906 (2), so the only methods of

keeping a building cool were natural ventilation and prevention of

overheating by building design.

This period of time is what Ed Mazria refers to as the "pre-industrial"

age of architecture. He divides architectural history into three time

periods based on the energy usage characteristics of buildings:

pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial. (3) Buildings during

the pre-industrial age were designed to respond thermally to their

climates. Residential buildings in different climates provide good

examples of this architectural response to climate.

5

In New England, where winters are quite cold and windy, houses were

built tightly around a central chimney which provided heat. The northern

elevation had few windows and the roof line was constructed in a manner

which allowed the prevailing winds to flow over the building and not

into it. Houses in the hot, humid, southern regions of the United States

were characterized by large open verandas which provided a buffer zone

between the outdoors and inner spaces. High ceilngs were used to allow

hot air to rise and keep the lower part of the room cool. In the desert

climate of the Southwestern United States, where the temperatures are

very hot during the day and very cold during the night, adobe was

commonly used as a construction material.(4) The thermal properties of

adobe allow the inside temperature to remain at a fairly constant,

comfortable, temperature despite large diurnal temperature swings (see

fig. 1.1).

The industrial age of architecture began in 1928 with the first

mechanical air conditioning system used in the Milan Building designed

by George Willis, architect, and M.L. Diver, engineer.(5) Because of

the development of more and more sophisticated mechanical systems to

condition the air and the availability of cheap fuel to power them,

architects did not have to concern themselves with the thermal aspects

of building design. They could design a building in virtually any form

in any climate and allow a mechanical engineer to design a system that

would maintain comfort in the building. During this period, buildings

6

o

75

e0

6 A.M -N

------M SLACE

- -- - u s t o r i t M P R A T U R E

-- - asOETEPEA~/ e

)ON 6PM. 6 AM.

Fig. 1.1 Adobe Construction Keeps IndoorTemperature Stable Despite HighDiurnal Temperature Swings.

From Fitch and Branch, "Primitive Architecture and Climate",Scientific American, Vol. 203, No. 6, Dec. 1960, pp.133-j44.

7

of the same type began to have the same basic appearance no matter what

climate they were in. The same building could just as easily be found in

the cold Northeastern United States as in the hot Southwest. Only the

HVAC systems had to be different to maintain comfort in different

climates and the design of these systems was delegated to the engineers.

All the architect had to do was leave a space between the real ceiling

and a false ceiling to accomodate the duct work and other equipment used

in the HVAC system.

We are now in the beginning of the post-industrial age. of architecture.

The energy needed to power the HVAC systems used to condition spaces is

no longer cheap and the fuels used are no longer plentiful. Two recent

examples have dramatically illustrated this point: the oil crises of

1973-74 and 1978-79, and the natural gas shortage of 1980-81 that

affected the Northeastern United States. The people who have to pay the

bills to operate the HVAC systems have become painfully aware of the

fact that energy costs have risen during the last decade substantially

faster than inflation.

The "energy crises" is not over. The nuclear technology that once

promised to be able to replace conventional fuels with electrical power

that would be "too cheap to meter" has proven to be much more expensive

than was predicted, both in economic and in social costs. The economic

cost has become so high that United States utilities have not ordered a

new nuclear power plant since 1979 and have cancelled many previous

8

orders. This is quite understandable when one realizes that almost all

of the recently completed reactors have cost over ten times the original

price, have taken from twelve to fourteen years to complete, and the

utilities have discovered that the demand for electricity is not as great

as projected. All of these factors create a time span on the order of

forty years for capital investment.

The social costs are harder to measure, but problems of using both

conventional fuels and nuclear power are many and varied. Fossil fuels

(such as oil, gas, and coal) are non-renewable and will, therefore,

ultimately not be available. Their use also causes great environmental

disorders such as pollution, acid rain, oil spills, and possibly

nonreversible changes to land caused by strip mining. Nuclear power

creates radioactive waste materials which will remain dangerous for over

six hundred years (some of it perhaps over ten thousand years). This

waste must be disposed of in a manner that can ensure that it will not

leak into the environment, an event that can be triggered by erosion,

leeching, earthquakes or other natural disasters, or tampering. Any

solution to this problem presupposes that the disposal site must be in

an area that will be geologically and politically stable for a minimum

of six hundred years. By contrast, the United States has only been in

existence a little over two hundred years. No solution has been devised

for the safe handling and storage of nuclear waste material and there is

much speculation that no solution is possible.

9

A viable alternative to conventional and nuclear power is what Amory

Lovins refers to as the "soft" path of technology. He projects that we

could eventually meet all of our energy requirements by using renewable

energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.(6) The

key to making the "soft"path work is conservation of energy. A study

done at the Harvard Business School reports that "conservation may well

be the cheapest, safest, most productive energy alternative readily

available in large amounts." (7) The study also states that the two

most cost effective strategies for reducing building operating costs are

1) conservation, and 2) use of passive solar energy.(8)

Passive solar and, less obviously, conservation techniques are basically

building design problems. The basic design of a building is the single

most important factor affecting the amount of energy necessary to

condition the interior. The American Institute of Architects has

concluded that savings of up to sixty percent can be accomplished during

the initial design process. (9) Thus, in the post-industrial age of

architecture, as in the pre-industrial age, the thermal aspects of a

building are architectural design considerations.

The problems concerning the thermal performance of buildings have

changed because building technology, materials, and usage are quite

different from a hundred years ago. Commercial buildings are generally

much larger and they generate measureably more heat than pre-industrial

age buildings. These factors greatly affect the cooling requirements of

10

buildings. But although the questions concerning energy uses are harder

to answer, more is known about thermal performance and several tools

have been created to help designers understand how building design

parameters affect the thermal performance of buildings.

11

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE PREDICTION METHODS

The first method that was devised to deal with the thermal aspects of

buildings was one developed during the 1930's by the American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to

determine the sizing of heating,ventilating, and air-conditioning

systems.(1) It was a fairly simplified procedure that looked at the

static heat flow in and out of a building during peak conditions. The

purpose of the method was to ensure that the HVAC system installed in a

building would always be able to provide comfortable conditions (i.e.,

maintain air temperature and relative humidity). This was accomplished

by installing an HVAC system that could meet the peak load conditions

(i.e., the hottest and the coldest times of the year). Although the

procedure cannot be classified as a design tool by today's standards, it

is discussed here in order to help gain a historical perspective of the

progress that has been made in developing tools to predict the thermal

performance of buildings. One must remember that this method was

developed before the age of computers, when it was not possible to make

the myriad calculations necessary to accurately predict the thermal

response of a building to its climate.

12

The method was based on the simple equation of static heat flow:

Q = U A dT

where Q is heat flow rate, U is the heat conductance of a material, A is

the area of the material, and dT is the difference in temperature

between the two sides of the material. The method assumes that to

maintain a given condition during the winter the heating plant will have

to deliver heat energy into the building at the same rate that heat

flows out of the building. Similarly, to maintain comfortable air

conditions in the summer, the cooling plant will have to remove heat at

the same rate that heat is introduced into the building.

The equation, Q = U A dT, can only be used directly to determine

static conductive heat flow through materials. This static, or "steady

state", approach is an inadequate representation of reality since both

weather patterns and thermal responses of buildings are dynamic in

nature. The ASHRAE procedure uses several methods to incorporate

other types of heat flow (convection, radiation, and mass transfer) into

the equation. Allowances are made for infiltration (mass transfer) and a

crude procedure was devised to account for the fact that, during the

sumer, the outside temperature of sunlit walls and roofs is effectively

much higher than the ambient temperature (an effect known as the

"Sol-Air" temperature) and the effects of this "Sol-Air" tmeperature is

transmitted into the building at varying rates depending on wall and

13

roof construction. (2) The ASHRAE method is to use a Cooling Load

Temperature Difference (CLTD) to account for this phenomenon. These

procedures all suffer from the limitations of a static approach to a

dynamic problem.

The purpose of the ASHRAE procedure was to ensure that the HVAC plant

was large enough to maintain comfort in all conditions; it became common

practice to estimate the size of the system by following this procedure

and then add an arbitrary "safety factor" of twenty-five to fifty

percent. More modern methods have now shown that this practice often

resulted in equipment that was twice as large as actually needed,

leading to unnecessarily high first costs and low operating efficiencies.

During the 1970's, detailed computer simulations were utilized to

establish empirical formulas that correlate steady state design

parameters with local monthly average weather conditions to determine

the potential contribution of solar energy to meet heating requirements

of residential buildings. The Solar Load Ratio (SLR) method is an

example of this technique. The results and limitations of this approach

can be seen by studying figure 2.1. The spread of data points shown in

the figure and the curve derived from these points indicate the

potential for error in the application of this method.

These methods are, however, generally easy to learn and use, cheap

(requiring no more equipment than a handheld calculator), and give

14

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SOLAR LOAD RATIO (SLR)

2.1 EstablishingRatip and Monthly

2.0 3. u

MONTHLY SOLAR ENERGY ABSORBED

4.0

MONTHLY THERMAL LOAD

(Including Steady-State Solar Wall Conduction)

Correlation Factors Between SolarSolar Heating Fraction.

15

1.0

0

0

WITH NIGHTINSULATION

WITHOUT NIGHT 00

INSULATION TROMBE WALL

- - WATER WALL

ASSUMPTIONS:2

Thermal Storage: 45 BTU/*F-ft

Trombe Wall has Vents with Backdraft Dampers

Double Glazing

Room Temperature Range: 65*F to 7.5*F

Building Mass is Negligible (except forThermal Storage Wall)

Night Insulation is R9; 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m.

Fig.Load

1 2 3 4 5 6Solar Load Ratio

0

=

relatively quick results (typically fifteen to thirty minutes). The

main disadvantage of this approach is its lack of flexibility. If the

building under consideration has design parameters that differ

significantly from the original correlation assumptions (the "base-case"

building), then the results obtained will not be accurate. As a

consequence, correlation methods cannot be used for studying widely

varying types of construction. In addition, these methods tend to

predict only the heating energy requirments of a building and neglect

other important design information such as cooling requirements, peak

load conditions, and temperature profiles.(3)

Simulation methods based on the dynamic heat flow in and out-of building

envelopes were also developed during this time period. Two basic

approaches were used: those using a transfer function (such as DOE-2)

and those using a thermal network type of equation (such as CALPAS or

BLAST).

The transfer function method first calculates various response factors

of building components to determine the transient flow of heat through

the exterior components of a building (e.g., walls, roof, and floor).

These factors are calculated as a function of the materials used in the

construction of these components (e.g., concrete block or stud walls,

insulation, etc.). These functions are used to compensate for the fact

that heat flow through walls and solar gain through windows does not

reach the interior air instantaneously but rather is absorbed first by

16

some opaque material (viewed as thermal mass, usually the interior walls,

ceiling, or floor slab) which subsequently transfers the heat into the

interior air space and eventually is seen as a load on the HVAC system.

(4)

Thermal network equation methods are based on the fact that heat flow

can be viewed as being analogous to electricity flow; temperature

differences (or other driving forces) are analogous to voltage

differences, structural materials and insulation (flow retardants) are

analogous to resistors, and thermal masses (storage) are analogous to

capacitors. A building can be represented mathematically exactly as

though it were an electrical circuit (see fig. 2.2) and the heat flows

can be determined by predicting what electrical currents would flow

through various parts of thecircuit depending on various voltage changes

(which represent climatic changes).

In both transfer function and thermal network simulations, once the

equations which represent the building have been determined, these

equations can be manipulated by using weather data which is usually

interpreted as a set of irregular time-dependent functions that can be

represented on a small (one day - 24 hours) or large (one year - 8760

hours) time scale.

The simulation approach overcomes many of the limitations of static heat

flow methods such as the ASHRAE method or the newer correlation methods.

17

Solar Gain

- Heat of Lights

- Heat of Equipment

- Heat of Occupants

TA - Outdoor Temperature

TI - Indoor Temperature

UAW - Resistance of Wallsand Windows

- Zone Heat Capacitance

CS - Slab Heat Capacitance

Fig. 2.2 Thermal Network Analog of Heat Flow

18

Simulation methods are flexible enough to allow a designer to specify

almost any type of construction and also give results concerning many

aspects of the thermal performance of the building being studied

(heating, cooling, and ventilation requirements, peak load conditions,

etc.). However, these methods (especially the larger, annual hourly

simulation ones such as DOE-2 or CALPAS) require the use of large

computers, which are often cumbersome and expensive to use. Many design

firms cannot afford to purchase the equipment required to run simulation

programs so they must rent computer time from time-sharing facilities.

This almost always leads to a batch type of input which can be very

intimidating and confusing to many designers. Another problem that

occurs with time-sharing methods is that the output is generally delayed

(sometimes as much as a day). As a result, simulation methods have

tended to be used mainly as analytical tools in that they are used only

to test the final building design and are not used as an aid during the

design process.

Because of the limitations of the correlation approach and the high

costs of the simulation approach another method was developed that falls

somewhere between the two. This method is known as the bin or,

temperature frequency, method. "Both heating and cooling loads can be

estimated using this method. It involves making instantaneous energy

calculations at several different outdoor temperatures and weighting

each result by the number of hours of temperature occurrence within each

bin. The bins are usually five degrees in size and are often collected

19

in three daily eight hour shifts. Mean coincident wet-bulb temperature

data, for each dry-bulb bin, are used to calculate latent cooling loads

for infiltration and ventilation. The bin method considers both

occupied and unoccupied building conditions and gives credit for internal

heat gains. For example, a calculation would be performed for forty-two

degrees (representing all occurrences of 39.5 - 44.5 degrees) and with

building operation during the midnight to 8 A.M. shift. Since there are

twenty-three bins between -10 and 105 degrees and three shifts,

sixty-nine separate operating points would be calculated." (5) The

final load is determined by summing up the sixty-nine separate results.

This method is complicated to use and is somewhat inaccurate as it is

still based on steady-state approximations of heat flow.

Perhaps the main reason that so many methods have failed to become

truely useful as design tools is their tendency to be "opaque" to the

designer; that is, they do not impart to the designer a clear

understanding of how building design affects thermal performance. As

stated above, simulation methods are often very cumbersome and so

detailed that the designer does not obtain a feel for the relationships

between input (design parameters) and output (thermal performance).

The same problem occurs with correlation methods because they often ask

for input that is a synopsis of design parameters, not the parameters

themselves. An example of this is the Solar Savings Fraction - SSF -

method developed at Los Alamos Scientific Labarotories to analyse

20

passive solar buildings. (6) The method requires a designer to calculate

the "Collector Load Ratio" (CLR) of a building which is defined as the

"Building Load Coefficient" (BLC) divided by the solar collector area

(AC). The BLC is the heat loss coefficient of the building envelope

exclusive of the heat loss of the collector area. The results produced

by the method are presented as a monthly and annual Solar Savings

Fraction, which is defined as the fraction of heating energy required by

a non-solar "base-case" house which can be saved by using passive solar

heating techniques. No other aspects of thermal performance are

addressed. Thus, the actual thermal performance of the house under

consideration is arrived at only indirectly by comparing it to a

non-existent building. Since the specifications of the house being

studied are lumped together into only two variables, it is difficult for

a designer to see what effects, if any, that various changes in his or

her design will have on the thermal performance of the building (e.g.,

what happens if the roof R-value is changed?).

The advent of the microcomputer presents the opportunity to combine the

best qualities of these methods: the accuracy and flexibility of

simulation and the speed and economy of correlation methods. In

addition, the microcomputer can be easier and quicker to use than any

of the previously available methods because of its tremendous capacity

to be "user-friendly". This feature is a direct result of the ability

of the microcomputer to be programmed using an interactive approach.

Large computers have been prevented from using such features because of

21

the high cost of the computer and connect time necessary for an

interactive approach program. Unlike large main-frame computers or

time-sharing facilities, microcomputers are completely self-contained

(often no larger than a typewriter), highly accesible, and relatively

simple to operate. Their low cost (typically less than $5000) makes

them very affordable to design firms which are traditionally small in

size. They have become commonplace in the home, school, and office,

where they are performing functions like word processing and accounting.

(7)

The first public domain microcomputer program to use the simulation

approach was MICROPAS (8), a program funded by the California Office of

Appropriate Technology. It is based on the annual hourly simulation

program CALPAS1, a thermal network type of program designed to model

passive solar buildings. CALPAS1 and its subsequent versions (most

notably CALPAS3) are generally well respected for their ability to

accurately predict the thermal response of buildings to their climates

and have been used extensively in the passive solar research and design

communities.

MICROPAS was designed to run efficiently on a microcomputer by utilizing

statistically compressed hourly weather data to represent annual weather

patterns. These weather data are produced by a program developed by the

National Bureau of Standards called SELECT (9) which reduces fifty-two

weeks of weather data to six weeks of representational data (used to

22

predict overall thermal performance) and two weeks of peak weather data

(used to predict peak conditon performance). The MICROPAS program

produces results which are comparable to those of CALPAS and it has

been certified for use under the 1982 California Residential Building

Standard (see fig. 2.3). However, for reasons that will be discussed in

the following chapters, the author feels that MICROPAS does not utilize

the full potential of the microcomputer for interactive communication

with a user. It does, however, form a solid foundation from which a

useful design tool can be produced.

23

6

0

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04'

"'4 p7'

MICROPASHEATING

MICROPASCOOLING

CALPAS3. HEATING

CALPAS3COOLING

0

Co, 4 00

LOCATION

Fig. 2.3 Comparison of MICROPAS and CALPAS3 Predictions

From Nittler and Novotny, "MICROPAS, An Annual Hourly Heatingand Cooling Building Simulation for Microcomputers", Proceedingsof the Eighth National Passive Solar Conference, Sante Fe, NewMexico, September, 1983.

24

795(70)

681(60)

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USE

kJ m-2

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(40)

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227(20)

114(10)

A

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~-- - -- -- --.-.- --- - -- - -- - -- -

THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL MODELS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

The questions that are raised concerning how buildings respond thermally

to their environment are quite complex, requiring an approach that can

take into account the numerous design factors that affect the building

(such as orientation of the building, insulation values of the walls and

roof, size and type of glazing, etc.) and that can illustrate the

equally numerous responses that a building can have to these factors

(heat flow in and out of the building envelope, temperature swings,

humidity levels, etc.). As noted in the preceding chapter, the

simulation techniques that utilize the computational power of computers

are capable of answering these questions but are generally so unwieldy

that they are not very useful in the design process, whereas

correlation techniques, while simple to use, do not provide enough

information necessary to make critical design decisions. The

microcomputer has the capability to offer the computational power of a

computer to a designer in a manner that can be readily used. The

question is, how best can this new tool be incorporated into the design

process?

Since the computational power of a computer can only be accessed through

the use of a computer program, any design tool that uses this capability

25

must take the form of a computer program. Such a program will need to

have the qualities of any good design tool:

- it should be easy to use, even by people with no specialknowledge (of computers)

- it should be understandable, asking for information and givingresults in terms familiar to a designer

- it should be capable of being used during various aspects ofthe design process, producing results at many different levels

- it should be educational in nature, allowing a designer toclearly understand the principles involved in solving theproblem at hand. (1)

Because computers are binary logic machines responding only to "yes or

no" type questions, computer programs generally take the form of linear

algorythms, proceeding in a strict, step-by-step, sequence from the

beginning of the program to the end. This type of "structured"

programing is necessary to solve the complicated, iterative algorythms

that programs are designed around and it allows programmers to detect

flaws which inevitably occurin the logic of their programs. However,

this style of programming also leads to the rigid batch type of input

(and output) that many non-computer oriented people find difficult to

use.

For example, CALPAS3 (2), a commercially available simulation program

based on the original CALPAS1, uses a batch input to illicit information

from a designer that requires him or her to enter data into the computer

in a rigorous, step-by-step, procedure. Every component of the

building must be described in the proper order (e.g., roof, then walls,

26

then thermal mass, then glazing, etc.) or the program will reject the

data. For instance, if the designer should happen to describe the

various glass used in the building before he or she describes the walls,

the program will respond with the somewhat cryptic message "INPUT...LINE

xxx...COMMAND OUT OF ORDER OR *END MISSING." Furthermore, error

messages do not appear until after the designer has entered the entire

building description, causing him or her to search through all the input

to understand why the program will not run. This approach often leads to

a designer being more concerned with how the information is entered

rather than with the building design itself.

In addition, the designer must specify any output reports to be

generated other than a standard annual report before the simulation run

is made. If, upon reviewing the standard report, the designer has

questions regarding other aspects of the thermal performance of the

building, he or she must run another simulation using the same building

description, but adding to the input data his or her request for

additional information.

The interactive approach to programming is somewhat different. It is

still "structured" in that the program runs in a sequential sequence

after all of the necessary information has been entered, but the input

and output sections of the program are written in a manner that allows

the user to decide the order in which he or she wants to enter

information and to decide how much output and the order in which the

27

results will be displayed. In a sense, this can become an "open-ended"

program in that the user, not the program, can decide when and how to

halt program execution. This more closely resembles the design process,

which is very definitely non-linear in nature but is more of a cyclic

routine in which a designer moves back and forth from problem

formulation to solution (to formulation to solution, etc.) until he or

she reaches an acceptable ending point.

One example of the interactive approach to programming as applied to

predicting thermal performance of buildings is the Computerized

Instrumented Residential Analysis or CIRA (3). Although the

algorythms used are fairly crude and the program was intended to be used

as an audit tool rather than as a design tool, CIRA demonstrates many of

the characteristics that a good design program should have; most notably

it provides very flexible input and output options to its user. A

designer can enter the characterics of a building in any order desired,

describing, in familiar terms, only those components that are relevant

to a problem at any one particular time. Once an analysis has been made,

the user can then select any one of several reports as needed and can

even create new reports of his or her own choosing. This style of

programming is much more condusive to the design process, allowing a

designer to work relatively quickly between problem formulations and

problem answers.

But how a designer perceives and uses any design tool is even more

28

important than the structure of the tool itself. Harvey Bryan writes:

No matter how elegant or refined these [design] proceduresmay or may not be...the ultimate test has been theirvalidity to the design process. (4)

When a designer uses an analytical method as a design tool he or she

should be aware that the structure of the procedure is often biased

towards certain types of designs. This is true of any design tool but is

especially true of analytical tools which calculate "exact" answers

based on the parameters given them and on the assumptions that the

methods make. It behooves the designer to find. out what these

assumptions are if he or she is to find these tools to be truely useful.

The designer must not lose sight of the fact that the design process is

really a synthesis of many factors viewed as a whole. It is impractical

to use several methods to obtain the "best" solution for various aspects

of a design and expect to be able to combine all of these answers into

one overall solution. Methods that analyse only one aspect of a design

often produce "optimum" results that are definitively incompatable with

"optimum" results of methods which analyse other aspects of the design.

Such a fragmented approach to design would be similar to attempting to

design a building by designing all of the rooms seperately as "perfect"

rooms and then putting them together to form a "perfect" building. (5)

A better use of these tools is to use them more as learning tools and to

"internalize" the principles involved rather than attempting to obtain

29

an "optimum" design solution for each aspect of the design. Bryan calls

internalization:

...closely akin to what many designers might call intuition.In its simplest form internalization is a learning process thatallows a designer to learn about the problem under considerationin such a manner that the problem solution becomes second natureto the designer - like learning to ride a bicycle. (6)

From this standpoint, the educational aspect of a design tool is its

most important quality and a designer will find that he or she will

obtain the most value from such a tool by using it to facilitate the

internization process.

The educational process does not stop when a designer leaves school; his

or her knowledge of the design process will continually expand as

experience is gained in the design field. However- a designer cannot be

content with merely perfecting familiar techniques but must also pursue

information about new design techniques and materials used in the

building industry. This applies to conservation techniques and solar

architecture just as much as it does to learning about the latest steel

or glazing material available. The old adage of, "the more you have the

more you can make" is just as true with education as it is with money

and could be rephrased as, "the more you know the more you can learn."

In every aspect of design, a designer starts by mastering a few basic

principles that form a foundation on which he or she can build further

knowledge. A good design tool, then, can best help a designer learn new

skills by initially illustrating some basic principles and by

30

encouraging a more indepth exploration of a problem as time and interest

permit. The designer should be able to use the tool with very little

time needed to learn how to use it and without being confronted with too

many unfamiliar terms and/or technical details. Then, having become

more proficient in the use of the tool, he or she should be able to

study a problem in greater detail until eventually, having internalized

the information, the designer will no longer need to rely on the tool.

Of course, if new design problems arise, such as a client wanting an

entirely new type of building or a building being located in a

completely different climate, the designer can always return to the tool

to explore these new aspects, much as a person can return to a textbook

to brush up on details that he or she may have forgotten or may not have

paid attention to in the past because they were.not applicable at the

time.

Microcomputers using interactive programs have these capabilities. A

well designed interactive program allows the user to carry on a dialogue

between him orherself and the machine, with the user communicating with

the computer by typing on a keyboard, manipulating a "joystick" or

"mouse", or even, in the near future, by voice-activated signals. The

computer responds with written words, symbols, graphs, or sounds. (7)

The more instantaneous the feedback from the program, the easier it will

be to use and the less frustrated the user will be in his or her efforts

to understand how to use it.

31

Ease of use is a very important quality that a computer based design

tool should have. Even the most sophisticated program that has the

ability to allow a designer to specify literally thousands of variables

should be written in a manner that requires the designer to enter only a

few variables (certainly less than twenty) and still get meaningful

results. This can be accomplished by assigning "default" values to most

of the variables that the program will respond to. Default values are

values that the program will assign to specific variables unless

otherwise specified by the user. They should be visible so that the

user is aware of them but should require no action by the user to

specify them. This feature allows a designer to quickly learn how to

use the program and also provides him or her with the opportunity to

explore new aspects of the problem whenever the designer has the time or

the inclination to do so.

The designer still has the responsibilty to understand that even the

best design tools are limited. The answers that are produced can only

be as accurate as the information entered into the program. Computer

people refer to this phenomenon as "GIGO" for "Garbage In, Garbage Out."

This is not limited to the data entered by the designer, but also is a

function of the weather data used by the program. This data is

generally representative of the weather that occurs at the closest

airport to the building being analalysed so it cannot be totally

accurate because the micro-climate conditions at the building site

32

cannot be taken into account. The best way to utilize these programs is

to make parametric comparisons, changing one variable of the design at

a time and seeing what the relative responses are to these changes. A

design tool should be designed to facilitate this type of use,

encouraging the user to play "what if?" games and giving rapid feedback

to the various questions being asked.

33

THE QUIKPAS PROGRAM

The preceding chapters have discussed the qualities that a computer

program should have if it is to be useful as a design and/or educational

tool (the author views these terms as being synonymous since good design

tools are educational tools). Keeping these qualities in mind, the

author wanted to develop a program that could be used as a tool by all

members of the design community (architects, engineers, students, etc.)

during various stages of the design process to analyse the thermal

performance of various types of residential and commercial buildings.

The first consideration given to the program was that it had to able to

accurately model all of the relevant thermal aspects of buildings

(design parameters and climatic weather patterns). Particular attention

had to be given to cooling loads because the internal heat generated in

commercial buildings, coupled with their low volume to skin ratios,

results in buildings that are generally cooling load dominated.

As stated in Chapter 2, a public domain program called MICROPAS which

uses a thermal network hourly simulation approach has been developed.

(The public support for MICROPAS was withdrawn in January, 1983, when

the Office of Appropriate Technology (OAT) was eliminated. It can,

however, still be obtained from the California Energy Commision and is

commercially available from ENERCOMP, the company which wrote the

34

program under a grant from OAT.)

The MICROPAS- program is capable of meeting the criteria for accuracy and

flexibility but does not have all of the qualities necessary to make it

a good design tool. The main disadvantage to the program is that is

somewhat difficult to use. For example, to create a new building

description, the program uses a linear input structure which requires a

designer to enter new values or actively accept default values for well

over one hundred variables. Since a designer is not necessarily

concerned with many of these variables, he or she can develop the habit

of rapidly pressing the "Enter" key over and over, trying to get to the

variables that are of concern. Unfortunately, the designer can get ahead

of the program and may find that he orshe has inadvertently accepted an

incorrect default value. The designer must wait until all of the

building description has been entered before he or she can correct any

such incorrect entries.

When editing an existing building, the designer is confronted with a

matrix display such as seen in figure 4.1. If the designer wants to

change, for example, the area of the EWALL, he or she first has to enter

the "Number of data change" (which is 2), and then must instruct the

program to change the value of "ROW 2, COLUMN 2". It is even more

difficult to delete a wall from a building description; if the designer

reduces the "NUMBER OF OPAQUE SURFACES", the program deletes the last

surface listed (in this case SLABEDGE) which is usually not going to be

35

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36

.L

the wall that the designer wanted to delete.

The features of MICROPAS that make it a good base for a design tool are:

- it is accurate

- it is capable of taking into account all of therelevant design and climatic factors that affectthe thermal performance of buildings

- it is accessable because it is written in BASIC, acomputer language which is supplied with virtuallyevery microcomputer on the market.

Because of these features, the author decided to use the basic core

algorythms of MICROPAS and write completely new input and output

sections (those parts of a program that interact with the user and can,

therefore, determine how easy a program is to use) to produce a program

capable of being a good design tool. The input and output sections of

this new program, called QUIKPAS, were modeled after those of CIRA and

of MICROLITE (1), a program developed at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology for modelling daylighting effects.

QUIKPAS is written to operate on an IBM PC microcomputer; it requires

128 K of RAM memory and two double-sided, double density floppy disk

drives (320 K of storage on each disk). This equipment was chosen

because it is a fairly popular microcomputer and uses a version of BASIC

that is relatively compatiable with other microcomputers (i.e., only a

few changes will have to made in the program code to enable the program

to run on other machines).

37

The program is capable of modelling a building with up to three

independent thermal zones, with each zone having its own HVAC systems

and thermostat controls. Each zone can be described with up to eleven

exterior opaque surfaces (ten walls and a roof), thirty-three glazing

surfaces (thirty windows and three skylights), and three thermal masses.

The walls and windows can be oriented in any direction and tilt, and

the windows can be modeled with overhangs, thermal shutters, and/or

sunscreens. Windows are described as part of the walls to allow for

easy modifications of glass area; the designer simply has to change the

area of glass and the area of the wall that the window is in will

automatically be changed. (Many programs separate the windows from the

walls which forces a designer to change the area of both components in

order to change the area of either.) Internal heat gains for each zone

can be varied on an hourly basis. In all, there are over two hundred

different -types of variables that a designer can use to describe a

building. The program can actually accept over a thousand variables

since several of the types .of variables are used many times.

QUIKPAS produces extensive thermal performance predicticon reports.

Annual, seasonal, daily, and hourly reports are available, and various

reports show such aspects as heating, cooling, and ventilation energies

necessary to maintain each zone at the selected thermostat settings,

temperature profiles, climatic data, etc.

38

Because of the large number of input and output variables, it is

impossible to display all of them to the user at any one time. To break

the variables down into manageable displays, QUIKPAS uses a system of

menu driven description screens. Three basic menus exist: main program,

building description input, and output. The designer selects a desired

program option from the "SELECT PROGRAM OPTION" screen (fig. 4.2). This

is done by using the cursor keys to highlight the various options; the

user depresses the "Enter" key to select the desired option when it is

highlighted. This method is used throughout the program whenever an

option is to be selected.

To analyze a particular building, a designer would first select the

"CREATE A NEW BUILDING FILE" or "EDIT AN EXISTING BUILDING FILE" option.

If the "EDIT" option is selected the program will display the names of

all of the building descriptions that currently exist on the data file

diskette in use. After a building has been selected the "BUILDING

DESCRIPTION OPTION" screen appears (fig. 4.3). The program will go

directly to the "BUILDING GENERAL INFORMATION" screen (fig. 4.4) if the

designer selects the "CREATE NEW BUILDING" option so that he or she

can first assign a name to the new building.

The "BUILDING DESCRIPTION OPTION" screen is divided into three parts:

Zone Descriptions, Component Descriptions, and Interzone Descriptions.

QUIKPAS initially comes with a library of components (such as different

types of glass, overhangs, thermal mass, etc.); however, a designer can

39

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42

add, subtract, or change the descriptions of any of these components as

desired. This can be done from the main program menu, resulting in

changes to the library for all future building descriptions, or from the

building description menu, resulting in changes to the library only for

that specific building. The components are used to describe the various

parts of the zones (e.g., a window will use a previously defined glass

type, overhang, shutter, and/or sunscreen). This approach allows a

designer to define a component only once and use this description

throughout the building. It also allows a designer to change each part

of the building individually or change all parts at once. For example,

if only one window uses triple pane glass, it can be described

separately, but if the same type of glass is used throughout the

building, the designer can change the description of that glass

component to change all of the windows at one time.

Each of the input screens utilizes a full screen editor; a user places

the cursor directly into the variable fields that he or she wants to

enter. Those variables which must be entered are marked with an

asterisk "*" and the default values of the remaining variables are

displayed. A wall description, for example, requires only three entries

(name, area, and azimuth) but a designer can enter up to nineteen other

variables to describe a wide variety of wall and window combinations

(see fig. 4.5). Many of the default values are assigned during

initialization of the program so that they can reflect state-of-the-art

construction practices in one locale or the preference of a particular

43

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44

designer (e.g., a designer in New England might choose a default

insulation value of R-19 for a wall, whereas a designer in the southwest

might prefer R-11). This feature also helps a designer to avoid

obtaining misleading results from default values that are not

appropriate for the region in which he or she is designing.

The description screens can be viewed almost as though they are pages in

a notebook. In this sense, the menu screen is viewed as the table of

contents from which all the other "pages" are accessable. Many of the

screens are also accessable from related screens; for example, if the

designer is looking at the "EXTERIOR WALL AND WINDOW" or "ROOF AND

SKYLIGHT" screen, he or she can turn directly-to the component screens

of glass, overhangs, shutters, or sunscreens in order to review or

change existing components or to create new ones without having to go

back to the menu screen. The program keeps track of how a user accesses

the various screens and always returns to the appropriate screen. The

user can, however, leave the program immediately without backtracking

through all of the various screens by depressing the "Escape" key.

Every item is tested on entry to ensure that an acceptable value has

been entered. Letter type entries are tested to ensure that the entries

are acceptable. Numerical entries aretested on two levels: entries that

cannot be accepted by the program (e.g., a letter entry when a numerical

entry is required or an entry of 120 percent when only values of 0 to

100 percent are allowed); and entries that appear to be outside of the

45

range of reasonable values (e.g., wall insulation R-values of less than

2 or greater than 45); however, the program will accept values that are

outside the "reasonable" ranges. The second level of error checking was

included mainly to help prevent a designer from inadvertently entering

incorrect information. The program also checks to ensure that all of the

required entries have been entered correctly whenever a designer

indicates that a description is complete. The completeness test occurs on

three levels: on completion of each description screen; on completion of

each zone; and on completion of the building. This instantaneous error

checking allows a designer to correct mistakes in input immediately

rather than having to wait until after the entire building description

has been entered.

As mentioned above, each zone can be- described with its own HVAC systems

and thermostat controls. Heating and cooling systems are modeled using

seasonal efficiencies or EER and ventilation systems can be modeled

using fan flow rate for forced ventilation or inlet/outlet areas and

stack efficiency for natural ventilation. Air-to-air heat exchangers

can also be simulated. Thermostat settings are quite flexible, allowing

a designer to vary heating, cooling, and ventilation setpoints and

setback temperatures for each of these systems. The setback times can

be set for any time of the day as can the times for return to daytime

settings. The thermostat settings are entered as pairs to separate the

heating season settings from the cooling season ones (see fig. 4.6).

46

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47

'

Internal heat gains for each zone can be varied using one of two

schemes: residential, which calls for a total daily gain and allows the

designer to specify the hourly percentages of this total (fig. 4.7); or

commercial, which allows the designer to specify hourly internal gains

on a per square foot basis (fig. 4.8). The designer can specify Btu's or

watts as units of heat in either mode.

Thermal mass can be modeled three different ways: zone heat capacity,

which simulates lightweight masses such as furniture or sheetrock;

isothermal masses, which simulate high conductivity masses such as water

storage devices; and nodal masses, which simulate thick, low

conductivity masses such as concrete walls, Trombe walls, or floor slabs.

After the designer has completed a building description he or she

returns to the "SELECT PROGRAM OPTION" screen by pressing ALT-F when the

"BUILDING DESCRIPTION OPTION" screen is displayed. The program will

test to ensure that all necessary data has been entered and displays an

appropriate error message if any is missing. If, for example, the

designer had indicated that some solar gain is to be distributed into a

thermal mass (see fig. 4.5), QUIKPAS will check to ensure that the mass

referred to has been described and, if it has not, the program will

display the error message "Thermal Mass XXXXXXXX Must Be Described."

Actually, the designer would have been informed prior to this stage that

a mass description was required; when he or she finished the first wall

and window description that referred to the undefined mass, the program

48

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50

G

would have displayed a warning message that the mass must be described,

so it is most likely that all required data will have been entered.

The designer would probably next run the simulation program, at which

time he or she will specify the climatic data that is to be used.

Simulations can be performed in one of three ways: a single building

description, multiple building descriptions, or parametric comparison

runs. The "parametric comparison" optionallows a designer to select one

variable and have the program make several simulation runs, changing

that variable a specified amount for each run (e.g., change wall or roof

insulation values or South glass area) and giving results that compare

the various runs.

Once a simulation has been run the designer has a great deal of

information available which he or she may or may not want to see

presented. The output section, like the input section, is menu driven

so that the designer can select only that part of the output that is of

interest. By making all of the possible output available, QUIKPAS allows

a designer to look at aspects of the performance of the building that he

or she may decide are of importance after an initial perusal of the

results.

The designer can select one of four main report categories: annual,

seasonal, daily, or hourly, as well as review the building description

that produced these reports (fig. 4.9). The annual report is a summary

51

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52

of climatic conditions, heating and cooling loads, energy consumption of

the HVAC systems , and energy costs for the entire building for one

year. The seasonal, daily, and hourly reports are divided into six

divisions: peak conditions, total building, climate, individual zones,

thermal mass, and temperature. Depending on which output report is

selected, the program will request the user to specify which zone and/or

season is to be displayed. In addition, by using the EDIT option, the

user can specify any or all of the twenty-two reports available in any

order desired (fig. 4.10). This option further enables the designer to

review information in a compartmentalized fashion which helps prevent

him or her from being overwhelmed by too much information being

displayed at one time.

Once the selection has been made, the desired report is displayed on the

screen; it consists of a title, a menu, and a table of information (fig.

4.11). Because there is too much data to be displayed at one time, the

table is actually a "window" looking into a large'r table. This window

can be manipulated by using the cursor keys to display other parts

(columns and rows) of the table. The bottom row of the table contains

totals or averages (whichever is appropriate) for each column. The menu

allows changing the order of the columns as well as arithmetic

operations between two columns or between one column and a constant in a

spreadsheet fashion. The "CALCULATE" option will create new colums which

can then be labeled by the user. The "PLOT" option allows the designer

to obtain a graphical view of one or more columns plotted on a vertical

53

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54

JQUIK-PAS BUILDING: DEMO A 2 LONE BUILDING

DATLY REPORT OF Indivicdual zones FOR Peak heating ui dIngGRANQE COLOMMCALCULATEPLGTLIST

2 3 4 6:7.:AIR f u*~acel a/c I heate x1 I VENT 1:INFIL ITNTRNtTEMP SYSFLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW FLO AIN

DAY deg atu St Btu Stu tu 8u... .. ...-

. 81 97T -101)9 -627 139 26 10T2 71 1414 -932 888 109 113 823 i 79 1819 -935 977 179 T6 1394 71 21 -1586 T37 13 68 106

.5 66 1459 -501 886 *85 68 46 72 234 468 578 T92 3 39

7 74 29 1326 895 127 15 94

Total/Ave 73 5953. -7767 4988 844 4. .607

Fig. 4.11 Typical Output Report Screen

55

axis versus time (by season, day, or hour, depending on the report)

plotted on a horizontal axis. The "LIST". option will print the entire

table (not just that part displayed by the window) to either a line

printer or into a character file on the disk drive. The "list to file"

option allows a report to be reproduced by a word processing program

should the user desire to include the information in a seperate report.

The user returns to the "OUTPUT OPTION" menu by pressing ALT-Q (Quit) or

ALT-F (Finished) or can exit the program directly by using the "Escape"

key.

QUIKPAS also contains a feature which is beginning to be recognized

throughout the microcomputer industry as being a standard feature for

any good interactive program and which is especially useful for

computerized design tools (2): the ability for the user to ask for

"Help" at any time during the program. Because an architect will not be

constantly making energy analyses of buildings (indeed, as noted in

Chapter 3, designers should eventually not have to rely on computerized

des-ign tools) it is quite likely that he or she will not become as

familiar with the program as would someone who uses it on a regular

basis.

QUIKPAS has two forms of help available to a user. Pressing ALT-H (Help)

results in a message being displayed which explains the field that the

cursor is in when the message is requested. This function would

generally be used by a designer who does not understand the meaning of

56

an input variable. For example, if the cursor was in the "ABSORPTANCE"

field on the wall and window description screen (fig. 4.5), a message

would be displayed giving the definition of absorptance (the percentage

of heat retained by a wall from the incident solar radiation), the

acceptable values (0 to 100 percent), and an explanation of the default

value (50 percent is appropriate for a medium colored wall fully exposed

to the sun).

Pressing ALT-L (List) will result in a display of the acceptable values

for an entry. If the entry is numeric, the display will show the range

of acceptable values. If the entry calls for a component selection

(e.g., type of glass), the program will display the available components

(e.g., Sglpane, Dblpane, Tplpane). The user can then select whichever

component he or she desires, display the various components in order to

review or modify them, or create a new component if none of the existing

ones is appropriate.

These two functions facilitate the entry of unfamiliar information by

making program documentation available on the screen so that the

designer need not search through the support manual for individual input

descriptions. In fact, the "List" function is necessary because the

designer may very well have created a component that is not described in

the support manual. Finally, if the designer forgets how to invoke

these functions, he or she only needs to remember to type in "?" and the

program will display a list of Alternate Key Instructions.

57

CONCLUSION

The microcomputer is becoming an accepted piece of equipment that will

very likely be found in almost every office in the near future.

Businesses have accepted it as a standard piece of office equipment, as

common and almost as essential as the typewriter, because of its

capacity to act as a word processor, filing system, and accounting

system. The design community is becoming more and more aware of the

ability of the microcomputer to aid in the design process, mainly

because of the sophisticated graphics capabilities of the newer models,

and the term "computer aided design" can be heard almost as often in

small design firms as it can in large engineering offices.

Although still in the developmental stage, QUIKPAS is an important step

in the exploration of the microcomputer as an analytical design tool.

Many of the features present in QUIKPAS will certainly be found in

future, more sophisticated programs. For any analytical tool to be

"successful" as a design tool, it must be "useful, usable, and used" (1).

QUIKPAS has the qualities needed to be all of these things. It is

accurate and flexible enough to demonstrate to a designer the thermal

ramifications of various design decisions (useful). The interactive

full screen editor, error checking on entry, "Help" and "List" functions

make the program easy to use, providing instantaneous feedback to the

designer concerning design options (useable). As for being used, this

58

is up to the individual designers who obtain the program. The author

believes that, because the program is easy to learn and use, and because

it provides information to the designer in terms that he or she can

understand, that it will be used, hopefully in a manner that will allow

the users to internalize the information provided so that they will not

have to rely on the program for design purposes. This last quality is

the real value of any analytical design tool.

There are certain limitations to the QUIKPAS program. For example, it

can currently simulate only three thermal zones. Since many commercial

buildings have five unique zones (North, South, East, West, and central

core), it would be best to upgrade the program to model five zones.

Comercial buildings also have more sophisticated HVAC systems than

QUIKPAS can presently model; however, the recently released ASEAM

program (2), a public domain program based on the ASHRAE TC 4.7

Simplified Energy Calculation Procedure has several HVAC subroutines

which can be adapted for use by QUIKPAS. Future versions of the program

will utilize the color graphics capabilities of the IBM PC but will be

written in such a manner that a designer without these capabilities can

still use the program (although it will be recomended that the designer

have a color monitor because of the much greater capacity of a color

screen to graphically illustrate output as opposed to the "character

graphics" that a non-color monitor must use).

Some of the limitations of QUIKPAS are limitations of the machine that

59

the program uses (i.e., speed and memory size) and the computer language

(BASIC) in which it is written. The program currently takes about

twenty-five minutes to simulate a one zone, one mass building, with

longer run times required for more complicated building descriptions.

These times should be able to be reduced to about ten minutes for the

simpler building by using a "compiled" version of BASIC but BASIC is a

relative slow computer language (much slower that FORTRAN, for example).

Use of a parallel processor chip can also greatly increase the speed of

the simulation runs. Although the BASIC language was chosen because of

its universal use in the microcomputer industry, other languages that

are faster than BASIC exist which would be suitable for public

domain programs (most notably PASCAL or MODULA-2).

It may be misleading to use the term "microcomputer" to describe the

machines of the future. The rapid improvements in the industry over the

past few years are an indication of bigger (in memory) and faster

computers on the horizon. In 1982, the standard microcomputer came

with an 8-bit processor, 48 to 64 K bytes of RAM memory, and perhaps two

floppy disk drives with 90 to 200 K bytes of storage space each. In

1983, 16-bit processors are commonplace, along with 128 to 256 K bytes

of memory, floppy disks of 300 to 600 K bytes of storage, and hard

"Winchester" disks with 5 to 10 Megabytes of storage are not unusual. A

machine recently introduced on the market has 1 Megabyte of RAM memory

(64 times as big as the machines offered a year ago) and 50 Megabyte

disks are soon to be available. To understand what these numbers mean

60

consider that CALPAS3, an annual hourly simulation program which can be

run in less than five seconds, is run on a minicomputer which now has 2

Megabytes of memory.

Calculations that once took hours or required the use of expensive

main-frame computers can now be accomplished on a microcomputer in

minutes (the time span of a coffee break or, at worst, a lunch hour) and

in the near future can be done in seconds on desk top computers. This

compression of calculation time will allow analytical tools to be able to

fit into the framework of the design structure (imagine getting detailed

simulation reports in graphical form in a time span roughly equal to

making a pencil sketch).

David Krinkel has presented a thesis that envisages an entire family of

microcomputer programs which he calls TRACERY (3) that would be

compatible with each other, able to make several different analyses

(thermal, daylighting, acoustics, etc.) from the same data; the designer

would only have to enter a building description once to make all of the

analyses, thus enabling him or her to better see the trade-offs that are

always inherent in design solutions. QUICKPAS would be an excellent

program to fit into the TRACERY family as the thermal analysis program.

With the developments certain to occur in microcomputers this type of

program could soon be a reality. Such a development will greatly

enhance the ability of microcomputer based analytical tools to be a

viable part of the design process.

61

Chapter Notes

Introduction

1. Banham, Reyner, The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment.,University of Chicago Press, 1969, pp. 52-53.

2. ibid., p.72.

3. Mazria, Edward, speech presented at Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Spring 1983.

4. Bryan, Harvey, class notes, Energy Use in Buildings, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Department of~ArchTtecture, Spring, 1982.

5. Banham, Reyner, op.cit., p.17 8 .

6. Lovins, Amory, Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace Harper andRow, 1979, p.38.

7. Yergin, Daniel, "Conservation: The Key Energy Source", in EeyFuture: Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School,Stobaugh, Robert and Yergin, Daniel, ed.~~Tandom House, 1979,T .

8. Maidique, Modesto A., "Solar America", in Energy Future,op.cit., p.1 8 7.

9. American Institue of Architects, Energy in Design: Techniques, ALevel 2 Workshop of the AIA Energy Professional Development Program,1981, p.2.13.

62

A Brief Overview of Thermal Performance Prediction Methods

1. Amercian Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-ConditioningEngineers, Inc., ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals, ASHRAE, 1981, chap.23, 24t 25,26.

2. Givoni, B., Man Climate and Architecture, Van Nostrand ReinholdCompany, 1969, pp.137-8

3. Bryan, H., St.Clair, C., and Seremitis, C., "QUIKPAS: AMicrocomputer Based Tool For Passive Solar Design", Proceedings of theEigh National Passive Solar Conference, Sante Fe, New Mexico,September, 1983, p.83.

4. DOE-2 Program Manual, Volume III, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,U.S. Department of Energy,1979, p. 111.3

5. ASHRAE Handbook, op.cit.,p.28.7.

6. Balcomb, J. Douglas, et.al., Passive Solar Design Handbook, VolumeTwo of Two Volumes: Passive Solar Design Analysis, U.S. Department ofEnergy, 1980.

7. Bryan, Harvey and Krinkle, David, "MICROLITE I: A MicrocomputerProgram For Daylighting Design", Proceedings _f the Seventh NationalPassive Solar Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, September, 1982, p.405.

8. California Office of Appropriate Technology, MICROPAS - AMicrocomputer Program For Residentia Building Energy Analysis, User'sManual, Sacramento, California, 1982

9. Nall, Daniel H., and Arens, Edward, A., "Climate Data Abbreviationfor the Computerised Calculation of Heating and Cooling Requirements inBuildings",Energy and Buildings, II (1979), pp. 135-149.

63

The Role of Analytical Models in the Design Process

1. Bryan, Harvey J., "Development of an Integrated Daylighting DesignMethodology", Proceedings of the Eighth Passive Solar Conference,Sante Fe, New Mexico, September, 1983, p.152.

2. CALPAS3 User Manual, Berkeley Solar Group, Berkeley, California, 1982.

3. Energy Performance of Buildings Group, "Computerized InstrumentedResidential Audit", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Pub-442, version 1.0,March, 1982.

4. Bryan, Harvey J., "Development of an Integrated Daylighting DesignMethodology", op.cit.,p.149.

5. Krinkle, David L., Integration of Energy Analyses in Design Throughthe Use of Microcomputers, Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Department of Architecture, 1983, p.10.

6. Bryan, Harvey J., "Development of an Integrated Daylighting DesignMethodology", op.cit., p.149.

7. Krinkle, David L., op.cit., p.68.

The QUIKPAS Program

1. Bryan, Harvey and Krinkle, David, "MICROLITE I: A MicrocomputerProgram For Daylighting Design", Proceedings of the Seventh NationalPassive Solar Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, September, 1983,pp.403-408.

2. Krinkle, David L., Integration of Energy Analyses in Design Throughthe Use of Microcomputers, Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute ofTecihology, Department of Architecture, p.101.

65

Conclusion

1. Andersson, Brandt and Hidemark, Bengt, "M.E.P.A. - Micro-computerEnergy Programs for Architects", Royal Institute of Technology,Department of Architecture - Building Design, Stockholm, Sweden, p.2.

2. W.S. Fleming and Associates, ASjM - A Simlified Ener AnalysisMethod, Report to the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1983.

3. Krinkel, David L., Integration of Energy Analyses in pesignThrough the Use of Microcomputers, Masters Thesis, MassachusettsInstitute of~~Teclinology, Department of Architecture, p.95.

66

Bibliography

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Andersson, Brandt and Hidemar, Bengt, "M.E.P.A. - Micro-computer EnergyPrograms for Architects", Royal Institute of Technology, Department ofArchitecture - Building Design, Stockholm, Sweden.

Balcomb, J. Douglas, et.al., Passive Solar Design Handbook, Bolume Twoof Two Volumes: Passive Solar Design Analysis, U.S. Department ofEnergy, 1980.

~~~~~

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