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Based on a Series of Public Lectures, University of Indiana, Bloomington 1972
Eshel Ben-Jacob
University of Indiana at Bloomington, May 10
Why Holograms?
In the everyday world, a hologram is a special kind of photograph that generates a full three-dimensional image when it is illuminated in the right manner.
All the information describing the 3-D scene is encoded on a two-dimensional piece of film, ready to be regenerated
If you cut a hologram in half you will have 2 smaller whole images in each half.
The "whole in every part" nature of a hologram provides us with an entirely new way of understanding organization and order.
Why Holograms II.
Extraction of Relevant Information from Data
Assignment of Meaning to Information – Contextual Interpretation
Prepare for the Future by Learning from Experience
Higher Flexibility for Better Adaptability
Identification of Causal Correlations – making sense of Repetitions and Variations
Turing, the secrets of Intelligence and Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence
Einstein
His Universe
His Preserved Brain
Was it a Special Brain ?And if so, in what sense ?
Einstein
Who thought in Holograms
Einstein’s Brain
Like all of us,
Einstein’s Brain had:
~ 1011 Neurons
~ 1016 Synaptic connections
Not only Einstein, but we all generate 4-Dimensional Causal Holograms
How? and How can we prove it?
Epilepsy – the source of recorded human brain activity
Some facts:
~ 1% of the population
~ 30% need operation (usually children)
~ 40% of operations fail
~ ?% of operations cause severe damage
Recording of Brain Activity for several weeks before dissection
Subdural Grids
Recorded Brain Activity
Time
Voltage
Neurology, Surgery and Pediatrics
The University of ChicagoThe University of Chicago
Vernon L. Towle, Ph.D.Vernon L. Towle, Ph.D.
The Challenge
-
Onset
Normal (inter ictal)
Seizure (ictal)
Questions:
Looking for “function-follow-form” in action
• What causes brain cells to go into seizures?• Could epileptogenic areas be identified when brain is calm?• Can functionally distinct areas of cortex be identified?• Can information flow be tracked in the cortex?
Can we simplify the complexity ?
II.
Construction of similarity networks
The colors of the lines indicate the similarity
The Current Approach
mV
Time
123
For example C(1,2) >> C(1,3)
Computation of the inter-electrode
coherences – C(i,j)
The similarity of the activity
I.
1 2
3
Typical Results
Normal (inter-Ictal) Seizure (Ictal)
Additional Approach – Looking at similarity (correlation) matrices
(Like the analyses of gene expression data)Normal Ictal
Looking for Woozles
I. The high dimension space of correlations
II. The Associative links
III. The 4 dimensional space of maximal informationItay Baruchi
John Hunter
An N-Dimensional Space
Computing the
Correlation Distance
D(5,37)
D(37,13)
Associative Link (i,j) = Correlation (i,j)
Correlation distance (i,j)
A(i,j) ≡ C(i,j)/D(i,j)
(Affinity)
Interpretation
2
1
3
I
II
III
2
1
3
I
II
III
Correlation space Affinity space
The 3-Dimensional Space + Time of the most relevant information
3-D 1-D
The Principal 1D Vector
Illustration of the idea from 3-D to 1-D
(Principle Component Analysis ; SVD ; Structure Factorization; …)
The direction of maximal variation
The correlation space The affinity space
Geometrical Information Topological Information
Construction of the Holograms
Inter-Ictal (Normal)Connectivity Network in Real Space
Inhibitory Sub-Network
Our New AnalysisIctal
0)(
)(
WIC
CWWD
ZZC
A
AAZ
z
T
T
For the mathematically skeptics
Illustration of the significance of the three leading vectors
1+2
2+3
1+3
Looking at Larger Domains
Seizure
Normal
Clues about a new holographic principle
Intermingled and Orthogonal Causal HologramsIn
The Space of Associative Links
Baruchi and Ben-Jacob
Home made holography
But what about the brain?It has no laser diodes, no film to write on, no coherent waves, …
Coupled Unitary Networks
Meditated and Linked coupling
neurons
~ 1012 Glia Cells The missing fabric of the brainChemical waves
Mediated coupling
Linked coupling
Can the brain do it?
Can we show how?
Testing the idea in cultured networks
Testing the Idea in a
Specially Designed Experiment
Mediated networks Linked networks
Learning from cultured networks
Dissection Surgery of Coupled Cultured Networks
After Dissection !
Clues about Alzheimer
Activity of an ‘Old’ Network’ After chemical + Electrical Treatment
Hybrid Information ProcessingIn
The Neuro-Glia Fabrics
(Baruchi&Ben-Jacob, Neuroinformatics)
Next, The Role of Mitochondria – The ‘Feminine Connection’
(Ben-Jacob&Shapira, “The Cradle of Creativity”)
Mitochondria –
The Bacterial Colony inside each of our cells
A single Mitochondrion A colony of mitochondria in a glia cell
How and Where Information and Meanings are Stored?
Functional Holography of Gene - Expression
Clues about Collective Gene – Expression States ?
(with N. Barkai, Weizmann)
Clues about our hemispheres ?Lamprey
Right sideLeft side
With D. Parker Cambridge
Evolutionary Perspective
From Motor Control to Information Processing and
Intelligence
Social Intelligence ->
Analytical/Mathematical Intelligence
( with Sheffi, Ayali and Fuchs)
Summary
The secret of Einstein’s Elegant Brain – four times more glia cells in the “Inferior” part of the cortex
Glia – the Missing CPU of Our Brain
Neuro-Glia Fabrics – Hybrid Information Processing
High Dimension Space of Associative Links
Coding and Decoding of Information and Meaning in Causal Holograms
The holograms are imprinted in Collective Gene-Expression States
Applications: Epilepsy, Alzheimer, Networks-Repair, Mental Skills Improvements, …
Beyond Machinery?Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence vs. Information-Based Artificial Intelligence
Bacteria - Wednesday talk
Ask anybody what the physical world is made of, and you are likely to be told "matter and energy."
Information in the Holographic UniverseTheoretical results about black holes suggest
that the universe could be like a gigantic hologramBy Jacob D. Bekenstein
Scientific American August 2003
A current trend, to regard the physical world as made of information, with energy and matter as incidentals.
In the everyday world, a hologram is a special kind of photograph that generates a full three-dimensional image when it is illuminated in the right manner.
All the information describing the 3-D scene is encodedon a two-dimensional piece of film, ready to be regenerated.
Holography may be a guide to a better theory. What is the fundamental theory like? The chain of reasoning involving holography suggests that such a final theory must be concerned with information exchange among physical processes. If so, the vision of information as the stuff the world is made of will have found a worthy embodiment.
Boltzmann -> Hasenohrl -> Herzfeld -> Wheeler -> Bekenstein
Yet if we have learned anything from engineering, biology and physics, information is just as crucial an ingredient.
A ribosome in a cell in can synthesize no proteins without the information brought to it from the DNA in the cell's nucleus.
Likewise, a century of developments in physics has taught us that information is a crucial player in physical systems and processes. Indeed, a current trend, initiated by John A. Wheeler is, to regard the physical world as made of information, with energy and matter as incidentals.
Ask anybody what the physical world is made of, and you are likely to be told "matter and energy."
Information in the Holographic Universe
Theoretical results about black holes suggest that the universe could be like a gigantic hologram
By Jacob D. Bekenstein
Scientific American August 2003
3[ms] The action potential is transmitted along the axon at a speed of ~2m/s.
Synaptic time constants ~1ms
Neurons communicate by sending pulses of voltage
As Francis Bacon said:
“It would be an unsound fancy and self-contradictory to expect,
that things which have never yet been done can be done
except by means which never have yet been tried”