Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the diagram below, which shows Earth as seen fromabove the North Pole. The curved arrows show the direction of Earth’s motion. The shaded portionrepresents the nighttime side of Earth. Some of the latitude and longitude lines have been labeled.Points A and B represent locations on Earth’s surface.

1. If it is 4:00 p.m. at point B, what is the time at point A?2. Identify one possible date that is represented by the diagram.3. On the diagram above, draw a curved arrow, starting at point B, showing the general direction that

planetary surface winds flow between 30° N and 60° N latitude.4. Explain why the angle of insolation at solar noon is greater at point B than at point A.

Base your answers to questions 5 and 6 on thediagram below, which shows incoming solarradiation passing through the glass of a greenhouseand then striking the floor.

5. Some of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed bythe floor. Identify the type of electromagnetic energyreradiated by the floor.

6. Describe one way the glass in the greenhouse acts likethe greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

7. How many times will the Sun’s perpendicular rayscross Earth’s Equator between March 1 of one yearand March 1 of the next year?

8. The diagram below represents a beaker of water thatis being heated. As the colored dye pellet dissolves,the dye will show the movement of water in thebeaker. On the diagram, draw arrows in the water toshow the direction the colored dye will move whenthe water is heated as shown.

Base your answers to questions 9 through 11 on the data table below. A student recorded the hours ofdaylight and the altitude of the Sun at noon on the twenty-first day of every month for one year inBuffalo, New York.

9. The sky model diagram above shows the apparent path of the Sun on March 21 for an observer inBuffalo, New York. Draw a line to represent the apparent path of the Sun from sunrise to sunset atBuffalo on May 21. Be sure your path indicates the correct altitude of the noon Sun and begins andends at the correct positions on the horizon.

10. On the graph below, draw a line to represent the general relationship between the altitude of the Sunat noon and the number of hours of daylight throughout the year at Buffalo.

11. On the same sky model above, place an asterisk (*) at the apparent position of the North Star as seenfrom Buffalo.

Base your answers to questions 12 through 14 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents four apparentpaths of the Sun, labeled A, B, C, and D, observed in Jamestown, New York. The June 21 andDecember 21 sunrise and sunset positions are indicated. Letter S identifies the Sun's position on path C at a specific time of day. Compass directions are indicated along the horizon.

A) 6 a.m. B) 9 a.m. C) 3 p.m. D) 6 p.m.

12. At what time of day is the Sun at position S?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

13. The greatest duration of insolation in Jamestown occurs when the Sun appears to travel along path

A) 42° N B) 23.5° N C) 0° D) 23.5° S

14. When the Sun appears to travel along path D at Jamestown, which latitude on Earth receives the most

direct rays from the Sun?

Base your answers to questions 15 through 18 on the diagram below. The diagram represents daytimeand nighttime on Earth. Point X is a location on Earth's surface. Earth's rotational surface velocity isshown in miles per hour (mi/h) at specific latitudes.

15. On the grid below, draw a line to show the general relationship between distance from the equatorand Earth's rotational surface velocity.

16. Record, to the nearest hour, the duration of insolation at location X for one Earth rotation.17. What is Earth's rotational surface velocity, in miles per hour, at 23.5° south latitude?18. Identify the Northern Hemisphere season that is just beginning when Earth is at the position

represented in this diagram.

A) least intense and of shortest durationB) least intense and of longest durationC) most intense and of shortest durationD) most intense and of longest duration

19. Locations in California are warmest in summerbecause sunlight in summer is

20. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents Earth in its orbitaround the Sun. The position of Earth on the first day of each season is labeled A, B, C, and D.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

At which location are the Sun's noontime rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the Tropic ofCancer? (23.5° N)?

A) modifies the normal El Niño weather patternB) reflects insolation from the SunC) absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from

the SunD) deflects winds from a straight line to a curved

path

21. The ozone layer helps life on Earth because ozone

A) angle of the Sun's raysB) temperature of the Earth's surfaceC) amount of nitrogen in the atmosphereD) distance from the Earth to the Sun

22. The amount of insolation reflected from the Earth'ssurface at a particular time is most dependent on the

Base your answers to questions 23 through 25 on the graph below, which shows the amount ofinsolation during one year at four different latitudes on Earth’s surface.

A) Snowfields reflect sunlight during that time.B) Dust in the atmosphere blocks sunlight during that time.C) The Sun is continually below the horizon during that time.D) Intense cold prevents insolation from being absorbed during that time.

23. Why is insolation 0 cal/cm2/min from October through February at 90º N?

A) The daylight period is longest at the equator in June.B) Winds blow insolation away from the equator in June.C) The Sun’s vertical rays are north of the equator in June.D) Thick clouds block the Sun’s vertical rays at the equator in June.

24. Why is less insolation received at the equator in June than in March or September?

A) latitude and time of day B) latitude and time of yearC) longitude and time of day D) longitude and time of year

25. This graph shows that insolation varies with

26. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below. The field map showstemperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, taken at several locations on a blacktop parking lot in New YorkState. The temperatures were recorded at 11:00 a.m. in early June.

On the field map above, draw the 70°F and 80°F isotherms. The isotherms should be extended to theedges of the map.Base your answers to questions 27 through 30 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The graph shows changes in hours of daylight during the year at the latitudes of 0°, 30° N,50° N and 60° N.

27. Estimate the number of daylight hours that occur on January 1 at 40° N latitude.28. Identify the latitude shown on the graph that has the earliest sunrise on June 21. Include the units and

compass direction in your answer.29. Explain why all four latitudes have the same number of hours of daylight on March 20 and

September 22.

30. The graph below shows a curve for the changing length of daylight over the course of one year thatoccurs for an observer at 50° N latitude. On this same graph, draw a line to show the changing lengthof daylight over the course of one year that occurs for an observer at 50° S latitude.

A) B)

C) D)

31. Which graph best represents the intensity ofinsolation and the surface temperature for a locationat the Equator?

A) B)

C) D)

32. Which graph best represents the duration ofinsolation during the year at the Equator?

A) March 1 to May 1B) June 1 to August 1C) September 1 to November 1D) December 1 to February 1

33. In New York State, the number of hours of daylighteach day increases continuously from

Base your answers to questions 34 through 37 on the model and data table shown below. A student constructed a model to demonstrate how water isrecycled by natural processes on Earth. The model consisted of a clear plastic tent over a pancontaining a bowl of water. The model was sealed so no air could enter or leave the tent. The datatable shows the observations recorded when the model was placed in direct sunlight for 60 minutes.

34. Identify the process that caused the water level in the bowl to decrease.35. A student glues a Y-shaped piece of plastic, as shown below, near the top of the inside of the tent and

repeats the demonstration. Drops of water are seen dripping from the bottom of the Y after 60minutes. Which process of the water cycle is represented by the dripping water?

36. How much heat energy, in joules per gram, is released as water droplets are formed on the insidewalls of the tent?

37. If the model is changed and the bowl of water is replaced with a green plant, by which process wouldthe plant supply water vapor to the air inside the tent?

Base your answers to questions 38 through 40 on the passage below.

Ozone in Earth’s Atmosphere Ozone is a special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is composed of twoatoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of oxygen. A concentrated ozone layerbetween 10 and 30 miles above Earth’s surface absorbs some of the harmful ultravioletradiation coming from the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface isdirectly related to the angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun’s angle ofinsolation, the greater the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth’s surface. If the ozonelayer were completely destroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface would mostlikely increase human health problems, such as skin cancer and eye damage.

38. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth’s surface is beneficial to humans.39. Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State most

likely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun?40. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of ozone

gas exists.

A) has a lower angle of insolationB) has a higher angle of insolationC) is closer to the Prime MeridianD) is farther from the Prime Meridian

41. The graph below shows air temperatures on a clearsummer day from 7 a.m. to 12 noon at two locations,one in Florida and one in New York State.

Air temperature rose slightly faster in Florida than inNew York State because Florida

A) cools refrigerators and air-conditionersB) absorbs energy that is reradiated by EarthC) absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiationD) destroys excess atmospheric carbon dioxide

42. Ozone is important to life on Earth because ozone

A) 90° N B) 30° NC) 30° S D) 90° S

43. The diagram below shows Earth as viewed fromspace on December 21.

The longest duration of insolation on December 21will occur at

A) B)

C) D)

44. The diagrams below represent Earth's tilt on its axison four different dates. The shaded portionrepresents the nighttime side of Earth. Whichdiagram best represents the day on which the longestduration of insolation occurs in New York State?

A) visible lightB) ultraviolet radiationC) infrared radiationD) gamma rays

45. When part of the ozone layer is destroyed, radiationreaches the Earth's surface in increasing amounts.Which type of radiation increases the most?

A) the air temperature is hotB) the angle of insolation is highC) Earth's surface reflects most of the sunlightD) the Sun is closest to Earth

46. In New York State, the risk of sunburn is greatestbetween 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. on summer days because

A) shadow A B) shadow BC) shadow C D) shadow D

47. In the diagram below, a vertical post casts shadows A, B, C, and D at four different times during theday. Which shadow was cast when this location wasreceiving the greatest intensity of insolation?

A) receives less intense insolationB) receives more infrared radiationC) has less land areaD) has more cloud cover

48. The average temperature at Earth’s equator is higherthan the average temperature at Earth’s South Polebecause the South Pole

A) A and B B) B and CC) C and D D) D and B

49. The diagram below represents Earth and the Sun'sincoming rays. Letters A, B, C, and D representlocations on Earth's surface.

Which two locations are receiving the same intensityof insolation?

Base your answers to questions 50 through 52 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagrams, labeled A, B, and C, represent equal-sized portions of the Sun's rays strikingEarth's surface at 23.5° N latitude at noon at three different times of the year. The angle at which theSun's rays hit Earth's surface and the relative areas of Earth's surface receiving the rays at the threedifferent angles of insolation are shown.

A) December March June; and decreasing intensityB) December March June; and increasing intensityC) June September December; and decreasing intensityD) June September December; and increasing intensity

50. As viewed in sequence from A to B to C, these diagrams represent which months and which changein the intensity of insolation?

A) decrease B) increaseC) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease

51. As the angle of the Sun's rays striking Earth's surface at noon changes from 90° to 43°, the length of ashadow cast by an object will

A) B)

C) D)

52. Which graph best shows the duration of insolation at this location as the angle of insolation changes?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

53. The map below shows isolines of average dailyinsolation received in calories per square centimeterper minute at the Earth's surface. If identical solarcollectors are placed at the lettered locations, whichcollector would receive the least insolation?

Base your answers to questions 54 and 55 on the data table below, which shows the azimuths ofsunrise and sunset on August 2 observed at four different latitudes. Azimuth is the compass directionmeasured, in degrees, along the horizon, starting from north.

54. State the relationship at sunrise between the latitude and the azimuth.55. On the outer edge of the azimuth circle below, mark with an X the positions of sunrise and sunset for

each latitude shown in the data table. Write the correct letter code beside each X. The positions ofsunrise and sunset for 30° N have been plotted and labeled with letters A and B.

A) longitude and elevationB) latitude and elevationC) longitude and time of dayD) latitude and time of day

56. On a given day, which factors have the most effecton the amount of insolation received at a location onthe Earth's surface?

Base your answers to questions 57 and 58 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledgeof Earth science. The diagram represents a house located in New York State.

Solar Heating

Solar collectors in solar heating systems harness the power of the Sun to provide thermalenergy for heating hot water and house interiors. There are several types of solar heating systems.The best system will depend on the geographic location and the intensity of the Sun. A solarheating system saves energy, reduces utility costs, and produces clean energy. The efficiency andreliability of solar heating systems have increased dramatically in recent years.

57. Explain why solar energy can still be collected on cloudy days.58. State one advantage of using solar energy instead of burning fossil fuels to produce thermal energy

for your home.

A)

B)

C)

D)

59. In which diagram is the observer experiencing thegreatest intensity of insolation?

Base your answers to questions 60 and 61 on the table and map below. The table shows the durationof insolation, in hours, at Barrow, Alaska, on the twentieth day of each month during 2008. The mapshows the location of Barrow at 71° N 156.5° W.

60. Explain why Barrow receives 0 hours of insolation on December 20.61. On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the data for the duration of insolation at Barrow

for each date shown on the data table. Connect the plots with a line.

A) is usually closest to the SunB) reflects the greatest amount of insolationC) receives the most hours of daylightD) receives the most nearly perpendicular

insolation

62. The hottest climates on Earth are located near theEquator because this region

A) are usually farthest from the SunB) absorb the greatest amount of insolationC) receive the most hours of daylightD) receive low-angle insolation

63. Very cold climates occur at Earth’s North and SouthPoles because the polar regions

64. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams and graphs below. The diagrams showthe general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudes during bothclear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph shows the percentage of insolation reflected by theEarth's surface at different latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere in winter.

A) 100% B) 80% C) 60% D) 45%

Approximately what percentage of the insolation actually reaches the ground at 45º North latitude ona clear day?

A) the east coast of North America and the westcoast of Australia

B) the east coast of Asia and the east coast ofNorth America

C) the west coast of Africa and the east coast ofSouth America

D) the west coast of North America and thewest coast of South America

65. Which two 23.5°–latitude locations are influencedby cool surface ocean currents?

Base your answers to questions 66 through 69 on the graph below which represents the duration ofinsolation at four different latitudes on Earth on four different dates.

A) 0° B) 23 ° N C) 23 ° S D) 90° N

66. On September 23, the duration of insolation at all four locations is 12 hours. The Sun is directlyoverhead at which latitude?

A) March 21 B) June 22 C) September 23 D) December 22

67. Buenos Aires, located at 41° S, receives the shortest duration of insolation on

A) greatest at 41° N B) greatest at 41° SC) different at each of the four locations D) the same at each of the four locations

68. The total number of daylight hours during an entire year is

A) northward B) southward C) eastward D) westward

69. At solar noon on June 22, the shadow of a vertical pole in Buenos Aires would point

A) B)

C) D)

70. Which graph best represents the general relationship between latitude and average surfacetemperature?

A) 70° B) 60° C) 40° D) 25°

71. Which angle of the Sun above the horizon producesthe greatest intensity of sunlight?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

72. The diagram below indicates regions of daylight anddarkness on Earth on the first day of summer in theNorthern Hemisphere. Four latitudes are labeled A,B, C, and D.

At which latitude is the Sun above the horizon forthe least number of hours on the day shown?

Base your answers to questions 73 and 74 on the experiment description and diagram below.

A student was interested in how the angle of insolation affects absorption of radiation. Thestudent took three black metal plates, each containing a built-in thermometer, and placed them atthe same distance from three identical lamps. The plates were tilted so that the light from thelamps created three different angles of incidence with the center of the plates, as shown in thediagram. The starting temperatures of the plates were recorded. The lamps were turned on for 10minutes. Then the final temperatures were recorded.

73. The metal plate at a 90° angle of incidence represents a location on Earth at solar noon on March 21.What is the latitude of this location?

74. Explain why the metal plate at a 90° angle of incidence had a final temperature higher than the othertwo plates.

A) March 21 B) June 21C) June 21 D) December 21

75. In Maine, which day has the shortest duration ofinsolation?

A) June 21 B) July 10C) August 21 D) August 31

76. On which date does maximum insolation usuallyoccur in New Jersey?

A) B)

C) D)

77. Each of the sunbeams in the diagrams belowcontains the same amount of electromagnetic energyand each sunbeam is striking the same type ofsurface. Which surface is receiving the greatestamount of energy per unit area where the sunbeamstrikes the surface?

Base your answers to questions 78 through 80 on the diagram below, which shows the tilt of Earth onits axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locations on Earth’ssurface. Point D is located in Virginia. The dashed line represents Earth’s axis.

A) E B) B C) C D) D

78. On this day, which location has the greatest number of hours of daylight?

A) 0° B) 23 ° N C) 63 ° S D) 90° N

79. What is the latitude of location A?

A) B)

C) D)

80. Which diagram best represents the angle of the Sun’s rays received at location C at noon on this day?

81. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents four stations, A, B, C, and D, in a laboratory investigation in which equal volumes of sand at the same startingtemperature were heated by identical light sources. The light sources were the same distance fromeach station, but at different angles to the surfaces. Two thermometers were used at each station, onejust above the surface and the other just below the surface. The lights were turned on for 30 minutesand then removed for the next 30 minutes. Temperatures were recorded each minute for the 60minutes.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which station received the least intense light energy?

A) March 21, September 22, December 21B) June 21, September 22, December 21C) September 22, December 21, March 21D) December 21, March 21, June 21

82. The table below shows the duration of insolation atdifferent latitudes for three different days during theyear.

Which dates are represented most correctly by Day1, Day 2, and Day 3, respectively?

A) The Sun's rays are more nearlyperpendicular at the Equator than at thepoles.

B) The equatorial areas contain more water thanthe polar areas do.

C) More hours of daylight occur at the Equatorthan at the poles.

D) The equatorial areas are nearer to the Sun thanthe polar areas are.

83. Compared to polar areas, why are equatorial areas ofequal size heated much more intensely by the Sun?

A) receives less ultraviolet radiationB) receives more intense insolationC) has more cloud coverD) has a thicker atmosphere

84. The average temperature at Earth’s North Pole iscolder than the average temperature at the Equatorbecause the Equator

85. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which shows a post located in theNorthern Hemisphere. Five different shadows, A', B', C', D', and E', are cast on a certain day by the postwhen the Sun is in positions A, B, C, D, and E,respectively.

A) There would be no shadows at sunrise or sunset.B) There would be no shadow at solar noon.C) Shadow C' would point north at solar noon.D) Shadow C' would point south at solar noon.

Which statement would be true if this post werelocated at the Equator on March 21?

A) 0° B) 23 ° SouthC) 23 ° North D) 90° North

86. At which latitude does the Earth receive the greatestintensity of insolation on June 21?

A)

B)

C)

D)

87. Which graph best shows the general relationshipbetween the altitude of the noontime Sun and theintensity of insolation received at a location?

A) earlier in the yearB) later in the yearC) the same day of the year

88. The graph below shows the average dailytemperatures and the duration of insolation for alocation in the mid-latitudes of the NorthernHemisphere during a year.

Compared to the date of maximum duration ofinsolation, the date of maximum surface temperaturefor this location is

Base your answers to questions 89 and 90 on the diagram and table below. The diagram shows across section of a solar-energy collecting system constructed as a portion of a wall of a house. Itconsists of an energy-absorbing surface, a clear glass covering, and air ducts through the wall into thehouse. The table gives the house temperatures during a spring day. No other heat source is availablefor the house.

A) just before sunriseB) just before the time of the maximum angle of insolation for the dayC) just after the time of the maximum angle of insolation for the dayD) just after sunset

89. When did the maximum air temperature occur in the house?

A) a north-facing wall B) a south-facing wallC) an east-facing wall D) a west-facing wall

90. In Connecticut, on which exterior wall should the solar collector be placed to receive the mostinsolation?

A) early June to mid-JuneB) mid-July to early AugustC) late August to mid-SeptemberD) mid-September to early October

91. When do maximum surface temperatures usuallyoccur in the Northern Hemisphere?

92. Base your answer to the following question on thelatitude and longitude system shown below. The maprepresents a part of the Earth's surface and itslatitude-longitude coordinates. Points A through F represent locations in this area.

A) A B) E C) C D) F

Which location would have the greatest angle ofinsolation on June 21?

A) March 21 B) June 21C) September 21 D) December 21

93. In Maine, which day has the shortest period ofdaylight?

A) March 21 B) June 21C) September 23 D) December 21

94. On which day of the year would the intensity ofinsolation at Kingston, New York, most likely begreatest?

A) on June 21B) between June 21 and September 23C) on December 21D) between December 21 and March 21

95. The graph below indicates the average number ofdaylight hours and the average surface airtemperature over a 12-month period at a specificlocation on the Earth.

Based on the graph, the highest average surface airtemperature occurs

A) February B) JuneC) September D) November

96. A student in Georgia observed that the noon Sunincreased in altitude each day during the first part ofa certain month and then decreased in altitude eachday later in the month. During which month werethese observations made?

A) W B) X C) Y D) Z

97. The table below shows the duration of insolation(hours of daylight) measured by four observers, W,X, Y, and Z, at four different Earth latitudes on bothMarch 21 and June 21. There were clear skies at allfour latitudes on both days.

Which observer was located at the Equator?

A) the Equator (0°) B) 23 ° NC) 66 ° N D) 90° N

98. The diagram below shows the apparent path of theSun as viewed by an observer at a certain Earthlocation on March 21.

At which latitude is the observer located?

A) 0° and 23 ° N B) 23 ° N and 47° NC) 47° N and 66 ° N D) 66 °N and 90°N

99. On June 21, some Earth locations have 24 hours ofdaylight. These locations are all between thelatitudes of

A) Spring and fall would be cooler.B) Spring and fall would be warmer.C) Winter would be cooler.D) Summer would be cooler.

100. If Earth’s axis were tilted less than 23.5°, whichseasonal average temperature change would occurin New York State?

A) 0 B) 12 C) 18 D) 24

101. Approximately how many hours of daylight arereceived at the North Pole on June 21?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

102. The diagram below shows the apparent path of theSun for an observer in New York State.

For this observer, the intensity of insolation is least when the Sun is at point

103. Base your answer to the following question on the following map and passage. The map shows theextent of summer ice-melt zones on Greenland in 1992 and 2002. The summer melt zone is an areawhere summer heat turns snow and ice around the edges of the ice sheet into slush and ponds ofmeltwater. Three coastal locations are shown on the map.

Arctic Meltdown

Scientists are concerned because average arctic temperatures are rising. The Greenland Ice Sheet,the dominant area of continental ice in the arctic region, broke all previous records for melting in2002.In 2004, the total amount of ice resting on top of the continental crust in the arctic region was

estimated to be about 3,100,000 cubic kilometers. If all this ice were to melt, the ocean levels wouldrise approximately 8.5 meters. A reduction in ice-covered areas exposes more land surfaces. Thisincreases absorption of insolation and accelerates arctic warming. Scientists continue to collect datato define the role of greenhouse gases in the warming of the arctic region.

A) nitrogen and oxygen B) oxygen and siliconC) hydrogen and helium D) carbon dioxide and methane

Two of the greenhouse gases that may be responsible for the increased ice melting in Greenland are

A) longitude and seasonB) longitude and the Earth's average diameterC) latitude and seasonD) latitude and the Earth's average diameter

104. Which two factors determine the number of hoursof daylight at a particular location?

A)

B)

C)

D)

105. Which graph best shows the length of a shadowcast from sunrise to sunset by a flagpole in NewYork State?

A) February B) JulyC) April D) October

106. In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere,the warmest month is usually

A) September 23 and December 21B) December 21 and March 21C) March 21 and June 21D) March 21 and September 23

107. On which two dates could all locations on Earthhave equal hours of day and night?

A) March 21 B) June 21C) September 21 D) December 21

108. The graph below shows the general relationshipbetween latitude and the duration of insolation on aparticular day of the year.

Which date is represented by the graph?

A) receive mostly low-angle insolationB) receive less total yearly hours of daylightC) absorb the greatest amount of insolationD) are usually farthest from the Sun

109. The coldest climates on Earth are located at or nearthe poles primarily because Earth’s polar regions

A) decrease, onlyB) increase, onlyC) decrease, then increaseD) increase, then decrease

110. A student in North Carolina observes the altitude ofthe Sun at solar noon each day from January 1through June 1. The altitude of the Sun will

A) radio wavesB) ultraviolet radiationC) gamma radiationD) visible light

111. Ozone gas in the Earth's atmosphere helps toprotect life on the Earth. This protection is due tothe ability of ozone to absorb

A) decrease in both summer and winterB) decrease in summer and increase in winterC) increase in summer and decrease in winterD) increase in both summer and winter

112. If Earth’s axis were tilted 35° instead of 23.5°, theaverage temperatures in Vermont would mostlikely

113. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below. The field map showstemperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, taken at several locations on a blacktop parking lot in NewYork State. The temperatures were recorded at 11:00 a.m. in early June.

Explain why the surface of this parking lot usually becomes warmer from 11:00 a.m. to 12 nooneach day.

A) receive more total hours of daylightB) receive less intense insolationC) absorb a greater amount of insolationD) are farther from the Sun

114. Earth's coldest climates are near the North Pole andthe South Pole mainly because, compared to therest of Earth's surface, these regions

A) B)

C) D)

115. Which diagram shows the position of the Earthrelative to the Suns rays during a winter day in theNorthern Hemisphere?

A) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were lessconcentrated

B) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were moreslanted

C) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that weremore perpendicular to the surface

D) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays with less totalenergy

116. The diagram below shows a classroomdemonstration. Two identical flashlights wereplaced in the positions shown and they illuminatedareas of varying size, A and B, on a classroomglobe. Thermometers were then placed at the centerof each illuminated area to measure the rate oftemperature increase. Readings were taken over aperiod of 30 minutes.

Students most likely observed that the temperatureof area A increased at a

A) A B) B C) C D) D

117. The diagram below shows the noontime shadowcast by a vertical post located in New Jersey.Which letter indicates a location south of the post?

118. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below, which represents a cross section ofthe shoreline of Lake Erie.

A) rise, then fall B) fall, then riseC) rise steadily D) fall steadily

From 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. each day, the land surfacetemperature will usually

A) speed at which the Earth travels in its orbitaround the Sun

B) angle at which the Sun's rays strike theEarth's surface

C) distance between the Earth and the SunD) energy given off by the Sun

119. The factor that contributes most to the seasonaltemperature changes during 1 year in NorthCarolina is the changing

A) 0 B) 23 °NC) 55 °N D) 90°N

120. The diagram below represents Earth at a specificposition in its orbit as viewed from space. Theshaded area represents nighttime.

Which Earth latitude receives the greatest intensityof insolation when Earth is at the position shown inthe diagram?

121. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the location of the HeatEquator for July and January. A Heat Equator is a line connecting the locations of the highestaverage monthly temperatures.

A) The Heat Equator would move farther north in July and farther south in January.B) The Heat Equator would move farther south in July and farther north in January.C) Both Heat Equators would be identical to the geographic Equator at 0º latitude.D) The positions of both Heat Equators would remain in the locations shown.

What would be the effect on the positions of the Heat Equators in July and January if the tilt ofEarth's axis increased to 33.5º?

A) B)

C) D)

122. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the angle of insolation and the intensity ofinsolation?

A) northern horizon B) southern horizonC) eastern horizon D) western horizon

123. To an observer in Pennsylvania, the Sun appears torise each day somewhere along the

A) at A B) between B and CC) between D and A D) at D

124. The diagram below shows Earth revolving aroundthe Sun.

At which location in Earth's orbit will themaximum surface temperatures occur in Earth'sNorthern Hemisphere?

A) longitudeB) latitudeC) diameter of EarthD) distance from the Sun

125. Which factor has the greatest influence on thenumber of daylight hours that a particular Earthsurface location receives?

A) It decreases steadily.B) It increases steadily.C) It remains the same.D) It first increases and then decreases.

126. What happens to the angle of insolation on June 21between solar noon and 6 p.m. in New York State?

A) partially melted snowfieldB) blacktop parking lotC) white sand beachD) lake surface

127. Equal areas of which surface will absorb the mostinsolation?

A) B) C) D)

128. The diagram below shows the position of the Earthin relation to rays of light from the Sun. A, B, and C are three positions on the Earth's surface.

Which graph best shows the relationship betweenintensity of insolation and position on the Earth'ssurface?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

129. The diagram below shows the noontime shadowcast by a vertical post located in New York State.

Which letter indicates a location west of the post?

A) fewer hours of daylight and receiveslow-angle insolation

B) fewer hours of daylight and receiveshigh-angle insolation

C) more hours of daylight and receives low-angleinsolation

D) more hours of daylight and receiveshigh-angle insolation

130. In New York State, summer is warmer than winterbecause in summer New York State has