Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the documents below and your knowledge of social studies.

"Nicholas of Cusa was a Cardinal, mathematician, and humanist during the 15th century, making hima contemporary of Alberti. In 1440, Cusanus's work On Learned Ignorance asserted his belief thatmathematics could be used metaphorically to describe God. Learned ignorance was the notion thatman is ignorant because he cannot fully comprehend God due to His omnipotent and omniscientnature, but learned because man knows that he cannot fully comprehend God. In essence, manunderstands the concept of God, but does not understand how God works. Mathematics provided themodel that Cusanus used to explain God because Cusanus regarded mathematics as absolute truth. Hebelieved that math could be used to explain God because its laws were 'fixed and certain', but alsononphysical and 'abstract', both of which are characteristics of God (Cusa 101). Cusanus began hismodel with the infinite straight line because the straight line was the easiest geometrical form tograsp... Even though man has no concept of infinity, he understands the idea of an infinitely straightline. Cusanus claimed that man understood God in the same way. Leonardo da Vinci eventuallyincorporated some of the ideas of Cusanus into his painting of the Last Supper....In theory, the vanishing point of a painting is infinitely far away, thus forming an infinitely straightline into the horizon. In the Last Supper, the vanishing point is located behind Christ's head,symbolizing Christ's divinity. In addition, the fact that Christ's body is in the shape of an equilateraltriangle allows the viewer to associate Christ's body with the infinite triangle discussed by Cusa whilesymbolizing the Holy Trinity.... All of these methods, while keeping to Leonardo's belief innaturalism, are carefully selected to demonstrate to the viewer how Christ is the visual center of thepainting, the narrative center of the painting, and that he is divine and infinite."- D'Agostino, Daniel. "Cusanus, Leonardo and the Last Supper".http://evergreen.loyola.edu/brnygren/www/Honors/leonardo.htm>.

A) attempts to portray people and objects as realistically as possibleB) attempts to evoke the emotions of the painting's subjectsC) portrays Jesus Christ as an ordinary person instead of a divine figureD) uses a Biblical scene to convey a political message

1. Da Vinci's Last Supper is an example of naturalism because it

A) mannerism B) oil paintingC) distortion D) geometric perspective

2. The use of a vanishing point is part of which of these artistic techniques?

3. Base your answer to the following question on the documents below and your knowledge of European history.

"The image [below] is an actual frontal view of David, as he coolly yet menacingly awaits Goliath, hissling at the ready over his shoulder and his face full of disdain. With this lighting, he actually appearsto be sneering at the giant. The message of the sculpture is clearly, 'You [Goliath, and by extension,Caesar Borgia and any other potential enemy of the Florentine Republic] are dead meat!'...Both the location and orientation of the statue were hotly debated at a famous meeting held in Florenceon January 25, 1504. According to an important article about the meeting by Saul Levine (1974), wemay discern, in the frontal view depicted [below], 'aspects that are active, aggressive and evenmenacing. These culminate in the head with its terribilità and intensely staring eyes directed to adangerous and threatening Goliath. In the political crisis of Florence during this period, there can belittle doubt as to which forces constituted the symbolic Goliath. Although the immediate danger ofBorgian expansionist policy had abated by the time of the 1504 meeting, the republican elements werestill disturbed by the considerably increased power of the Medicean exiles who were always intriguingto overthrow the anti-Medicean Signoria and restore their despotic control over the city. Where theenergies of the Medicean Goliath continued to be expended in anti-Florentine schemes was to thesouth, in Rome.In front of the Palazzo Vecchio where it was ultimately placed, David did indeed engage its Goliath tothe south. Its head constitutes its most meaningful and expressive feature, full of symbolic politicalassociations that had significance for contemporary viewers. The placement of the figure obviouslydetermined the direction of its gaze, and as a result the orientation of head and face was undoubtedly afactor influencing the choice of site.'"McCulloch, J. Huston. "David: A New Perspective". 7 June 2007.http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/david/David.htm>

A) It conveys a political message artistically and was sculpted in Italy.B) It honors a ruler of ancient Greece.C) It uses a Biblical figure as its subject.D) It glorifies a human individual and draws inspiration from classical models.

How does Michelangelo's David embody humanist ideas?

4. Base your answer to the following question on "thepicture below.

"

A) columnsB) archesC) religious imageryD) exploration of the human formE) vivid colors

Calunnia by Sandro Botticelli

The painting above contains typical Renaissancecharacteristics in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A) I only B) I, IIC) I, IV D) II, IIIE) I, II, IV

5. Base your answer on the picture below.

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

The paintings of Botticelli,such as the one shownabove, are best known for

I. vivid use of colorsII. religious imageryIII. realistic subject matterIV. classical mythological themes

A) lead an active lifestyle with effortless dignityB) pursue careers in sportC) focus on one profession to made their life

effectiveD) seek powerful positions so that they can control

their livesE) are ruthless with no regard for their actions, only

for their end

6. Baldassare Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier advised men to

7. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and your knowledge of Europeanhistory.

"For the humanists, history was closely linked to politics, and Machiavelli's two famous politicaltreatises, The Prince, and Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, reflect the author'slifelong political commitments. … Both works draw examples from Machiavelli's personal experienceas a public official and diplomat and also from his reading of history, both modern and classical.Despite his undeserved reputation as an apologist for despotism, neither work betrays the strongcommitment to republicanism expressed in his record as an active politician. A careful reading even of The Prince shows that Machiavelli never regarded authoritarian rule as an ideal form of government oras anything more than a transitional expedient when society was so disorganized that a regime basedon citizen participation was impossible. Although his study of history had convinced him that constantchange is the rule of life and that no human institution lasts forever, in the Discourses he demonstratedthat a 'balanced' constitution in which a strong executive, an aristocracy of wealth and talent, and themasses of the people who share power, such as he imagined the Roman republic to have been, was themost likely to combine a fair degree of social justice with durability.Even in The Prince, despite his frequent aspersions on the timidity and selfishness of ordinary people,Machiavelli insists that popular support is a strong ruler's only reliable foundation. His warning thatwhile a ruler can safely acts in ways that make the people fear him, he must never act so that thepeople hate him, is just one of the many hints in The Prince that the overriding goal of any governmentis not the personal welfare of the ruler but the welfare of the whole community... Machiavelli is nofriend of democracy, which he associates with disorder; but his preference for a regime in which poweris broadly distributed and is not left in the hands of a single individual or a tightly closed aristocracy isquite clear. It is an unspoken endorsement of exactly the type of reformed Florentine republic that hispatron Piero Soderini attempted to establish. The limitations he imposes even on a prince demonstratealso the error of the widely held notion that Machiavelli endorsed political immorality or amorality.Very clear moral limits are placed on any ruler who wants to garner the popular support necessary forsurvival. Cruel deeds that the prince inflicts only for his own personal gain or pleasure are destructiveof political stability because they engender active hatred and so endanger the political system. There isa lively concern for political morality in this descendant of the moralistic tradition of civic humanism,but the moral restrictions on a ruler are not identical to the moral code by which a private individual isrequired to live."- Nauert, Charles. Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe. Cambridge University Press,2006. p.79-80.

A) He opposed democracy.B) He based his political and moral philosophy on his study of classical texts.C) He had a negative view of human nature.D) He believed rulers should not act immorally.

Which of these characteristics of Machiavelli is most closely associated with humanism?

A) control transportation systems in their countryB) act in their own political interestsC) regulate commerce coming through its portsD) patronize artists and writers to create a cultureE) conduct war in order to open up new trading

interests

8. Niccolo Machiavelli explained in The Prince thatsuccessful governments

A) The Medici familyB) The Borges familyC) The Hapsburg familyD) The Bourbon familyE) The Castiglione family

9. Which powerful Renaissance family controlledFlorence?

10. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and your knowledge of Europeanhistory.

". . . the cultivated Christian lady has no need in the study of this weighty subject to confine herselfto ecclesiastical writers. Morals, indeed, have been treated of by the noblest intellects of Greece andRome. What they have left to us upon Continence, Temperance, Modesty, Justice, Courage, Greatnessof Soul, demands your sincere respect. You must enter into such questions as the sufficiency of Virtueto Happiness; or whether, if Happiness consist in Virtue, it can be destroyed by torture, imprisonmentor exile; whether, admitting that these may prevent a man from being happy, they can be further saidto make him miserable. Again, does Happiness consist (with Epicurus) in the presence of pleasureand the absence of pain: or (with Xenophon) in the consciousness of uprightness: or (with Aristotle)in the practice of Virtue?But we must not forget that true distinction is to be gained by a wide and varied range of such studiesas lead to the profitable enjoyment of life, in which, however, we must observe due proportion in theattention and time we devote to them. First amongst such studies I place History: a subject which must not on any account be neglectedby one who aspires to true cultivation. For it is our duty to understand the origins of our own historyand its development; and the achievements of peoples and of kings. For the careful study of the pastenlarges our foresight in contemporary affairs and affords to citizens and to monarchs lessons ofincitement or warning in the ordering of public policy. From History, also, we draw our store ofexamples of moral precepts."- Leonardo Bruni, On Studies and Letters, c. 1423

A) humanism B) Catholicism C) Protestantism D) Marxism

The belief that studying a wide variety of texts can make a person more virtuous is most commonlyassociated with

A) the power of an individual to connect with GodB) individual accomplishments and heroes in

historyC) individual rule over city-statesD) depictions of mostly individuals in Renaissance

artE) the act of living alone in a contemplative

lifestyle

11. Renaissance individualism emphasized

A) Northern Italy was wealthy because of its rolein trading between Europe and the East

B) Northern Italy knew and prided itself on its roleduring the Roman empire

C) Political interactions left room for merchantsand bankers to take over Italian city-states

D) Men fleeing the falling Byzantine Empire camewith ideas

E) the reformed Church decided to renew interestby commissioning more secular works

12. All of the following were causes of the RenaissanceEXCEPT

A) Catholicism had a pope and bishops, whileLutheranism had only bishops.

B) Catholicism believed in transubstantiation, butLutheranism did not.

C) Catholicism believed in salvation via goodworks, while Lutheranism believed in salvationvia faith.

D) Catholicism believed in the bible and medievalpractices, while Lutheranism believed on in thebible as scripture.

E) Catholicism did not believe in predestination,while Lutheranism did.

13. All of the following are differences betweenLutheranism and Catholicism in the sixteenthcentury EXCEPT

A) the peasants of Germany were in position totake some power from their feudal lords

B) this greatly influenced the development of theGerman language

C) the Holy Roman Emperor lost most of hiscontrol over Germany

D) Luther’s attempts at reform spread to the Popeand other religious figures

E) Luther was excommunicated and brought to theDiet of Worms

14. One impact of the translation of the Bible intoGerman by Martin Luther was that

A) supported the revolts because it would helpspread his basic religious tenets.

B) opposed the revolts and supported the nobilityin destroying them.

C) was indifferent towards the revolts, believingall violence to be evil.

D) supported the revolts because the peasantsencapsulated the essence of his doctrines.

E) opposed the revolt because he thought thepeasants did not believe in Christ.

15. What was Martin Luther’s position towards thepeasant revolts of 1524 and 1525? He

A) renounced his views in exchange for thetoleration of some of his beliefs

B) was excommunicated, but allowed to live onhis own in his native Prussia

C) was further condemned and deemed an outlawby the church

D) did not attend to avoid being executed by thechurch

E) was protected by the King of England who hadrejected the church himself

16. At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther

A) Martin LutherB) John CalvinC) John TetzelD) Desiderius ErasmusE) Thomas More

17. The position that sinners could be saved by thepurchase of indulgences would most likely be takenby

A) the practice of selling indulgencesB) Marin Luther’s belief about salvationC) extracting money from patrons for Christian

painting and sculptureD) Desiderius Erasmus’ writings about humanismE) Catholic church positions on releasing criminals

18. “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul frompurgatory springs.” This quote refers to

A) Geneva B) FranceC) Scotland D) EnglandE) the Netherlands

19. John Knox led the Reformation movement in

A) Methodism B) PresbyterianismC) Baptism D) AnglicanismE) Mennonites

20. The Church of England marked the beginning ofwhat religious denomination?

A) were overhauled in a manner similar toCalvinism

B) paralleled those of Zwingli in SwitzerlandC) conformed to most medieval church practicesD) were vague and allowed different varieties of

ProtestantismE) adopted the Lutheranism of Germany

21. Under Henry VIII, the beliefs of the Church ofEngland

A) it would not sanction his divorce fromCatherine of Aragon

B) it refused to enforce England’s claim on CalaisC) it excommunicated Henry over his support for

LutherD) the pope rejected Henry’s belief in abandoning

medieval practicesE) Henry VIII refused to have his treasury fund the

pope

22. Henry VIII split from the Catholic church because

A) Calvinists did not believe in predestination,while Anabaptists did

B) Calvinists were mostly workers and peasants,while Anabaptists were primarily nobles

C) Calvinists believed in the union of church andstate, while Anabaptists did not

D) Calvinists believed in keep medieval practices,while Anabaptists did not

E) Calvinists were centered in Germany, whileAnabaptists were centered in Switzerland

23. One difference between Calvinists and Anabaptistswas that

A) belief in the doctrine of predestinationB) rejection of most of the practices of the

medieval churchC) belief that church and state should be unitedD) Calvinism was centered in GenevaE) Calvinist was the most tolerant of the

reformation sects

24. All of the following are true about CalvinismEXCEPT

A) education B) tolerationC) predestination D) transubstantiationE) faith alone

25. Calvinism focused on belief in

A) end several of the seven sacramentsB) change the nature of the worship of saintsC) curtail the sale of church officersD) reduce the need of good works for salvationE) reform the practice of transubstantiation

26. One reform conducted by the Council of Trent wasto

A) Capuchins B) TheatinesC) Ursulines D) JesuitsE) Anabaptists

27. Ignatius of Loyola founded what CounterReformation order?

A) The Counter Reformation sought to prevent anyreform of the church by outsiders.

B) The Counter Reformation’s singular purposewas to crush Protestantism out.

C) The Counter Reformation attempted to bothreform the church and crush Protestantism.

D) The Counter Reformation attempted to applyLuther’s reforms to the church.

E) The Counter Reformation preventedProtestantism from taking over a significantamount of territory until the latter half of theseventeenth century.

28. Which of the following statements accuratelydescribes the Counter Reformation?

A) Northern Europe adopted Protestantism.B) Religious wars broke out of Europe for over a

century.C) The unity of Western Christianity was

shattered.D) Germany became a major power in European

politics.E) Protestantism justified nationalism by making

the church subordinate to the state.

29. All of the following are results of the ReformationEXCEPT

A) affirmed that the church was subordinate to thestate

B) persuaded Germans that they shared a beliefsystem

C) capitalized on German cultural normsD) allowed its adherents to worship both the

church and the stateE) encouraged those who functioned in religious

affairs to involve themselves in politics

30. Lutheranism justified nationalism because it

A) practiced more toleration towards individualdifferences of opinion than had Catholicism.

B) preached that an individual had direct contactwith God without an intermediary.

C) taught predestination, which meant that thenobility could not control the fate of peasants.

D) allowed peasants to rebel when the governmentwhich they were under was unjust.

E) took away all the showy symbols ofCatholicism which made it untenable topeasants.

31. How did Protestantism developed in theReformation contribute to the growth ofindividualism? Protestantism

A) Anglicanism B) CalvinismC) Lutheranism D) MethodismE) Anabaptism

32. The Huguenots in France most closely adhered towhich religious belief system?

A) temporarily retained the Catholic characterinstilled by Mary

B) reverted to Lutheran beliefs in which the stateand the church are unrelated

C) retained some Catholic aspects but becameProtestant

D) abandoned all Catholic facets in exchange forstrict Protestantism

E) ceased to be a major power in English affairs

33. Under Elizabeth, the Church of England

A) It made Germany the primary rival of France.B) It created deep divisions which hindered

German unification.C) It made Germany a strong military power

during the seventeenth century.D) Prussia became the strongest province of

Germany.E) Lutheranism received a large backlash after the

Reformation ended.

34. What long-term effect did the Peace of Augsburghave on Germany?

A) a group of Northern traders which bandedtogether to protect routes

B) a defensive alliance formed to protect Lutheranrulers

C) the alliance of Britain, Austria, and Prussia tofight Louis XIV’s France

D) the grouping of Papal states in the NorthernItaly

E) an Eastern European trading group centered inthe Ottoman Empire

35. The Schmalkaldic League was

A) brutal repression of the peasants killing over70,000

B) an agreement to accept Lutheranism inGermanic provinces

C) the creation of CalvinismD) concessions by the nobility to land for peasantsE) better living conditions for peasants but no land

36. One result of the peasant rebellion in 1524 and 1525was

A) Lutheranism and Catholicism could bepracticed throughout Germany

B) Lutheranism was the official religion ofGermanic states

C) the particular region would govern whichreligion was followed

D) Catholicism was the official religion of theGermanic states

E) any religion with believe in Christ was tolerated

37. After the Peace of Augsburg was signed,

A) Protestantism became the dominant religion inFrance.

B) Protestantism and Catholicism were allowed toremain, although Protestantism receivedseveral special privileges.

C) Catholicism was the only religion tolerated inFrance.

D) Protestantism and Catholicism were bothallowed, although nearly all Protestantism wascentered in Paris.

E) Protestantism and Catholicism were bothallowed, but Henry IV converted toCatholicism to control the country.

38. Which best describes the state of religion in Franceafter the wars of religion in the sixteenth century?

A) convert Northern Europe back to CatholicismB) take over Sweden’s empireC) reduce the power of the HapsburgsD) take control of the line of secession in SpainE) reverse its financial decline

39. France entered the Thirty Years’ War in order to

A) the Holy Roman Emperor and the Germanprinces

B) Spain and FranceC) France and EnglandD) the Austrians and the PrussiansE) Sweden and Russia

40. The Peace of Prague was made by

A) the issuing of the Edict of RestitutionB) the invasion of Western Germany by FranceC) the death of Swedish King Gustavus AdolphusD) the defenestration of PragueE) Cardinal Richelieu’s support of the Protestants

41. After the Danish period, the Thirty Years’ War couldhave ended if not for

A) the Peace of Augsburg was reinstated withCalvinism as an option

B) Switzerland and Holland were madeindependence states

C) the Edict of Restitution was revokedD) German princes were made sovereign rulersE) France, Sweden and Spain received territory

42. All of the following are terms of the Treaty ofWestphalia EXCEPT

A) became far more powerful than they had beenbefore the war, which would spur Germany onin the Industrial Revolution.

B) were now all independent rulers, which delayedunification until the nineteenth century.

C) now could choose among Lutheranism,Calvinism, and Catholicism, ensuringdivisiveness and war among Germany foryears.

D) now each controlled their own province whichmeant they had to defend themselves and eachbecame military strongholds

E) were often not as competent as the priorEmperor, and thus Germany’s growth wasstagnated.

43. How did the Thirty Years’ War affect Germanypolitically? The German princes

A) revoked and Catholicism was the only religionoffered for German princes

B) reinstated as it was before the warC) reinstated allowing CalvinismD) expanded to include Calvinism and

AnglicanismE) to include any religion supporting Jesus’

divinity

44. How did the Treaty of Westphalia impact the Peaceof Augsburg? The Peace of Augsburg was

A) the Holy Roman Emperor defeating theBohemian protestants

B) Gustavus Adolphus coming in on the side of theProtestants

C) the Spanish forces taking PrussiaD) Denmark prince Christian IV invading

GermanyE) Austrian Lutherans capturing the Holy Roman

Emperor’s forces

45. The Bohemian stage of the Thirty Years’ War endedwith

A) believed his power was a divine rightB) engaged in frequent warC) presided over a golden age in cultureD) was a child upon coming to the throneE) ended toleration of Protestants

46. King James I of England was similar to Louis XIVof France in that he

A) her failure to prepare England for future warsB) her Catholic leanings which set the nation in

motion for a Civil WarC) her failure to produce a successorD) her constant entanglements with France which

bankrupted the treasuryE) her inability to deal with rebellions from

Scotland

47. One of the major criticism of Elizabeth I’s reign asQueen of England was

A) allowed them the same level of toleration theyhad been granted under Henry IV

B) destroyed their fortresses and decreased theirpower, but still gave them some religioustoleration

C) repealed their rights completely, revoking theEdict of Nantes

D) allowed them to practice their religion, but onlyin a few select cities

E) gave them more rights in order to weaken theCatholic nobility

48. How did Cardinal Richelieu’s policies affect theHuguenots? He

A) Wealthy merchantsB) NobilityC) ClergyD) PeasantsE) Colonialists

49. Cardinal Richelieu’s tax policies hurt which class themost?

A) pass an act which instituted official tolerationof the Huguenots

B) convert to Roman Catholicism to take ParisC) improve the strength of the monarchyD) engage in war with the Holy Roman Empire for

ItalyE) appoint the Duke of Sully as finance minister

50. During his reign, Henry IV of France did all of thefollowing EXCEPT

A) the pagan practices of the AztecsB) the power of the Aztec Sun GodC) Catholic oppression of the AztecsD) the powerful influence of Catholic missionariesE) the spiritual guidance of the Conquistadors

51. Base your answer on the picture below.

Battle Between Aztecs and Conquistadors

The use of religious imagery in the above paintingemphasizes

A) Jacques Cartier – FranceB) John Cabot – EnglandC) Francisco Pizarro – PortugalD) Hernando Cortes – SpainE) Francis Drake – England

52. All of the following explorers are matched correctlywith the country they sailed for EXCEPT

A) wheat and ryeB) tomatoes and potatoesC) corn and figsD) dates and peppersE) cucumbers and limes

53. New fruits and vegetables introduced to Europe fromthe Americas included

A) Approximately eighty percent of NativeAmericans died from disease.

B) Spain acquired large quantities of gold andsilver from Peru.

C) Many new fruits and vegetables wereintroduced to Europe.

D) Many English settled in North America.E) France held the most colonial territory.

54. All of the following are results of fifteenth andsixteenth century exploration and conquestsEXCEPT:

A) diseaseB) tribal warsC) conflict with the conquistadorsD) battle with English settlersE) working in gold and silver mines

55. The leading cause of death among the NativeAmericans after European exploration was

A) Portugal B) SpainC) France D) EnglandE) the Netherlands

56. Which nation dominated exploration by sea in thefifteenth century?

A) strict hierarchies were formed between peasantsand lords

B) power is measured by the accumulation of goldand silver

C) trade and industry is paramountD) tariffs were seen as impeding growthE) cotton and other cash crops became exceedingly

valuable

57. Mercantilism was an economic system in which

A) the import of gold and silver from the AmericasB) European takeover of the Ottoman empire in

the EastC) population growthD) constant religious warfareE) divisions between the nation-states of Europe

58. The primary cause for inflation during the sixteenthcentury was

A) EnglandB) SpainC) FranceD) the Dutch RepublicE) Sweden

59. The European country with the largest fleet devotedto trade in the seventeenth century was

A) lands that had been idle since the Black Deathwere cultivated

B) larger, more efficient farms formed in EnglandC) peasants and laborers were converted to serfs in

Eastern EuropeD) the growth of trade and industryE) domination of trade by the Dutch

60. All of the following were results of populationgrowth in Europe during the sixteenth centuryEXCEPT

A) eggs B) breadC) beans D) potatoesE) rice

61. The food staple in Europe during the sixteenth andearly seventeenth centuries was

A) had very few consequences for the people ofEurope

B) were limited to Northern EuropeC) progressed on astronomy, but not math or

physicsD) were totally inaccurate until the EnlightenmentE) mainly were conducted during the first half of

the seventeenth century

62. Although Scientific Revolution discoveries madegreat progress in explaining the world, they

A) France B) EnglandC) Portugal D) SpainE) Scotland

63. Settlers from which country were most likely tosettle in the New World during the seventeenthcentury?

Base your answers to questions 64 and 65 on the passage below and your knowledge of socialstudies.

“In 1620, around the time that people first began to look through microscopes, an English politiciannamed Sir Francis Bacon developed a method for philosophers to use in weighing the truthfulness ofknowledge. While Bacon agreed with medieval thinkers that humans too often erred in interpretingwhat their five senses perceived, he also realized that people's sensory experiences provided the bestpossible means of making sense of the world. Because humans could incorrectly interpret anythingthey saw, heard, smelled, tasted, or felt, Bacon insisted that they must doubt everything beforeassuming its truth.In order to test potential truths, or hypotheses, Bacon devised a method whereby scientists set upexperiments to manipulate nature, and attempt to prove their hypotheses wrong. For example, in orderto test the idea that sickness came from external causes, Bacon argued that scientists should exposehealthy people to outside influences such as coldness, wetness, or other sick people to discover if anyof these external variables resulted in more people getting sick. Knowing that many different causesfor sickness might be missed by humans who are unable or unwilling to perceive them, Bacon insistedthat experiments must be consistently repeated before truth can be known: a scientist must show thatpatients exposed to a specific variable more frequently got sick again, and again, and again.”Wolford, Kathryn. "Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution". Khan Academy.

A) Human senses are too inaccurate to correctly understand the world.B) The Bible is the sole source of truth in the world.C) Diseases have internal and supernatural causes.D) Repeated experimentation is the only way to verify knowledge.

64. Francis Bacon's scientific method of experimentation was based on which of these traditional beliefsof medieval Europeans?

A) Scientists lacked support from political leaders.B) The technology needed to quickly make copies of new scientific texts didn't yet exist.C) Ancient texts were considered the best source of information.D) The Catholic Church opposed Francis Bacon's experimental scientific method.

65. Which of these best explains why traditional understandings of the natural world persisted after theScientific Revolution began?

66. Base your answer to the following question on thepassage below and your knowledge of social studies.

"There is talk of a new astrologer who wants toprove that the earth moves and goes around insteadof the sky, the sun, the moon, just as if somebodywere moving in a carriage or ship might hold that hewas sitting still and at rest while the earth and thetrees walked and moved. But that is how things arenowadays: when a man wishes to be clever he mustneeds invent something special, and the way he doesit must needs be the best! The fool wants to turn thewhole art of astronomy upside-down. However, asHoly Scripture tells us, so did Joshua bid the sun tostand still and not the earth."-Martin Luther, 1539

A) It contradicted Christian doctrine and requiredthe use of new technology by astronomers suchas Galileo and Newton to verify it.

B) It was only written in Latin and was neverwidely printed.

C) It was accepted by Protestants and could onlybe popularized by Isaac Newton once theCatholic Church had been weakened in Europe.

D) It postulated the existence of other solarsystems, which had not yet been discovered.

Which of these best explains why the heliocentricmodel developed by Copernicus was not widelyaccepted for over a century?

A) a belief in the free will of manB) skepticism of ideas that can doubtedC) encouraging men to free themselves of religionD) existentialism in which man is on his ownE) positivism in which a benevolent God grants

salvation

67. Rene Descartes’ philosophy can best be described as

Base your answers to questions 68 and 69 on the image below and your knowledge of Europeanhistory.

The Third Estate (commoners) being crushed by the First (clergy) and Second Estate (nobility).

A) It increased the economic power of the Third Estate, leading to social conflict.B) It contributed to France's financial crisis because the government couldn't levy enough taxes. It

also contributed to France's social problems by placing the tax burden on its poorest citizens.C) The First and Second Estates, angered that they had to pay more in taxes, began to violently

clash with the Third Estate.D) The French government built up a large budget surplus as a result of tax hikes on the Third

Estate. Disagreements over how to spend this surplus led to social conflict between the Estates.

68. How did French tax policy help cause the French Revolution?

A) Members of the clergy and nobility paid the same amount in taxes as the commoners, despitebeing much wealthier.

B) The tax burden was divided equally between the Three Estates.C) Unlike the Third Estate, the First and Second Estates had to pay taxes.D) All commoners were liable to pay taxes, but the clergy and nobility could claim immunity.

69. Which of these best describes the French tax system prior to the French Revolution?

A) bring him to Paris where they could watch himmore closely

B) imprison him at VersaillesC) make him sign a contract respecting the

AssemblyD) kidnap his children and wifeE) position a group of guards by him

70. During the women’s bread riots of 1789, the womenfelt that the surest way to make sure Louis XVIIIrespected the National Assembly was to

A) monarchy up to 1789B) National Assembly governmentC) Valois dynasty up to Henry of NavarreD) Third Republic up to the defeat during World

War IIE) French Republic up to the Congress of Vienna

71. The Ancien Regime in France was the

A) malaise caused by French military defeats toAustria

B) Thermidorian Reaction to the Reign of TerrorC) radical revolt against the food shortagesD) storming of the BastilleE) reaction by the clergy and the peasants against

the secularization of Catholicism

72. The National Convention was brought about mostimmediately by the

A) More democratic nations like England and theNetherlands supported it, while Easternabsolutist nations like Austria and Russia wereagainst it.

B) Nations throughout Europe opposed therevolution and soon formed coalitions and wentto war against it.

C) Eastern autocratic nations went to war againstit, while western nations only spoke against it.

D) Nations throughout Europe opposed therevolution but were unwilling to take anyaction against it.

E) Northern Protestant nations supported therevolution, but Southern and Eastern Catholicnations opposed it.

73. How did the rest of Europe react to the outbreak ofrevolution in France in 1789?

74. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and your knowledge of Europeanhistory.

On the Committee of Public Safety:"[Danton] said practically, 'This Committee is precisely what we want, a hand to grasp the weapon ofthe Revolutionary Tribunal.'It was [Maximin] Isnard that formulated the idea, but it was [Georges] Danton that baptised it 'ADictator.' It was at midnight that he spoke, and he closed his short speech just on the turn of themorning of the 5th of April [1793]. That very day a year later the Dictator seized him, and his ownTribunal put him to death.On the 5th of April, the next day, in the evening, we begin to get those large measures and rapidwhich came with the new organ of power. And Danton speaks with a kind of joy, and demands atonce such measures as only a dictatorship can produce - calling all the people to the defence, fixing amaximum upon the price of bread, even the first mention of a levée en masse. The air is full of such aspirit as you get in an army, the certitude that with discipline and unity and authority all things can bedone. On the following day, the 6th, the Committee was chosen, and on the 7th the names were readout, which showed that power had finally passed from the Girondins to those whom they had rejectedat the moment when France was forgiving everything for the sake of Jemappes. The Convention, inneed of men of action, had been forced to abandon its own leaders and to turn to Danton."Belloc, Hilaire. Danton: A Study. 1899. p. 210.

A) The Revolutionary government becoming increasingly more conservativeB) The Revolutionary government was secure and stableC) The Revolutionary government's commitment to moderate liberalismD) The Revolutionary government becoming increasingly more radical

The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and the later execution of Georges Dantondemonstrates which of the following?

A) Reign of TerrorB) international threat to FranceC) Declaration of the Rights of ManD) corruption of the National AssemblyE) opposition to the church

75. The radicalization of the French Revolution from theLegislative Assembly to the National Conventionwas spurred on most directly by the

A) leading the French Army during the FrenchRevolutionary War

B) heading the Committee of Public Safety duringthe Reign of Terror

C) storming the Bastille and beginning the militaryRevolution

D) creating the French Revolutionary calendarE) attempting to establish France as a

constitutional monarchy

76. Maximilien Robespierre was best known for

A) aristocrats B) peasantsC) royalty D) foreignersE) bourgeoisie

77. The majority of people executed during the Reign ofTerror were

A) Constitutional monarchyB) RepublicC) Military DictatorshipD) OligarchyE) Monarchy

78. The National Convention created what type ofgovernment in Revolutionary France?

A) they were outvoted in the National AssemblyB) the Directory was establishedC) the Jacobins took over the National ConventionD) Napoleon overthrew the Directory in a coup

d’etatE) France became a constitutional monarchy

79. The Girondists initially lost their power when

A) working class radicals in the French RevolutionB) supports of Louis Napoleon in the July

MonarchyC) Huguenots who fought for Henry of NavarreD) Vietnamese rebels who fought the FrenchE) French fascists who worked for Vichy

80. Sans-culottes were