Baring-Gould. The lives of the saints. 1897. Volume 13

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    i *Nov. i.] dll Saints. 7their intercession with God; on the contrary, she declaresemphatically that we only entreat their prayers in order toobtain benefits from God through His only-begotten SonJesus Christ, our sole Redeemer and Saviour.

    " This belief and teaching of the Catholic Church on theinvocation of Saints, and on their intercession, in no waymilitates against the doctrine that we are redeemed by JesusChrist alone, and that we receive from God help towards theattainment of our salvation only through the merits of JesusChrist. The intercession of the saints in light no moreinterferes with the sole mediation of Christ, than does theintercession of a mother for her child when both are onearth. Nor does the invocation of a saint in heaven con-tradict that doctrine any more than the request of a childin temptation or danger made to living father or mother topray for him." Nor do Catholics put the saints in the place of Christwhen they act in accordance with the teaching of the Church.For 1, we do not subject ourselves to the saints, nor placeourselves in the relation to them in which we stand to God,on Whom alone we depend, and before Him alone we acknow-ledge our littleness, weakness, and unworthiness. But weesteem and value the saints, as aforesaid, on account of theirtrue struggles after virtue, and of their having wrought deedswell-pleasing to God, and as standing in close favour withHim in eternal felicity. 2. We do not desire or expect of thesaints that they shall communicate anything to us of theirown, nor that they shall give us good or drive away evil ; butwe call on their co-operation with us in prayer to God, thatGod may give us what we wish for and desire, if it be usefuland good for us, through the merits of Jesus Christ. 3. Wealso do not expect that God will grant us that for which wepray through the merits of the saints, but through the meritsof Jesus Christ His Son, our Lord. And, lastly, we pray, 4,

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    * *Nov tj 6". Austre?nonius. 2

    There were many Jews in Auvergne, and Austremoniusgreatly incensed them by converting and baptizing the sonof one of their principal rabbis. The father, in a rage, killedhis son, and flung the body down a well. S. Austremoniuswent in procession to the well with incense and lights, andrecovered the body of the Jewish youth, who is veneratedunder the title of S. Lucius. At this time he was called tothe deathbed of his disciple S. Marius, who was living in thevalley of Jornens. He went to see him, accompanied byhis priest Nectarius and his archdeacon Mammetus. Heburied S. Marius, and raised a church over his tomb at thecost of the faithful of the neighbourhood, and consecratedit with great pomp. He received also from the nobles ofthe neighbourhood estates, which they gave for the endow-ment of this church.From thence he went to Compendiac, where he dedicateda church to S. Michael, and enriched it with representa-

    tions of the whole celestial hierarchy.On his way back to Issoire he was waylaid by the Jew

    whose son he had baptized, and his head was struck off bythe Jew, and thrown down a well. Mammetus, his arch-deacon, ran away and hid in a cave.

    S. Urbicius came with great pomp and buried the saint'sbody. His head was traced to the well by the drops ofblood that had fallen from it, and was recovered. Thepeople shouted for the " cutting off of the Jews from amongthe Christians," but the author of the Life fails to tell us ifthis led to a massacre of them.

    In considering this Life, we are struck at once with theincongruity of the events recorded with the date given toS. Austremonius. In the 1st century, long before the perse-cutions of Decius and Diocletian, at the time, however, ofthat of Marcus Aurelius, S. Austremonius is building churches,endowing monasteries, conducting solemn processions, with

    *

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    *^=

    3. IDDA. OP TOGGENBERG. After Cahicr. Nov. 3.

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    *-98 Lives of the Saints. [Novcontrite. But though she could forgive him, his passioncast a chill on her heart; she loved, but she dreaded him.With gentleness she bowed before the storm, and pitied

    her husband the infirmity which he seemed unable to over-come. She went daily to the convent of Fishching, or thechapel of the Mother of God, "in der Au," there to pray forgrace to bear her trouble, and for help for her husband toresist his besetting sin.

    Their marriage was not blessed with children, and thisfilled the count with discontent. It chafed his spirit tothink that the rich valley of Toggenburg would pass at hisdeath to a relative, and not to a son of his own. His dis-satisfaction found its vent in unjust reproaches heaped onhis much-enduring wife. She passed as an angel of lightamong his servants and subjects, remedying, as far as lay inher power, the wrongs he had done them, or the accidentsthat had befallen them, winning everywhere their love, asshe had before won the love of the poor in her father'shome.

    There was an Italian in the retinue of the count who wasmoved by the beauty of Idda to a guilty passion. Shenoticed his offensive attentions, and avoided meeting himas much as possible. She did not like to speak to her hus-band, lest he should blaze forth in one of his paroxysms ofpassion and kill the Italian Dominic.One day, as Idda was on her way through the wood to the

    chapel of Our Lady, Dominic rushed out of the bushes,and flinging his arms round her, poured forth the burningwords of his lawless passion. She cried for help, and a ser-vant, Cuno, hearing her call, ran up and delivered her fromthe Italian. To save the man's life, she forbade Cuno tomention the circumstance to his master, and she maintainedsilence thereon herself. Dominic, instead of feeling gratefulfor this, sought an opportunity of revenging himself.

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    -*Nov. 4.] >S. Charles Borromeo. 1 1

    In 845 Methodius, hearing that S. Joannicus was dying, wentto see the old man, and recommended himself to his prayers.Joannicus felt himself honoured by this visit, and foretoldthat the patriarch would speedily follow him. The saintlyanchorite died a.K the age of eighty-one, on the 4th ofNovember, in the sixth year of the Emperor Michael, 846,and S. Methodius died of dropsy, eight months after, on the14th of June, 847.

    S. CHARLES BORROMEO, ABP.(a.d. 1584.)

    [Roman Martyrology. Canonized by Paul V., Nov. 1, 1610. Au-thorities :A Life by Augustino Valerio, Cardinal Bishop of Verona,pub. in 1586, at Verona. "Vita et Obitus S. Caroli Borromasi, auct.Joanne Franc. Bononi, Vercellensi Episc." Colon. 1587. A Life inItalian by J. P. Giussano, Rome, 1610. " De Vita et rebus gestis CaroliBorromsei. . . . lib. septem ; Carolo A. Basilicopetri auctore,"Ingolst. 1592. These biographers knew him personally. Bononi hasalso " Borromseidos libri quatuor," Mediol. 1589, a Latin poem on thelife of S. Charles. Also the letters of S . Charles, and his other writings."Vie de S. Charles Borromee, par Antoine Godeau," Paris, 1663."La Vie et l'Esprit de S. Charles Borromee, par le Pere Touron,"Paris, 1 76 1, &c]

    Charles, or Carlo Borromeo, was born in the castle ofArona, on the Lago Maggiore, on October 2nd, 1538. Hisfather was Gilberto Borromeo, Count of Arona, of ancientillustrious family. His mother was of a family which hadrecently raised itself to notice, she was named Margharitadi Medici. The story of her family is curious.

    Bernardino di Medici was an industrious, but poor, tax-collector in Milan. 1 His sons were Giangiacomo andGiovani Angelo. The former adopted the trade of arms, the

    1 Hieron. Soranzo, Relatione di Roma.* &

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    latter devoted himself to study. Giangia( mo, naturallyreckless and enterprising, had rendered himself useful to thethen rulers of Milan, by ridding them of one of the Viscontifamily, called Monsignorino, who was their rival ; but nosooner was this murder accomplished than those who haddesired it were anxious to be delivered of the tool they hademployed. To this end they sent the young man to thecastle of Mus, on the Lake of Como, with a letter to thegovernor, containing orders for the immediate death of thebearer. Giangiacomo, suspicious of evil, opened the letter,saw what was prepared for him, and at once resolved on themeasures to be taken. He gathered a number of trusty com-rades, gained admission to the castle by means of the letterhe bore, and succeeded in taking possession of it. Fromthat time he assumed the position of an independent prince.Secure in his fortress, he kept the Milanese, Swiss, andVenetians, who were his neighbours, in perpetual activity byhis ceaseless incursions. After a time he took the whitecross, and entered the Imperial service. He received thetitle of Marchese di Marignano, served as chief of artillery inthe war against the Lutherans, and commanded the Em-peror's forces at Siena. His shrewdness was not inferior tohis daring ; his undertakings were invariably successful, buthe was altogether without pity ; many a wretched peasant,who was attempting to carry provisions into Siena, he de-stroyed with his iron staff. Scarcely was there a tree far andnear on which he had not caused some one of them to behanged. It was computed that he had put to death at leastfive thousand men.The advance of his brother Giovani Angelo had kept pacewith his own. This last took the degree of doctor-of-laws,

    and gained some reputation as a jurist ; he then purchasedan office in Rome, and rapidly acquired the confidence ofPaul III. When the Marchese di Marignano, his brother,

    & *

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    -*Nov. 8.] 6". Godfrid. 211

    Emperor Henry V. If ever it be unpresumptuous to tracethe retributive justice of God in the destiny of one man, itmay be acknowledged in the humiliation of Pope Paschal II.by the Emperor Henry V. The Pope, by his continualsanction, if not by direct advice, had trained the youngemperor in his inordinate ambition and his unscrupulousavidity for power. He had not rebuked his shamelessperfidy or his revolting cruelty ; he had absolved him fromthe great irrepealable obligations of nature and the divinelaw. A rebel against his sovereign and his father, he hadmet with encouragement in his rebellion, had been stimulatedto revolt by the Head of the Church, who should have re-strained and rebuked him. If Paschal suffered the result ofhis own lessons, if he was driven from his capital, exposedto personal sufferings so great as to compel him to retracthis own infallible decrees at the dictation of the Emperor, hehad not much right to compassion.The wretched question of investitures was that which

    brought them into conflict. As long as the Church wasunendowed with territory, so long no question of the sortcould have arisen. But in Germany especially the bishopsand great abbots were princes holding large lands, withpower of life and death thereon, levying armies, and in-triguing against the Emperor. If they constituted part ofthe empire, it was requisite that they should recognize thatthey were subject to the Emperor, and that they were notindependent sovereigns. Their spiritual office they derivedfrom God, but their temporal principalities they receivedfrom the emperor. This they were disposed to forget.Nearly half Germany was in the hands of princely ecclesias-tics, and their disloyalty and rebellion against Henry IV.had brought him to ruin. Henry V., though he had takenadvantage of this in his revolt against his father, was notdisposed to allow the same forces to operate, or risk the

    -*

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    * *not. is.] S.Leopold. 341church at Maria-Zell in Styria. The peace of the county-was troubled by an invasion by the Hungarians underStephen II. Leopold marched to the defence of his fron-tiers, and defeated the invaders. A few years later theHungarians again attacked Austria, and Leopold againdefeated them, this time with such crushing effect as almostto destroy the whole army, and to reduce the king to suehumbly for peace.When Henry V. died, in n 25, the Bavarians endeavoured

    to obtain the imperial crown for Leopold, but failed, andthe Saxons obtained it for Lothair. Perhaps the mostsignal testimony to the merits of Leopold and his love ofpeace is, that in the stirring times of Henry V., when Ger-many was convulsed with civil wars, and in the reign ofLothair, when the empire was in like manner torn by faction,Leopold is not mentioned by the chroniclers. He took nopart in these disputes, he neither sided with the Pope againstthe emperor, nor with Henry V. against the Pope, and heremained firm in his allegiance to Lothair against the in-terests of his stepson Conrad.1 He died, the beloved of hispeople, on November 15, 1136, and was buried at Kloster-Neuburg. His skeleton, the head crowned with an arch-ducal coronet, resting on a red satin pillow, is exhibitedabove an altar in the church at Neuburg.He is represented in margrave's or archduke's apparel,holding a church.

    1 When Henry IV. was excommunicated, and his son Henry incited to takeup arms against him by Paschal II., Leopold took part with the son in his un-natural rebellion against his father, but he afterwards did penance to expiate whathe felt, in spite of the Papal benediction and sanction, was wrong.

    * *

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