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prijtck Gbbini`f Qcpgrts*

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Trgtcntivc Ng*& Ijn*& `jk Ogmj Kgc5 `jk issuijl `j grkcr gb rcbcrcjnc*

!Ij grkcr tg cst`afism prih` b`nic cjtitfchcjt tg suhh`ry ouklhcjt ij ` bgrcnfgsurc `ntigj& `

pf`ijtibb hust suahit tmc hgrtl`lc `jk ujp`ik jgtc& `fgjl witm cvikcjnc gb kcb`uft*! -N`pstgjc

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h`ec ` prih` b`nic smgwijl gb cjtitfchcjt tg ouklhcjt `s ` h`ttcr gb f`w& tcjkcrijl subbinicjt

cvikcjnc tg kchgjstr`tc tmc `ascjnc gb `jy h`tcri`f issucs gb b`nt*! -^cc @fv`rcz v TrgspcntMgsp*& 2= JY1k >14& >1; U09=2X*) Tf`ijtibb hust tcjkcr !cvikcjti`ry prggb ij `khissiafc bgrh*!

-^cc _unecrh`j v Jcw Ygre& ;9 JY1k 33<& 321 U09=4X*)

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tg ac cjtitfck tg rcficb*! -LQT Fg`j& FFN v [`yfgr& 93 @K>k `t 00<>*) Mcrc& ij tmcir Rcribick

@jswcr& kcbcjk`jts N`rf Kc`jc `jk Ocssc Kc`jc -tmc !Kc`jc Kcbcjk`jts!) `ffclc `s ` ^cngjk

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@bbirh`tivc Kcbcjsc tm`t !Tf`ijtibbs UsinX * * * f`ne st`jkijl `jk n`p`nity tg suc `jk `rc ujejgwj

nrckitgrs tg Kcbcjk`jts! -scc Rcribick @jswcr ² 3*)

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`hgujt kuc*! -NTFQ >103 UbX*) [mc prggb hust cst`afism ` prih` b`nic n`sc* -^cc \`ffcy v

Fc`tmcrstgneijl Mc`ftmn`rc& FFN& <9 @K>k 01>2& 01>= U>k Kcpt 1404X5 Lrccj v Kgfpmy

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044 JY1k 21& <0 U144>X U!vi`afc n`usc gb `ntigj!X*) ![mcrc is jg h`jk`tgry hijistcri`f kuty tg

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@K>k 2>1& 2>; U1k Kcpt 1400X Uijtcrj`f qugt`tigj h`res `jk nit`tigj ghittckX*) U/>X

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kishiss tmc nghpf`ijt& tmc kcbcjk`jt is kcchck tg m`vc !w`ivck tmc kcbcjsc gb f`ne gb 

st`jkijl*! -^cc M^AN A`je S^@& J*@* v [`mcr& 04; @K>k =03& =0< U1k Kcpt 140>X*)

Ij tmc ngjtcxt gb ` hgrtl`lc bgrcnfgsurc `ntigj& !st`jkijl! hust hc`j cjtitfchcjt tg cjbgrnc

tmc jgtc `jk hgrtl`lc* Gjc hilmt qucstigj wmctmcr ` pf`ijtibb wmg is jgt cjtitfck tg cjbgrnc tmc

jgtc `jk hgrtl`lc smgufk ac `afc tg gat`ij ` ouklhcjt ay kcb`uft& wmcrc`s tm`t pf`ijtibb wgufk

ac rcquirck tg h`ec ` prih` b`nic smgwijl gj its cjtitfchcjt tg cjbgrnc wmcrc it scces suhh`ry

 ouklhcjt `l`ijst ` kcbcjk`jt wmg hcrcfy r`iscs tmc issuc* [m`t is& mgwcvcr& tmc nurrcjt f`w ij

tmc ̂ cngjk Kcp`rthcjt*

@s rcncjtfy suhh`rizck ay tmc ^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt?

!Ij grkcr tg nghhcjnc ` bgrcnfgsurc `ntigj& tmc pf`ijtibb hust m`vc ` fcl`f gr cquit`afc ijtcrcst

ij tmc suaocnt hgrtl`lc * * * @ pf`ijtibb m`s st`jkijl wmcrc it is agtm tmc mgfkcr gr `ssiljcc gb tmc

suaocnt hgrtl`lc `jk tmc mgfkcr gr `ssiljcc gb tmc ujkcrfyijl jgtc prigr tg nghhcjnchcjt gb 

tmc `ntigj witm tmc bifijl gb tmc nghpf`ijt * * * Citmcr ` writtcj `ssiljhcjt gb tmc ujkcrfyijl jgtc

gr tmc pmysin`f kcfivcry gb tmc jgtc prigr tg tmc nghhcjnchcjt gb tmc bgrcnfgsurc `ntigj is

subbinicjt tg tr`jsbcr tmc gafil`tigj& `jk tmc hgrtl`lc p`sscs witm tmc kcat `s `j ijscp`r`afc

ijnikcjt*! -LQT Fg`j& FFN v [`yfgr& 93 @K>k `t 00<> Uijtcrj`f qugt`tigj h`res `jk nit`tigjsghittckX Uchpm`sis ̀ kkckX*)

!@s ` lcjcr`f h`ttcr& gjnc ` prghissgry jgtc is tcjkcrck tg `jk `nncptck ay `j `ssiljcc& tmc

hgrtl`lc p`sscs `s `j ijnikcjt tg tmc jgtc*! -A`je gb Jcw Ygre v ^ifvcracrl& =2 @K>k 1<;& 1=4

U1k Kcpt 1400*) !Ay ngjtr`st& ` tr`jsbcr gb tmc hgrtl`lc witmgut tmc kcat is ` juffity& `jk jg

ijtcrcst is `nquirck ay it,*! -Ik* Uqugtijl Hcrritt v A`rtmgfine& >2 JY ;;& ;3 -0=2<)X*) !U@Xj

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`ssiljhcjt gb ` jgtc `jk hgrtl`lc jcck jgt ac ij writijl `jk n`j ac cbbcntu`tck ay pmysin`f

kcfivcry*! -Ik*)

[mis `ntigj rcsts gj `j @koust`afc Q`tc Jgtc k`tck @prif 1<& 1443 ij tmc prijnip`f `hgujt gb 

+>;4&444& cxcnutck ay tmc Kc`jc Kcbcjk`jts ij b`vgr gb QAN Hgrtl`lc Nghp`jy -!Jgtc!)& `jk&

`s scnurity bgr p`yhcjt gb tmc Jgtc& ` Hgrtl`lc gb tmc s`hc k`tc gj rc`f prgpcrty `t 9>03

^nmcjne ^trcct& Arggefyj* [mc Jgtc w`s spcni`ffy ijkgrsck& witmgut ` k`tc& tg tmc grkcr gb 

OTHgrl`j Nm`sc A`je& J*@*& `s [rustcc* [mc Hgrtl`lc ikcjtibick Hgrtl`lc Cfcntrgjin Qclistr`tigj

^ystchs& Ijn* -!HCQ^!) !`ntijl sgfcfy `s ` jghijcc bgr Fcjkcr `jk Fcjkcr,s sunncssgrs `jk

`ssiljs&! `jk `s !Hgrtl`lcc gb Qcngrk*!

Ij its Nghpf`ijt& pf`ijtibb [mc A`je gb Jcw Ygre Hcffgj `ffclcs tm`t it is !tmc gwjcr `jk mgfkcr gb 

tmc jgtc `jk hgrtl`lc acijl bgrcnfgsck! -scc Nghpf`ijt& BIQ^[)& `jk tm`t tmc hgrtl`lc w`s

`ssiljck tg it !ay `ssiljhcjt k`tck tmc 0<tm k`y gb Oujc& 1449! -scc ik*& [MIQK*) Tf`ijtibb 

suahits witm tmis hgtigj ` ngpy gb `j @ssiljhcjt gb Hgrtl`lc k`tck Oujc 0<& 1449 brgh HCQ^

tg Tf`ijtibb& tr`jsbcrrijl tmc Hgrtl`lc livcj ay tmc Kc`jc Kcbcjk`jts tg QAN Hgrtl`lc

Nghp`jy* [mc @ssiljhcjt gb Hgrtl`lc kgcs jgt purpgrt tg `ssilj tmc ujkcrfyijl Jgtc& jgr is

tmcrc `jy smgwijl tm`t HCQ^ wgufk m`vc m`k tmc pgwcr gr `utmgrity tg kg sg* -^cc A`je gb Jcw

Ygre v U/;X^ifvcracrl& =2 @K>k `t 1=0(=1*) [mcrc is jg cvikcjnc gb !HCQ^,s rilmt tg& gr

pgsscssigj gb& tmc `ntu`f ujkcrfyijl prghissgry jgtc! -scc ik* `t 1<9)& `jk& ib a`sck gjfy upgj

tmc @ssiljhcjt gb Hgrtl`lc& Tf`ijtibb wgufk f`ne st`jkijl tg h`ijt`ij tmis bgrcnfgsurc `ntigj -scc

ik* `t 1=>*)

Tf`ijtibb `fsg suahits mgwcvcr -0) cxncrpts brgh ` Tggfijl `jk ^crvinijl @lrcchcjt k`tck `s gb 

Oufy 0& 1443 `hgjl ^trunturck @ssct Hgrtl`lc Ijvcsthcjts II Ijn* `s !Kcpgsitgr&! OT Hgrl`j

Nm`sc& J`tigj`f @ssgni`tigj `s ![rustcc&! \cffs B`rlg A`je& J`tigj`f @ssgni`tigj `s !H`stcr

^crvincr! `jk !^cnuritics @khijistr`tgr&! `jk CHN Hgrtl`lc Ngrpgr`tigj `s !^cffcr!5 ` ngpy gb `j

@lrcchcjt gb Qcsilj`tigj `jk @ssuhptigj k`tck `s gb Gntgacr 0& 1442 ay `jk `hgjl OTHgrl`j

Nm`sc& J`tigj`f @ssgni`tigj `s !Qcsiljijl [rustcc! `jk [mc A`je gb Jcw Ygre `s !^unncssgr

[rustcc!5 `jk `bbik`vit gb @jlcf` Bryc& kcsnriack `s !` Rinc Trcsikcjt Fg`j Kgnuhcjt`tigj bgr

\cffs B`rlg A`je& J*@* * * * k'a'` @hcrin`s ^crvinijl Nghp`jy& `s scrvinijl `lcjt bgr [mc A`je

gb Jcw Ygre Hcffgj& be` [mc A`je gb Jcw Ygre `s ^unncssgr ij ijtcrcst tg OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc A`je

J@ `s [rustcc bgr ^trunturck @ssct Hgrtl`lc Ijvcsthcjts II Ijn* Ac`r ^tcrjs @F[(@ [rust 1443(

<& Hgrtl`lc T`ss([mrgulm Ncrtibin`tcs& ̂ crics 1443(<*!)

Jcitmcr tmc `bbik`vit gb @jlcf` Bryc& jgr tmc `bbirh`tigj gb ngujscf& jgr ngujscf,s hchgr`jkuh

gb f`w& `ttchpts tg kcsnriac tmc tr`js`ntigjs purpgrtckfy rcbfcntck ij tmc suahittck `lrcchcjts&

jgr kgcs `jy gb tmch nitc tg spcnibin f`jlu`lc gr prgvisigjs tm`t purpgrtckfy m`vc tmc fcl`f

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cbbcnts `snriack tg tmch ij ngjnfusgry b`smigj* Ijkcck& tmc nursgry trc`thcjt gb tmc st`jkijl

qucstigj ij tmc hchgr`jkuh gb f`w cvikcjncs ` hisujkcrst`jkijl gb tmc lcjcr`f f`w gb jclgti`afc ijstruhcjts ij its cqu`tigj gb tmc st`tus `s !mgfkcr! tg hcrc pgsscssigj gb tmc

ijstruhcjt -scc Tf`ijtibb,s Hchgr`jkuh gb F`w ij ^uppgrt gb its Hgtigj bgr ^uhh`ry Ouklhcjt

`jk tg @hcjk tmc N`ptigj Jujn Trg [ujn U!Tf`ijtibb,s Hchgr`jkuh!X `t <(=*)

[mc ngrc gb tmc f`w gb jclgti`afc ijstruhcjts is bgujk ij @rtinfc > gb tmc Sjibgrh Nghhcrni`f

Ngkc& `kgptck ij Jcw Ygre ij 0921 -!JYSNN!*) Ij 0994& [mc J`tigj`f Ngjbcrcjnc gb 

Nghhissigjcrs gj Sjibgrh ^t`tc F`ws prgpgsck ` rcvisigj gb @rtinfc > tm`t m`s accj `kgptck ij

`ff gb tmc st`tcs cxncpt Jcw Ygre* @hcjkhcjts tg Qcvisck @rtinfc > wcrc prgpgsck ij 1441& `jk

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L`aricf v Egst& 1440 JY ^fip Gp ;41== USX UNiv Nt& Eijls Ngujty 1440X*)

Jcw Ygre,s vcrsigj gb @rtinfc > kgcs jgt ij tcrhs kcbijc !st`jkijl! gr gtmcrwisc sct gut tmgsc

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JYSNN § >(04; U1X U`X)& tmc twg hgst nghhgj bgrhs gb jclgti`afc ijstruhcjts* Qcvisck SNN

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!tmc mgfkcr gb tmc ijstruhcjt! -scc Qcvisck SNN § >40 UiX)& `jk !` jgjmgfkcr ij pgsscssigj gb 

tmc ijstruhcjt wmg m`s tmc rilmts gb ` mgfkcr! -scc Qcvisck SNN § >40 UiiX*)

[mc ngjncpt gb ` ! mgfkcr! `jk tmc rcf`tck ngjncpt gb !jclgti`tigj! `rc ncjtr`f tg gjc gb tmc

ujiquc bc`turcs gb tmc f`w gb jclgti`afc ijstruhcjts& i*c*& tmc ngjncpt gb !mgfkcr ij kuc ngursc!

-scc U/3XJYSNN § >(>41) `jk tmc ihhujity brgh nf`ihs `jk kcbcjscs tm`t nghcs witm tm`t

st`tus -scc JYSNN § >(>43*) ![mc mgfkcr gb `j ijstruhcjt * * * h`y * * * cjbgrnc p`yhcjt ij mis

gwj j`hc*! -^cc JYSNN § >(>40*)

@ !mgfkcr! is !` pcrsgj wmg is ij pgsscssigj gb * * * `j ijstruhcjt * * * issuck gr ijkgrsck tg mih

gr tg mis grkcr gr tg ac`rcr gr ij af`je*! -^cc JYSNN § 0(140 U14X*) !Jclgti`tigj is tmc tr`jsbcr

gb `j ijstruhcjt ij sunm bgrh tm`t tmc tr`jsbcrcc acnghcs ` mgfkcr*! -JYSNN § >(141 U0X*) [mc

hcnm`jish gb jclgti`tigj kcpcjks upgj tmc bgrh ij wminm tmc ijstruhcjt w`s grilij`ffy h`kc gr

kr`wj& gr ij wminm it m`s accj suascqucjtfy ijkgrsck -scc JYSNN § >(14;*) [mus& !UiXb tmc

ijstruhcjt is p`y`afc tg grkcr it is jclgti`tck ay kcfivcry witm `jy jcncss`ry ijkgrschcjt5 ib 

p`y`afc tg ac`rcr it is jclgti`tck ay kcfivcry*! -JYSNN § >(141 U0X*)

Mcrc& tmc Jgtc wmcj h`kc w`s p`y`afc tg tmc grkcr gb QAN Hgrtl`lc Nghp`jy -scc JYSNN § >(

004 U0X)& `jk w`s spcni`ffy ijkgrsck tg OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc A`je& J*@* `s [rustcc -scc JYSNN § >(

14; U0X*) @ssuhijl tm`t tmc Jgtc w`s `fsg kcfivcrck tg OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc& tmc Jgtc w`s

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jclgti`tck tg OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc& wminm acn`hc its mgfkcr `jk cjtitfck tg cjbgrnc it* !Kcfivcry! gb 

` jclgti`afc ijstruhcjt !hc`js vgfujt`ry tr`jsbcr gb pgsscssigj*! -^cc JYSNN § 0(140 U0;X*)

!@jy ijstruhcjt spcni`ffy ijkgrsck acnghcs p`y`afc tg tmc grkcr gb tmc spcni`f ijkgrscc `jk

h`y ac burtmcr jclgti`tck gjfy ay mis ijkgrschcjt*! -JYSNN § >(14; U0X*) @ssuhijl& tmcrcbgrc&

kcfivcry tg OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc A`je& J*@*& burtmcr jclgti`tigj& `jk ngjbcrrijl gb st`tus `s mgfkcr gb 

tmc Jgtc& rcquirck tmc ijkgrschcjt gb OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc A`je& J*@*& citmcr tg tmc grkcr gb 

`jgtmcr spcni`f ijkgrscc& gr ij af`je& witm jg p`rtinuf`r ijkgrscc& ij tmc f`ttcr n`sc tr`jsbgrhijl

tmc Jgtc tg `j ijstruhcjt p`y`afc tg ac`rcr tm`t ngufk ac burtmcr jclgti`tck !ay kcfivcry `fgjc!

-scc JYSNN § >(14; U1X*)

It is nfc`r tm`t pf`ijtibb [mc A`je gb Jcw Ygre Hcffgj m`s jgt cst`afismck tm`t it is tmc mgfkcr gb 

tmc Jgtc* [mcrc is jg ijkgrschcjt gj tmc Jgtc ay OT Hgrl`j Nm`sc A`je& J*@*& `jk Tf`ijtibb 

suahits jg cvikcjnc tm`t tmc Jgtc w`s cvcr kcfivcrck ay tmc ijkgrscr& QAN Hgrtl`lc Nghp`jy&

tg tmc ijkgrscc& sg tm`t it ngufk ac burtmcr ijkgrsck `jk jclgti`tck ay tmc ijkgrscc*

It is `fsg nfc`r& mgwcvcr& tm`t ` pcrsgj jcck jgt ac tmc mgfkcr gb `j ijstruhcjt ij grkcr tg ac `

pcrsgj cjtitfck tg cjbgrnc it* @s jgtck `agvc& `j ijstruhcjt h`y `fsg ac cjbgrnck ay !`

jgjmgfkcr ij pgsscssigj * * * wmg m`s tmc rilmts gb ` mgfkcr! -scc Qcvisck SNN § >40 UiiX*)

![r`jsbcr gb `j ijstruhcjt vcsts ij tmc tr`jsbcrcc sunm rilmts `s tmc tr`jsbcrgr m`s tmcrcij*!

-JYSNN § >(140 U0X*)

Jcw Ygre,s @rtinfc > kgcs jgt ngjt`ij ` kcbijitigj gb !tr`jsbcr*! Qcvisck SNN § >(14> -`)prgvikcs& !@j ijstruhcjt is tr`jsbcrrck wmcj it is kcfivcrck ay ` pcrsgj gtmcr tm`j tmc issucr bgr

tmc purpgsc gb livijl tg tmc pcrsgj rcncivijl kcfivcry tmc rilmt tg cjbgrnc `j ijstruhcjt*! ![mc

rilmt tg cjbgrnc `j ijstruhcjt `jk gwjcrsmip gb tmc ijstruhcjt `rc twg kibbcrcjt ngjncpts&! witm

gwjcrsmip !kctcrhijck ay prijnipfcs gb tmc f`w gb prgpcrty& ijkcpcjkcjt gb @rtinfc >*! -^cc

Nghhcjt 0 tg Qcvisck SNN § >(14>*) @ssuhijl ` tr`jsbcr !bgr v`fuc! -scc JYSNN § >(>4>)& ib 

tmc ijstruhcjt is jgt tmcj p`y`afc tg ac`rcr& tmc tr`jsbcrcc m`s !tmc spcnibin`ffy cjbgrnc`afc

rilmt tg U/2Xm`vc tmc ujqu`fibick ijkgrschcjt gb tmc tr`jsbcrgr&! aut !UjXclgti`tigj t`ecs cbbcnt

gjfy wmcj tmc ijkgrschcjt is h`kc `jk ujtif tm`t tihc tmcrc is jg prcsuhptigj tm`t tmc

tr`jsbcrcc is tmc gwjcr*! -^cc JYSNN § >(140 U>X5 scc `fsg JYSNN § >(>4< U1X*)

F`jlu`lc ij rcncjt ^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt kcnisigjs nrc`tcs sghc qucstigj `s tg wmctmcr kcfivcry

gb tmc ijstruhcjt ay tmc mgfkcr& `jk& tmcrcbgrc& pgsscssigj ay tmc put`tivc tr`jsbcrcc& is

jcncss`ry tg cjtitfc tmc put`tivc tr`jsbcrcc tg nf`ih tmc rilmts gb tmc mgfkcr& ijnfukijl

cjtitfchcjt tg cjbgrnc tmc ijstruhcjt* @s qugtck `agvc& it is s`ik tm`t !U`X pf`ijtibb m`s st`jkijl

wmcrc it is * * * tmc mgfkcr gr `ssiljcc gb tmc ujkcrfyijl jgtc prigr tg nghhcjnchcjt gb tmc

`ntigj! -scc LQT Fg`j& FFN v [`yfgr& 93 @K>k `t 00<> Uchpm`sis `kkckX*) \itmgut ` kcbijitigj gb 

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-===) ;90  „ ><;0ijbgDhgrtl`lcnghpfi`jncijvcstil`tgrs*ngh  

tr`jsbcr& @rtinfc > kgcs jgt cxprcssfy `kkrcss tmc qucstigj* Sjkcr Qcvisck @rtinfc >& tmc gjfy

gnn`sigjs bgr `ffgwijl ` pcrsgj jgt ij pgsscssigj gb `j ijstruhcjt tg cjbgrnc it `rc wmcrc tmcijstruhcjt m`s accj fgst& kcstrgyck gr stgfcj& gr wmcrc tmc ijstruhcjt m`s accj p`ik ay hist`ec

`jk tmc p`yhcjt is rcngvcrck* -^cc Qcvisck SNN § >(>40 UiiiX& §§ >(>49& >(;0= UkX*)

Burtmcr nghpfin`tijl tmc issuc gb cjtitfchcjt tg cjbgrnc `j ijstruhcjt `rc tmc st`tchcjts&

qugtck `agvc& tm`t !UcXitmcr ` writtcj `ssiljhcjt gb tmc ujkcrfyijl jgtc gr tmc pmysin`f kcfivcry

gb tmc jgtc * * * is subbinicjt tg tr`jsbcr tmc gafil`tigj! -scc LQT Fg`j& FFN v [`yfgr& 93 @K>k `t

00<> Uijtcrj`f qugt`tigj h`res `jk nit`tigj ghittckX)5 `jk tm`t !`j `ssiljhcjt gb ` jgtc * * *

n`j ac cbbcntu`tck ay pmysin`f kcfivcry! -scc A`je gb Jcw Ygre v ^ifvcracrl& =2 @K>k `t ;3*)

Jcw Ygre,s Sjibgrh Nghhcrni`f Ngkc spc`es gb !tr`jsbcr! gb ` jclgti`afc ijstruhcjt tm`t is jgt

` jclgti`tigj -scc JYSNN § >(140)& `s kik tmc Jclgti`afc Ijstruhcjts F`w gj wminm it w`s

a`sck -scc Jclgti`afc Ijstruhcjts F`w § <9& qugtck ij Hcucr v Tmcjix J`t* A`je& 9; @K >>0&

>>;(>3 U0st Kcpt 094;X& `bb,k 0=> JY 300 U0943X)& wmifc Jcw Ygre ngurts m`vc spgecj prih`rify

ij tcrhs gb !`ssiljhcjt&! `s kik& `pp`rcjtfy& tmc nghhgj f`w !f`w(hcrnm`jt*! @jk sg& !UwXmcj *

* * U` jclgti`afc X ijstruhcjt is tr`jsbcrrck aut witmgut `j ijkgrschcjt& it is trc`tck `s ` nmgsc

ij `ntigj `ssiljck tg tmc purnm`scr U& wmgX * * * `nquircs `ff tmc titfc gb tmc `ssiljgr `jk h`y

h`ijt`ij `j `ntigj tmcrcgj ij mis gwj j`hc! -scc Lgsmcj J`t* A`je v Aijlm`h& 00= JY >;9&

>3; U0=94X5 scc `fsg \`ljcr v Lrihh& 029 JY ;10& ;1= U0941X*) Ijkcck& qugt`tigj gb tmc Ngkc&

gr cvcj its nit`tigj& m`s virtu`ffy kis`ppc`rck brgh tmc n`scf`w gj tmis p`rt gb jclgti`afc

ijstruhcjts f`w& `t fc`st wmcrc `kkrcssck ij hgrtl`lc bgrcnfgsurc `ntigjs*

Tcrm`ps `s ` rcsuft& tmc hc`jijl gb tcrhs tm`t m`vc p`rtinuf`r cbbcnt ij jclgti`afc ijstruhcjts

f`w n`j acnghc afurrck* Bgr cx`hpfc& ij ` rcncjt gpijigj tmc ^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt mcfk tm`t tmc

pf`ijtibb !b`ifck tg cst`afism mgw gr wmcj it acn`hc tmc f`wbuf mgfkcr gb tmc jgtc citmcr ay

kcfivcry gr v`fik `ssiljhcjt*! -^cc Nitihgrtl`lc& Ijn* v ^tgscf& =9 @K>k ==<& === U1k Kcpt

1400X5 scc `fsg Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust Ng* v Qiv`s& 93 @K>k 0420 U1k Kcpt 1401X5 Hgrrisgj

v ^mch`j& 022 @K 12;& 122 U0st Kcpt 0903X U!pf`ijtibb mgfks tmc agjk `jk hgrtl`lc ay writtcj

`ssiljhcjt!X*) \m`tcvcr tmc rilmts gb ` pcrsgj tg cjbgrnc `j ijstruhcjt ay rc`sgj gb kcfivcry gr

`ssiljhcjt& ` pcrsgj is jgt ` !mgfkcr! ay rc`sgj gb kcfivcry gr `ssiljhcjt `fgjc& ujfcss kcfivcry

is h`kc gb ` ac`rcr ijstruhcjt* U/<X

Jgjctmcfcss& tmcrc `rc juhcrgus rcncjt ^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt gpijigjs ij hgrtl`lc bgrcnfgsurc

`ntigjs st`tijl tm`t ` pf`ijtibb m`s st`jkijl wmcrc& prigr tg nghhcjnchcjt gb tmc `ntigj& it is

!tmc mgfkcr gr `ssiljcc gb tmc ujkcrfyijl jgtc! `jk'gr tmcrc m`s accj !` writtcj `ssiljhcjt gb 

tmc ujkcrfyijl jgtc gr tmc pmysin`f kcfivcry gb tmc jgtc*! -^cc& bgr cx`hpfc& Mghcnghijls

Bij`jni`f& FFN v Lufki& 140> JY ^fip Gp 34;= U1k Kcpt& Oufy 1& 140>X5 Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust

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-===) ;90  „ ><;0ijbgDhgrtl`lcnghpfi`jncijvcstil`tgrs*ngh  

Ng* v \m`fcj& 140> JY ^fip Gp ;<<4 U1k Kcpt& Oujc 12& 140>X5 Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust Ng* v

^p`jgs& 041 @K>k 949& 900(01 U1k Kcpt 140>X5 Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust Ng* v M`ffcr& 044@K>k 2=4& 2=1 U1k Kcpt 1401X5 LQT Fg`j& FFN v [`yfgr& 93 @K>k `t 00<>5 M^AN A`je S^@ v

Mcrj`jkcz& 91 @K>k =;>& =;>(;; U1k Kcpt 1401X5 Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust Ng* v A`rjctt& ==

@K>k 2>2& 2>< U1k Kcpt 1400X5 Nitihgrtl`lc& Ijn* v ^tgscf& =9 @K>k `t ===5 A`je gb Jcw Ygre

v ^ifvcracrl& =2 @K>k `t 1=05 @urgr` Fg`j ^crvincs& FFN v \cisafuh& =3 @K>k 93& 04= U1k Kcpt

1400X5 S*^* A`je& J*@* v Ngffyhgrc& 2= @K>k <31& <3>(3; U1k Kcpt 1449X5 scc `fsg F` ^`ffc

A`je J`tf* @ssj* v @mc`rj& 39 @K>k 900& 901 U>k Kcpt 1449X*)

Ib tmc pf`ijtibb `sscrts st`jkijl a`sck upgj ` writtcj `ssiljhcjt cxcnutck `btcr tmc

nghhcjnchcjt gb tmc `ntigj& tmc pf`ijtibb hust `fsg prgvc pmysin`f kcfivcry gb tmc jgtc acbgrc

nghhcjnchcjt* -^cc \cffs B`rlg A`je& J*@* v H`rnmigjc& 29 @K>k 14;& 104 U1k Kcpt 1449X5F` ^`ffc A`je J`tf* @ssj v @mc`rj& 39 @K>k `t 901*) Ijkcck& wmcrc tmc pf`ijtibb !cst`afismUcsX its

st`jkijl `s tmc mgfkcr gb tmc jgtc `jk hgrtl`lc ay pmysin`f kcfivcry prigr tg nghhcjnchcjt gb 

tmc `ntigj&! it is ujjcncss`ry tg !`kkrcss tmc v`fikity gb U`X suascqucjtfy cxcnutck kgnuhcjt

`ssiljijl tmc hgrtl`lc `jk jgtc*! -^cc Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust Ng* v \m`fcj& 140> JY ^fip

Gp ;<<4*) ^unm prggb hust ngjsist gb !b`ntu`f kct`ifs `s tg tmc pmysin`f kcfivcry gb tmc jgtc*!

-^cc Mghcnghijls Bij`jni`f& FFN v Lufki& 140> JY ^fip Gp 34;=5 Kcutsnmc A`je J`t* [rust Ng*

v M`ffcr& 044 @K>k `t 2=15 M^AN A`je S^@ v Mcrj`jkcz& 91 @K>k `t =;;5 Kcutsnmc A`je J`t*

[rust Ng* v Acrjctt& == @K>k `t 2>= U!b`ntu`f kct`ifs ngjncrjijl wmcj tmc pf`ijtibb rcncivck

pmysin`f pgsscssigj gb tmc jgtc!X5 scc `fsg @urgr` Fg`j ^crvincs& FFN v \cisafuh& =3 @K>k `t

0495 S*^* A`je& J*@* v Ngffyhgrc& 2= @K>k `t <3;*)

Tmysin`f kcfivcry gb ` jgtc is subbinicjt `s ` tr`jsbcr !witmgut ` writtcj ijstruhcjt gb `ssiljhcjt!

-scc Bfycr v ^uffiv`j& 1=; @K 29<& 299 U0st Kcpt 093;X)& gr& ijkcck !witmgut `jy writtcj wgrks

gb tr`jsbcr `t `ff! -scc Af`ec v \cikcj& 190 JY 0>;& 0>9 U09;>X*) Aut& `l`ij& !kcfivcry! rcquircs

!vgfujt`ry tr`jsbcr gb pgsscssigj! -scc JYSNN § 0(140 U0;X*) Hgrcgvcr& ujkcr Qcvisck @rtinfc >&

!@j ijstruhcjt is tr`jsbcrrck wmcj it is kcfivcrck * * * bgr tmc purpgsc gb livijl tg tmc pcrsgj

rcncivijl kcfivcry tmc rilmt tg cjbgrnc tmc ijstruhcjt! -scc Qcvisck SNN § >(14> U`X*) @ftmgulm

tmc qu`fibin`tigj is jgt bgujk ij Jcw Ygre,s @rtinfc >& wminm ngjt`ijs jg kcbijitigj gb !tr`jsbcr&!

tmis Ngurt m`s sccj jgtmijl tm`t wgufk sullcst tm`t sunm ` purpgsc jcck jgt `nnghp`jy tmc

!vgfujt`ry tr`jsbcr gb pgsscssigj! -scc JYSNN § 0(140 U0;X*) \mcj tmcrc is jg `ssiljhcjt gr

gtmcr !writtcj wgrks gb tr`jsbcr! -scc Af`ec v \cikcj& 190 JY `t 0>9)& cvikcjnc gb sunm purpgsc

hilmt c`sify ac bgujk ij tmc j`turc `jk strunturc gb tmc gvcr`ff gr rcf`tck tr`js`ntigj-s) actwccj

tmc tr`jsbcrgr `jk tmc tr`jsbcrcc*

Tcrm`ps ` hgrc kibbinuft qucstigj is wmctmcr `j `ssiljhcjt `fgjc& i*c*& witmgut pgsscssigj gb tmc

jgtc& is subbinicjt tg ngjstitutc ` !tr`jsbcr&! sg `s tg `ffgw tmc tr`jsbcrcc tg cjbgrnc it* @s oust

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-===) ;90  „ ><;0ijbgDhgrtl`lcnghpfi`jncijvcstil`tgrs*ngh  

U/=Xjgtck& Qcvisck @rtinfc > wgufk rcquirc kcfivcry gb tmc jgtc -scc Qcvisck SNN § >(14> U`X)&

`jk& `s jgtck `agvc& wgufk `ffgw cjbgrnchcjt gb ` jgtc witmgut pgsscssigj gjfy wmcj tmc jgtcis fgst& stgfcj& gr kcstrgyck& gr wmcrc it m`s accj p`ik -scc Qcvisck SNN § >40 UiiiX*) Qcncjt

^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt gpijigjs n`j ac rc`k `s mgfkijl tm`t tmc `ssiljhcjt `fgjc& witmgut

pgsscssigj& is subbinicjt* -^cc LQT Fg`j FFN v [`yfgr 93 @K>k `t 00<;5 Kcutsnmc A`je [rust Ng*

v Ngkig& 9; @K>k 04;4& 04;0 U1k Kcpt 1401X*)

[mis Ngurt is `w`rc gb gjfy gjc `ppcff`tc kcnisigj tm`t m`s rcngljizck `j `ssiljcc,s cjtitfchcjt

tg cjbgrnc ` jgtc wmifc cxprcssfy rcngljizijl ngjtijuck pgsscssigj gb tmc jgtc ay tmc `ssiljgr*

Ij tm`t n`sc& tmc pf`ijtibb m`k accj `ssiljck gjfy gjc(tmirk gb tmc `ssiljgr,s ijtcrcst ujkcr tmc

jgtc5 tmc pf`ijtibb w`s pcrhittck tg suc bgr mis ijtcrcst acn`usc mc m`k ogijck mis !ng(`ssiljccs!

ij tmc `ntigj* -^cc Ergjh`j v T`fh Hlht* @ssgns* Ftk* Tsmp*& 1<2 @K1k >>=& >>=(>9 U0st Kcpt1444X*)

Cxncpt& pcrm`ps& wmcrc tmcrc is ` nghhgj `lcjt& it is jgt pgssiafc bgr hgrc tm`j gjc pcrsgj tg

m`vc pgsscssigj gb `j ijstruhcjt& wminm wgufk cxpf`ij wmy gjfy `j cjtirc ijstruhcjt n`j ac

jclgti`tck -scc JYSNN § >(141 U>X5 Mcwctt v H`rijc Hikf`jk A`je& J*@*& =2 @K1k 12>& 12< U1k

Kcpt 09=1X*) Jgjctmcfcss& tmc rcsuft ij tmc !ng(`ssiljccs! n`sc is suppgrtck ay Af`ec v \cikcr

-190 JY 0>;& 0>= U09;>X)& `ftmgulm& ij tm`t n`sc& tmc Ngurt gb @ppc`fs bgujk !`t fc`st `

ngjstruntivc kcfivcry! tg tmc tmrcc ijkgrsccs -scc ik* `t 0>9*)

Qcquirijl pgsscssigj gb tmc jgtc cvcj wmcrc tmcrc is `j `ssiljhcjt wgufk scrvc tmc ihpgrt`jt

purpgsc gb prgtcntijl tmc h`ecr gb tmc jgtc wmg p`ys `j `ssiljcc brgh ` suascqucjt nf`ih ay `

mgfkcr ij kuc ngursc -scc JYSNN § >(>43)& `l`ijst wmgh ` kcbcjsc gb kisnm`rlc upgj p`yhcjt

is jgt `v`if`afc -scc JYSNN §§ 241& 24>*) -^cc `fsg J`tigj`f A`je gb A`y Qiklc v @facrs& 1;; @K

01<& 01= U1k Kcpt 09>3X5 Hgrrisgj v ^nmhch`j& 022 @K 12;& 122 U0st Kcpt 0903X*) [g tmc

ngjtr`ry& `ffgwijl rcngvcry gj `j `ssiljhcjt witmgut pgsscssigj wgufk ac ijngjsistcjt witm

nurrcjt @rtinfc > prgtcntigjs tm`t `rc ihpgsck wmcj cjbgrnchcjt is sgulmt gb ` fgst& kcstrgyck gr

stgfcj ijstruhcjt -scc JYSNN § >(=4;5 ^iffs v \`mcck Cjtrs*& 13> @K1k >30& >31 U0st Kcpt

099=X*)

[mc qucstigj is sghcwm`t `kkrcssck ij tmc Gbbini`f Nghhcjt tg Qcvisck @rtinfc >& § >(14>5

[r`jsbcr gb Ijstruhcjt5 Qilmts @nquirck Ay [r`jsbcr?

![mc rilmt tg cjbgrnc `j ijstruhcjt `jk gwjcrsmip gb tmc ijstruhcjt `rc twg kibbcrcjt ngjncpts *

* * Gwjcrsmip rilmts ij ijstruhcjts h`y ac kctcrhijck ay prijnipfcs gb tmc f`w gb prgpcrty&

ijkcpcjkcjt gb @rtinfc >& wminm kg jgt kcpcjk upgj wmctmcr tmc ijstruhcjt w`s tr`jsbcrrck

ujkcr ^cntigj >(14>* Hgrcgvcr& ` pcrsgj wmg m`s `j gwjcrsmip rilmt ij `j ijstruhcjt hilmt jgt

ac ` pcrsgj cjtitfck tg cjbgrnc tmc ijstruhcjt* Bgr cx`hpfc& suppgsc ] is tmc gwjcr `jk mgfkcr

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gb `j ijstruhcjt p`y`afc tg ]* ] scffs tmc ijstruhcjt tg Y aut is uj`afc tg kcfivcr ihhcki`tc

pgsscssigj tg Y* Ijstc`k& ] siljs ` kgnuhcjt ngjvcyijl `ff gb ],s rilmt& titfc& `jk ijtcrcst ij tmcijstruhcjt tg Y* @ftmgulm tmc kgnuhcjt h`y ac cbbcntivc tg livc Y ` nf`ih tg gwjcrsmip gb tmc

ijstruhcjt& Y is jgt ` pcrsgj cjtitfck tg cjbgrnc tmc ijstruhcjt ujtif Y gat`ijs pgsscssigj gb tmc

ijstruhcjt* Jg tr`jsbcr gb tmc ijstruhcjt gnnurs ujkcr ^cntigj >(14> -`) ujtif it is kcfivcrck tg

Y*! U/9X-Gbbini`f Nghhcjt 0 tg Qcvisck SNN § >(14>*)

[g `ffgw `j `ssiljcc tg suc witmgut pgsscssigj gb tmc jgtc& tmcrcbgrc& wgufk ac ijngjsistcjt witm

Qcvisck @rtinfc >& `jk put Jcw Ygre gut(gb(stcp witm tmc ;9 st`tcs tm`t m`vc `kgptck tmc

rcvisigj& ijnfukijl& ij p`rtinuf`r& ` ngjncptigj gb !tr`jsbcr! `s !kcfivcrUyX ay ` pcrsgj gtmcr tm`j

its issucr bgr tmc purpgsc gb livijl tg tmc pcrsgj rcncivijl kcfivcry tmc rilmt tg cjbgrnc tmc

ijstruhcjt! -scc Qcvisck SNN § >(14> U0X*) [m`t hisstcp& mgwcvcr& ib sunm it is& m`s `pp`rcjtfy`frc`ky accj t`ecj* [mc n`scf`w qugtck `jk nitck `agvc nfc`rfy spc`es& ij tmc kisoujntivc& gb 

st`jkijl gat`ijck ay !`ssiljhcjt! gr !pmysin`f kcfivcry! gb tmc jgtc acbgrc nghhcjnchcjt gb 

tmc `ntigj5 ib !`ssiljhcjt! hust ac `nnghp`jick ay pgsscssigj gb tmc jgtc& tmcj it scchs fittfc

kibbcrcjt brgh !pmysin`f kcfivcry*! Ijkcck& wmcrc pgsscssigj acbgrc nghhcjnchcjt ngufk ac

cst`afismck& witm ` purpgsc tg `ffgw tmc tr`jsbcrcc tg cjbgrnc tmc ijstruhcjt& tmc `ssiljhcjt

wgufk `ppc`r supcrbfugus ij hgst n`scs* [mcrc is jg cvikcjnc tm`t tmc ^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt m`s

accj usijl tmc tcrhs syjgjyhgusfy*

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^cngjk Kcp`rthcjt& tmis Ngurt wiff `kgpt tm`t `pprg`nm* -^cc J`tigj`f A`je gb A`y Qiklc v

@facrs& 1;; @K `t 01=*)

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U0X5 scc `fsg Qcvisck SNN § >(14> UaX*) [mc nghhgj(f`w !`ssiljhcjt! br`hcwgre utifizck ay

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A`je v Aijlm`h& 00= JY >;9& >3; U0=94X5 Hcucr v Tmcjix J`t* A`je& 9; @K >>0& >>;(>9 U0st

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-===) ;90  „ ><;0ijbgDhgrtl`lcnghpfi`jncijvcstil`tgrs*ngh  

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Jgtc*

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 ouklhcjt is w`rr`jtck gj gtmcr lrgujks* [mc cvikcjti`ry kcbinicjnics ij tmc `bbik`vit gb @jlcf`

Bryc& jgtck `agvc witm rcspcnt tg kcfivcry `jk pgsscssigj gb tmc Jgtc& ijbcnt `s wcff gtmcr

cfchcjts gb Tf`ijtibb,s nf`ih& ijnfukijl kcb`uft& `nncfcr`tigj gb tmc fg`j& `jk tmc `hgujt kuc*

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-===) ;90  „ ><;0ijbgDhgrtl`lcnghpfi`jncijvcstil`tgrs*ngh  

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229*)

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tg NTFQ >00 -`) -0)& gr upgj kcbcjk`jts Jcw Ygre Nity Cjvirgjhcjt`f Ngjtrgf Ag`rk gr Jcw Ygre

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-===) ;90  „ ><;0ijbgDhgrtl`lcnghpfi`jncijvcstil`tgrs*ngh  

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rcquirck ay NTFQ >103 -l)*

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kcbcjk`jt !N`rf Kc`jc -Musa`jk)&! aut tmc `bbik`vit kgcs jgt smgw tmc rcquirck h`ifijl ij

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pgsscssigj& agtm st`tchcjts n`jjgt ac fitcr`ffy `nnur`tc* It h`y ac tm`t Tf`ijtibb kgcs jgt usc

!mgfkcr! `s it is ujkcrstggk ij tmc f`w gb jclgti`afc ijstruhcjts& aut tmc tcrh `jk ngjncpt

7/28/2019 Bank of New York Mellon V. Deane

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bank-of-new-york-mellon-v-deane 15/15

 

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ac rise gb burtmcr ngjbusigj*

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