Puji Lestari-ITB

PM2.5 Monitoring in Mass and Compositions:

Comparison Using Different Equipment

Bandung, West Java- Indonesia

Puji Lestari

Rizki Pratiwi, Fatimah Dinan Q, Haryo Satriyo Tomoa, Graydon Snider** and Crystal L. Weagle**

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB)

Indonesia

**Dalhousie University-Canada

Puji Lestari-ITB

ACAM , Guangzou, June 5-9

Puji Lestari-ITBPhoto by PI: finding my own

legend 2012

Background

The impact of PM2.5 to health and Environment. Particulate

with size less than 2.5 m could penetrate deep into the lung and

cause lung damage

Lack of monitoring data on PM2.5 Spatially and Temporally for

epidemiology study in Indonesia specially in Bandung and

Jakarta and other cities

PM2.5 is regulated under Government Regulation No. 41/1999,

however, there is very limited monitoring of PM2.5

Conventional filter based sampler for PM2.5 is high cost and high

maintenance.

The used of Nephelometer may could overcome the monitoring

data required.

ACAM , Guangzou, June 5-9 Puji Lestari-ITB

Puji Lestari-ITB

City Characteristics

Population > 2.5 millions

Latitude 6.55 S, L 107.36 E

Geographically, Bandung is

surrounded by hills and

volcanic mountains which

some of them are still active.

The city is congested with a

large number of motor

vehicles, including both

public and private

transportations

Puji Lestari-ITB

Main Objectives

To Conduct Sampling Performance Evaluation for

PM2.5 monitoring in Bandung (apply different

equipment). Combination of Filter-based and

Continuous measurement

Measurements ► Hourly PM2.5 Concentration

To characterize the PM2.5 particles in Urban area

Bandung

To collect long-term systematic data for PM2.5 in

Bandung

ACAM , Guangzou, June 5-9

Puji Lestari-ITB 7

Co-located Mini Volume

Portable Air Sampler

(Minivol), Havard

Impactor, AirPhoton-

Nephelometer & Filter

sampler , Sun photometer

Sampling Location at Institute of Technology Bandung, S 06o53’18”, E 107o36’36”

Samplers were Placed

on the roof of 8 story

building on ITB Campus

with elevation 826 m or

2709.974 ft asl

: Sampling Equipment

8

FILTER SAMPLER

Gravimetric mass

(μg/m3)

4 LPM

8-slots cartridges;

each a pair of

2μm PTFE

Teflon and 8-μm

Nuclepore

NEPHELOMETER

Particle light

scattering (Mm-1)

450 nm (blue)

532 nm (green)

632 nm (red)

HARVARD IMPACTOR

Also used as the reference

instrument in development

study of Personal Respirable

Particulate Sampler and

Compact Multistage Cascade

Impactor.

Gravimetric mass (μg/m3)

10 LPM

1 μm Teflon filter

MiniVol sampler

Co- Location of Sampling

9

AirPhoton® Filter Sampler

AirPhoton® Nephelometer

Reference Sampler

Harvard Impactor

Parallel & Simultaneous

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20

Puji Lestari-ITB

Sampling Program

Co-Located sampling for Intercomparison evaluation

(July-August 2014)

2014-2016, using AirPhoton (Nephelometer +Filter

sampler) about 120 samples were collected

Measurement were conducted during 2001 – 2007, with

24 hour period of sampling in Urban Mix sites & rural

More than 350 samples were collected using

Dichotomous and Mini volume Samplers

Chemical Speciation (BC, an ions and cations and

elements)

Sampling Periods

11

63 days 63 days 63 days 7 days 7 days 7 days

NORMAL PERIOD

Jan 2014- December 2016

COLLOCATION PERIOD

Jul 18 – Aug 20, 2014

160 mins/day

for 9 days

= 24 hours/filter

continuous 24 hours/day continuous 24 hours/day

To obtain PM2.5 concentration

data

Intercomparison for testing accuracy

Filter Sampler

Sampling Performance Evaluation

y = 0.9173xR² = 0.994

0.000

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

0.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000

PM

2.5

Filt

er

Sam

ple

r (µ

g/N

m3)

PM2.5 Harvard Impactor (µg/Nm3)

PM2.5Linear (PM2.5)

12

LINEARITY

TEST

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean Min Max

PM2,5 (Red) 236 0 32,765 0,472 16,272 51,13

PM2,5 (Green) 236 0 32,574 0,469 17,15 54,204

PM2,5 (Blue) 236 0 32,561 0,48 17,136 55,671

Harvard

Impactor

34.10 μg/m3

13

Nephelometer

Sampling Performance Evaluation

HOURLY

ESTIMATES

14

Nephelometer

Sampling Performance Evaluation

DAILY

AVERAGES

0

10

20

30

40

50

18

Ju

l

19

Ju

l

20

Ju

l

21

Ju

l

22

Ju

l

23

Ju

l

24

Ju

l

25

Au

g

6 A

ug

7 A

ug

8 A

ug

9 A

ug

10

Au

g

11

Au

g

12

Au

g

13

Au

g

14

Au

g

15

Au

g

16

Au

g

17

Au

g

PM2.5 Red PM2.5 GreenPM2.5 Blue PM2.5 Harvard Impactor

PM2.5

(μg/Nm3)

Good correlations for all wavelengths

☑ These two samplers show identical

measurement

15

Nephelometer

Sampling Performance Evaluation

LINEARITY TEST

y = 1.0397x + 0.1546R² = 0.9923

0.000

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

y = 1.0436x + 0.2288R² = 0.9902

0.000

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

0 10 20 30 40 50

y = 1.0447x + 0.2135R² = 0.9897

0.000

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

0 10 20 30 40 50

Blue (450 nm)

Green (532 nm)

Red (632 nm)

Legend : Y = Neph PM2.5 (μg/m3), X = Harvard Impactor PM2.5

(μg/m3)

Concentration of PM2.5 (2014-2016)

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20

Puji Lestari-ITB

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10-1

9 J

an'1

4

19-2

8 F

eb'1

4

28 M

ar-6

Ap

r'14

24 A

pr-

3 M

ay'1

4

24-3

0 M

ay'1

4

29 J

un

-8 J

ul'1

4

20-2

1 J

ul'1

4

23-2

4 J

ul'1

4

7-8

Aug'

14

10-1

1 A

ug'

14

14-1

5 A

ug'

14

17-1

8 A

ug'

14

24-2

5 A

ug'

14

11-2

0 O

ct'1

4

26 N

op

-5 D

ec'1

4

23 D

ec'1

4-

2…

21-3

0 J

an'1

5

17-2

6 F

eb'1

5

17-2

6 M

ar-1

5

13-2

2 A

pr'

15

10-1

9 M

ay'1

5

8-1

7 J

un

'15

14-2

3 J

ul'1

5

26 A

ug-

4 S

ep'1

5

11-2

0 O

ct'1

5

7-1

6 N

op

'15

11-2

0 J

an'1

6

7-1

6 F

eb'1

6

20-2

9 M

ar'1

6

16-2

5 A

pr'

16

14-2

3 M

ay'1

6

10-1

9 J

un

'16

7-1

6 J

ul'1

6

4-1

3 A

ug'

16

31 A

ug-

9 S

ep'1

6

7-1

5 O

ct'1

6

3-1

1 N

op

'16

8-9

Dec

'16

11-1

2 D

ec'1

6

19-2

0 D

ec'1

6

22-2

3 D

ec'1

6

Co

ncen

trati

on

(µg

/m

3)

Trend of PM2.5 Concentration during 2014-2016

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20

Puji Lestari-ITB

Temporal PM2.5 Variations in

Bandung

Diurnal Variations

18

January – August 2014

Increase starts at 6 am peak at 9 am

and at 5 pm peak at 8 pm

► Closely related to human activities

► Anthropogenic emission

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

PM

2.5

(ug

/N

m³)

0

2

4

6

8

10

1210-1

9 J

an'1

4

19-2

8 F

eb'1

4

28 M

ar-6

Ap

r'14

24 A

pr-

3 M

ay'1

4

24-3

0 M

ay'1

4

29 J

un

-8 J

ul'1

4

20-2

1 J

ul'1

4

23-2

4 J

ul'1

4

7-8

Aug'

14

10-1

1 A

ug'

14

14-1

5 A

ug'

14

17-1

8 A

ug'

14

24-2

5 A

ug'

14

11-2

0 O

ct'1

4

26 N

op

-5 D

ec'1

4

23 D

ec'1

4-

2…

21-3

0 J

an'1

5

17-2

6 F

eb'1

5

17-2

6 M

ar-1

5

13-2

2 A

pr'

15

10-1

9 M

ay'1

5

8-1

7 J

un

'15

14-2

3 J

ul'1

5

26 A

ug-

4 S

ep'1

5

11-2

0 O

ct'1

5

7-1

6 N

op

'15

11-2

0 J

an'1

6

7-1

6 F

eb'1

6

20-2

9 M

ar'1

6

16-2

5 A

pr'

16

14-2

3 M

ay'1

6

10-1

9 J

un

'16

7-1

6 J

ul'1

6

4-1

3 A

ug'

16

31 A

ug-

9 S

ep'1

6

7-1

5 O

ct'1

6

3-1

1 N

op

'16

8-9

Dec

'16

11-1

2 D

ec'1

6

19-2

0 D

ec'1

6

22-2

3 D

ec'1

6Co

ncen

trati

on

(µ

g/

m3) Anion Concentration

CL

NO3

PO4

SO4

0

1

2

3

4

10-1

9 J

an'1

4

19-2

8 F

eb'1

4

28 M

ar-6

Ap

r'14

24 A

pr-

3 M

ay'1

4

24-3

0 M

ay'1

4

29 J

un

-8 J

ul'1

4

20-2

1 J

ul'1

4

23-2

4 J

ul'1

4

7-8

Aug'

14

10-1

1 A

ug'

14

14-1

5 A

ug'

14

17-1

8 A

ug'

14

24-2

5 A

ug'

14

11-2

0 O

ct'1

4

26 N

op

-5 D

ec'1

4

23 D

ec'1

4-

2 J

an'1

5

21-3

0 J

an'1

5

17-2

6 F

eb'1

5

17-2

6 M

ar-1

5

13-2

2 A

pr'

15

10-1

9 M

ay'1

5

8-1

7 J

un

'15

14-2

3 J

ul'1

5

26 A

ug-

4 S

ep'1

5

11-2

0 O

ct'1

5

7-1

6 N

op

'15

11-2

0 J

an'1

6

7-1

6 F

eb'1

6

20-2

9 M

ar'1

6

16-2

5 A

pr'

16

14-2

3 M

ay'1

6

10-1

9 J

un

'16

7-1

6 J

ul'1

6

4-1

3 A

ug'

16

31 A

ug-

9 S

ep'1

6

7-1

5 O

ct'1

6

3-1

1 N

op

'16

8-9

Dec

'16

11-1

2 D

ec'1

6

19-2

0 D

ec'1

6

22-2

3 D

ec'1

6

Co

ncen

trati

on

(µ

g/

m3)

Cation Concentration

Na

NH4

K

Mg

0200400600800

100012001400

10-1

9 J

an'1

4

19-2

8 F

eb'1

4

28 M

ar-6

Ap

r'14

24 A

pr-

3 M

ay'1

4

24-3

0 M

ay'1

4

29 J

un

-8 J

ul'1

4

20-2

1 J

ul'1

4

23-2

4 J

ul'1

4

7-8

Aug'

14

10-1

1 A

ug'

14

14-1

5 A

ug'

14

17-1

8 A

ug'

14

24-2

5 A

ug'

14

11-2

0 O

ct'1

4

26 N

op

-5 D

ec'1

4

23 D

ec'1

4-

2 J

an'1

5

21-3

0 J

an'1

5

17-2

6 F

eb'1

5

17-2

6 M

ar-1

5

13-2

2 A

pr'

15

10-1

9 M

ay'1

5

8-1

7 J

un

'15

14-2

3 J

ul'1

5

26 A

ug-

4 S

ep'1

5

11-2

0 O

ct'1

5

7-1

6 N

op

'15

11-2

0 J

an'1

6

7-1

6 F

eb'1

6

20-2

9 M

ar'1

6

16-2

5 A

pr'

16

14-2

3 M

ay'1

6

10-1

9 J

un

'16

7-1

6 J

ul'1

6

4-1

3 A

ug'

16

31 A

ug-

9 S

ep'1

6

7-1

5 O

ct'1

6

3-1

1 N

op

'16

8-9

Dec

'16

11-1

2 D

ec'1

6

19-2

0 D

ec'1

6

22-2

3 D

ec'1

6

Co

ncen

trati

on

(n

g/

m3)

Trend of Metal Concentration

Note: Al, Fe, Ti and Fe

BC8%

Cl0%

NO32%

PO41%

SO417%

Na1%

NH44%

K1%

Mg0%Metal

1%

Others65%

COMPOSITION OF PM2.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2014 2015 2016

Co

ncen

trati

on

(u

g/

m3)

Composition of PM2.5Others

Metal

Mg

K

NH4

Na

SO4

PO4

NO3

Cl

BC

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20

Puji Lestari-ITB

PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 Concentrations in

Bandung (2001-2007)

Fine and Coarse Particulate in Dago Pakar during Phase II

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

DP

2

DP

5

DP

9

DP

12

DP

15

DP

18

DP

47

DP

50

DP

53

DP

57

DP

60

DP

63

DP

105

DP

108

DP

111

DP

20

DP

23

DP

26

DP

29

DP

32

DP

35

DP

38

DP

41

DP

44

DP

71

DP

74

DP

77

DP

80

DP

83

DP

86

DP

89

DP

89

DP

92

DP

95

DP

98

DP

101

Wet Season Dry Season

Sample Code

Co

ncen

trati

on

(u

g/m

3)

Fine Coarse

Fine and Coarse Particulate in Tegalega During Phase 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

TG

1

TG

3

TG

5

TG

46

TG

48

TG

50

TG

53

TG

55

TG

57

TG

59

TG

61

TG

63

TG

65

TG

67

TG

69

TG

71

TG

73

TG

75

TG

77

TG

79

TG

81

TG

83

TG

85

TG

89

TG

91

TG

93

TG

96

TG

98

TG

100

TG

102

TG

104

TG

9

TG

11

TG

13

TG

15

TG

17

TG

20

TG

22

TG

24

TG

26

TG

28

TG

30

TG

32

TG

34

TG

36

TG

38

TG

40

TG

42

TG

44

TG

106

TG

108

TG

110

TG

112

Dry Season Wet Season

Sample Code

C (

ug

/m3

)

Fine Coarse

Urban Mixed site

Commercial roadDAGO PAKAR

Non Urban site

No activities

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20

Puji Lestari-ITB

Annual Concentrations of PM

Annual Concentration in Tegalega

0

20

40

60

80

100

wet wet dry dry wet dry wet dry wet dry

2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007

Year and Season

Co

ncen

trati

on

(u

g/m

3)

PM2.5 PM10

Annual Concentration in Dago Pakar

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

wet dry wet dry wet dry wet dry

2001 2002 2005 2006

Year and SeasonC

on

cen

trati

on

(u

g/m

3)

PM2.5 PM10

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20

Puji Lestari-ITB

Composition of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5

Composition of PM2.5 in Wet and Dry Season

0

5

10

15

20

25

Dago Pakar (Dry) Dago Pakar (Wet) Tegalega (Dry) Tegalega (Wet)

Location

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n,

ug

/m3

Anthropogenic

Crustal

BC

Ca2+

Mg2+

K+

NH4+

Na+

SO4=

NO3-

Cl-

Composition of PM10-2.5 in Wet and Dry Season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Dago Pakar (Dry) Dago Pakar (Wet) Tegalega (Dry) Tegalega (Wet)

Location

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n,

ug

/m3

Anthropogenic

Crustal

Ca2+

Mg2+

K+

NH4+

Na+

SO4=

NO3-

Cl-

Puji Lestari-ITB

Source Apportionment results from Urban

Mixed site (Published in AE 2009)

Puji Lestari-ITB

Source Apportionment Results: Dago Pakar

Puji Lestari-ITB

Conclusions

Intercomparison study with reference instrument Harvard

Impactor showed that AirPhoton® Filter Sampler and

AirPhoton® Nephelometer is a reliable combination of PM2.5

measurement that is applicable for long term monitoring.

Black Carbon, Sulfate and Ammonium are the primary

compounds in the fine particles in Bandung

In general. the main Sources of fine particles in Bandung, were

secondary aerosol (ammonium sulfate and nitrate), Biomass

burning and vehicles, while the main Sources for coarse particles

were soil dust, lime dust and construction dust.

Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20 Puji Lestari-ITB

Thank you

Nephelometer

Sampling Performance Evaluation

(Eq. 1)

(Eq. 2)

29