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Band Societies, Present and Past
Wilson- Chapter 5Indigenous South Americans of the
Past and Present
The Paleoindian Period• ~13,000- 10,000 B.P. • Climate and Vegetation– Hunters and gatherers
(Andes)– Climatic changes in the
northeastern lowlands tropical rain forests
• Flora and Fauna– Figure 5.13: camelid,
paleolama, hippidium, megatherium (giant sloth), arctotherium (bear).
– Butchering marks evidence (hearths, dwellings).
The Paleoindian Period• Key Paleoindian Sites: (see figure 5.1)– Fell’s Cave– Monte Verde Site– Pikimachay Cave– Tibitó Site– Taima-Taima Site– Caverna Da Pedra
Pintada– Pedra Furada Rock
Shelter
Band-level Marginality
• The Ona and Yahgan– Physical Environment
– North- P’amica– South Hamska– South eastern- Aush
– Mode of Production– Meat- guanaco, and cururos (summer) and marine mammals
– Settlement Pattern– Low population– Huts made with skin over poles & moss
– Mode of Reproduction– .10-.11 per square mile– High infant mortality– Tallest (males 173 meters, women 160 mts.)
The Ona – Domestic Economy
– Clothing and body paint– Guanaco fat mixed with red soil– Body paint: red, black and white
– Symbolic meaning?
– Social Organization– Monogamous, exogamous – Patrilocal & levirate– Klóketen (boys’ initiation)
– Political Economy– Headman, 38 territories– Dead whales– warfare
– Ritual and Leadership– Shamans (Xon )and the darts– Klóketen
– Ideology – Mythological heroes: Sun & Moon
Band-level Marginality• Yahgan-Yamána– Physical Environment
– South archipelago– Temperatures range 2˚-8˚C– Fauna
– Mode of Production– Hunters and Gatherers-sea mammals– Canoes– Food sources
– Settlement Pattern– Two types: East & West, mobility
– Mode of Reproduction– Methods for birth control– Shortest indigenous people (men 160
& women 145 centimeters)
The Yagan-Yamána– Domestic Economy
– Fire– Clothing & fish oil , body paint
– Social Organization– Nuclear, monogamy, sororate, bride
wealth and gender equality
– Political Economy– 5 dialect groups, separatists, high sense
of honor, low warfare
– Ritual and Leadership– Puberty rite – themes
– Ideology – Watauineiwa
Band-level Marginality
• The Nukak– Physical Environment– 10,000 square miles– Rainforest climate
– Mode of Production– Fauna– Flora- horticulturalists
– Settlement Pattern– High mobility- factors?
– Mode of Reproduction– Tribe size, family size
The Nukak– Domestic Economy– Depilation of body & face paint– Facial expressions
– Social Organization– Small kin groups–Monogamous,& exogamous
– Political Economy– Extended affiliations, endogamous
and territorial
– Ritual and Leadership– Ideology – Taboos & three levels to the world
Conclusion
• Effects of colonization on band-level groups• Effects of climate and resources• Contemporary band societies– Similarities?– Differences?– Continuity?