BAMBOO

Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1 $3.00 US

Presidentʼs MessagePresident's Message by James Clever Another year come and gone. Another ABS Conference only a memory. A new year of possibilities be-

fore us. And a new president elected by the ABS board of directors (BOD). I would like to introduce my-self to our society. I am James Clever, from the Pacific Northwest Chapter residing in Seattle, Washington. Last year Betty Shor, our co-editor of this magazine, asked me to write an article about myself centering around my involvement with bamboo. I will have this article written and included in this issue to help go into more detail about who I am. I know many members and many of you have spent time with me at the various conferences since 1991. So a newcomer I am not. One thing that I will do is give you the straight story. I have already in my own chapter this month spoken up and been stirring the pot. And when one gets close to the stove you can get burned. I have been around long enough to see this happen in both our soci-ety and at the chapter level. Learning and growing is what it is all about. We all need to learn from the bamboo. Stand up straight, bend with the wind and bounce back.

Think of this next year to be a time of growth. Of improvement and inclusion. This all starts now. Your representatives, the board of directors, are all on the same page towards the goals set for 2011. The plan for an updated ABS web site up and running in the early part of this year is our main focus. Bill King, our past president, has stayed on to head a committee of bright young members that are on the cutting edge of technology. Bill Hollenback and before him Barry Abrahamsen have carried this on their shoulders. We see this new turn of the page in the ABS as a time to go within our membership to get a boost of energy. Using the talent we have to grow. We have also dedi-cated funds to hire professional help in this matter of the updated web site. In 2010 we tried using donated help only and this only moved this project forward a small step. At the board meeting in Savannah we saw the need to now make large steps on to comple-tion. Our group has slowly been shrinking while technology has been growing. We are going to move forward and plan to use these new ideas to make every effort to grow.

What I have asked of all the directors on the board is to go back to their chapters and ask for help. Help in participation from the existing membership. Help in making an effort to get new members and to share

what they know and spread the news about our society. All of you as members can help. If each one of us brought one friend into our group as a new member, we

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

On the Covers:Front: Fog condenses on Yushania maling foliage; winter, Sacramento Valley, California. Back: Bambusa ventricosa ‘Kimmei’

In This IssuePresident’s Message 1About James Clever 2Gregarious Flowering of Himalayacalamus fal-coneri (Munro) Keng f. in Sikkim, India 4Penjor: One Tool of Hindus Religious Ceremo-nies at Galungan Feast in Bali 6Bamboo Systematics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 82010 BOTA Report 17Reports of Bamboo Flowering in 2009 19Holes in Bamboo? 20Reaching Out: ABS on Facebook 20Minutes of the ABS 21Events 27ABS Treasurer’s Report 28BAMBOO Magazine Index 2010 29Advertising Info 31

BAMBOO Magazine of the American Bamboo Society

c. 2011 American Bamboo SocietyISSN 1554-8295

Published 6 times/yearDon Shor, editor

Betty Shor, co-editoremail: magazine@bamboo.org

could double membership in one season. If each one of us talks about bamboo at the local nursery or gar-den club and shares your knowledge, the word of bamboo would spread in so many positive ways. We all know how bamboo gets a bad rap. When light is shown on this in a positive way with truth and correct in-formation, myths evaporate. We all know that there are more members out there on the ABS Species Source list then those that come to meetings. Imagine if, within my own PNW chapter, everyone who is on this list (SSL) attended a chapter meeting and did a positive society-related donation of time, think of how this group would improve. We all can see how things can get better. Now we all need to make this happen. Be involved. Be active. Be positive.

About James Cleverby himself My first memory of bamboo was in 1968. The house my parents purchased and moved us to in Seattle, Washington had a small hedge of Phyllostachys aurea. At the time I had no idea what it was. I knew it was different from any other plant I had seen before. But at 10 years old almost anything is new to a kid. The shape of the stalks somehow intrigued me. They were straight yet bumpy. I guess you could say I was hooked right there. When I purchased my first house in 1982, I quickly put the lawn that covered 80% of the garden to rest. I replaced it mainly with creating a Japanese "northwest Craftsman" type of garden —with a huge vegetable garden in the sunniest part. Then in 1985 the house next door to the west was sold to a developer. The lot was bulldozed, which removed a very large cherry tree, two apple trees and a hedge of lilacs. In this lot two three-story houses with all their windows focused onto my once-private back garden. To add insult to injury, their height and width eliminated all my sunlight after 1 PM. And the constant “Hello!” from the construction crew looking down on me sent me off to look for a privacy screen. I looked into trees, seeing that with 10-plus years they would fill the need. But their mature width and overpowering height — as well as the root system —would do more harm then good. Then the idea of bamboo came into mind, remembering that long lost aurea. I knew an old fellow that grew it about 5 miles away and set off to talk to him. His name was Chuck Pilling. Some may remember him from our bamboo tour in Seattle back in 1991. He had a very large hedge of Phyl-lostachys aureosulcata. This was to help shield his duck pond from wind. He said I was welcome to dig whatever I wanted from the drainage ditch outside the fence line. Thinking that this was a good idea, but not knowing any more, I said I would get back in touch. That next day my wife said she saw a notice in the paper that the American Bamboo Society was having a meeting that Saturday at the University's horticultural cen-ter. So off we went that Saturday morning. There we met a young man named Ned and a very young woman named Daphne. Little did I know this was the beginning of a beautiful friendship that is still thriving today. I joined that day, and bought my first bamboos at the little fund- raising auction held during the meeting. And now I am here today, still intrigued by this wonderful plant. I did go back and dig bamboo from Chuck's grove. I learned how to break a shovel or two. And tear a few back muscles too. This bamboo went in the ground full size. And when the house went on the market, the new owners had a bamboo hedge all along the property line. They bought the house partly because of the bamboo. And some few weeks after moving the new owner asked to buy some bamboo from me. He wanted another screen along his alley.

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As the years went by I went to many a PNW chapter meeting and came home again and again with new species of bamboo. By growing and planting and dividing all the while I ended up with a very large collec-tion and knowledge of this plant. When visiting many a local nursery I found they knew almost nothing about bamboo. The little they did know I saw ended up getting their clients in trouble. So this was when I decided to get a business license, a nursery license, and eventually a contractor's license — this in 1989. At the time I got involved with the society I was a journeyman jeweler — one that makes jewelry. Where I worked we made 14K and 18K gold and platinum jewelry for high-end retail stores. At one PNW meeting a fellow member asked if I could make them some bamboo earrings. I did and it kind of steamrolled from there. I eventually did my own line of bamboo jewelry: earrings, rings and pendants. I was elected president of the PNW chapter in 1990. Shortly after that Ned and a couple of other members came back to our group and explained that we (PNW) were to host the next meeting of the ABS in 1991. Our group went on not only to host the first meeting of the ABS outside California but also to create and put on the first American Bamboo Society Conference. This experience formed what would be a greater portion of my bamboo life. At this conference I met Richard Haubrich. I still have that impression of what a true leader he was to this young society. I hosted at my home Gerald Bol, then the current ABS president, and Adam and Sue Turtle. Sharing time with these three was a treat. Each had a different aspect of the world of bamboo that I was thrilled to be a student to. Also at this event I met a very enthusiastic and very young Susanne Lucas. Little did I know how she would shine for our society in the years to come. The enthusiasm of these people did more than spark my want to know more. These friendships are still growing today. My son was born two years later and I put bamboo life on hold until the 1995 ABS conference in Sa-vannah, Georgia. This was the first conference I attended after the Seattle 1991 event. I brought with me a bag of jewelry — pieces I had been making with a bamboo theme, all in sterling silver. At the time this was something not seen. Going to Georgia was a time of great discovery that set the stage for the years to come. Seeing giant bamboo growing in places I had only read about before really motivated me. This was the first time I climbed bamboo. As a young kid to the teenage years of my life climbing trees had been a passion. Now there was a new turn on the vertical height challenge: doing so on a narrow 2-inch diameter bamboo stem. Before the conference Adam Turtle chaired the first Professional Bamboo Growers meeting. While sitting next to Gerald Bol at a break, I discussed my experiences with growing bamboo in urban settings. In city bamboo growing has so many restrictions. Small settings, small footprint plantings with large buildings and around utilities combine to create a large challenge. While out in the country where acres are the normal planting bed, we in the city are restricted to a mere few feet. Barriers are the tool we have to make in an ef-fort to contain. Ideas hatched here have grown to what I have been doing ever since. The improvement of the barrier material and clamping methods combined with timely proper maintenance are the cornerstone of what my professional business has grown to excel at. At this meeting it was the beginning of that other part of my story. As the years went by my days as a jeweler diminished and as a landscaper grew. As a profes-sional bamboo grower and landscaper my business grew to full time. I was using bamboo as a landscape plant, as a privacy plant, feature plant or as a dry-cut cane element in the garden. Using bamboo as a dry ma-terial, as a carpenter, only expanded the horizon of bamboo for me. This was the time in the late 1990’s fold-ing into the 2000’s when bamboo exploded on the popular scene. Those around when Martha Stewart had her show on bamboo well know the huge wave that swamped us. There were lots of folks excited about bamboo with no knowledge of the plant. All this while the bamboo society tried to keep up. I was elected as the PNW representative in 2002 on the ABS board and attended conferences in New Or-leans, Miami, Pasadena and Hilo. I stayed as active as I could at the local level, all the while attending the various conferences, jumping from coast to coast — learning and growing, making new friends, seeing places that one could never imagine. I wrote and had many articles published in the PNW newsletter and ABS magazine. Doing tag-team talks with my friend Ian Connor is always fun and entertaining. Both of us have years of hands-on experience caring for bamboo, which gives us that “Know How” to educate and in-form. My passion for photography played a big part in my contributions to the magazine too. Close ups of

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bamboo and people have been something I have tried to photograph whenever out in the bamboo. I can re-member once when asked about my bamboo jewelry: Nancy Bess Moore asked how my work was going. I said the jewelry was put on the back burner and most of my time now was creating gardens using bamboo wherever I could in the project. And I was taking a lot of photos too. She said your gardens and pictures are where you are funneling your creative abilities and that is your art.  Bamboo is a part of my life and the people within this society are also.

Gregarious Flowering of Himalayacalamus falconeri (Munro) Keng f. in Sikkim, IndiaBy Punya P. Poudyaland Tika P. Sharma, consultant on bamboo, Horticulture Department, Gangtok, SikkimIntroduction Himalayacalamus falconeri is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal, at altitudes between 1900 and 2500 m. This species flowered gregariously all over Sikkim in 2009, and then the plants died. The plants bore a lot of seeds but the seeds were not formed fully at the time of visit by the authors to the Bulbulay Zoo in Gangtok, Sikkim, India on 1 April 2009.Flowering Record Himalayacalamus falconeri flowered gregariously in England, U.K. in 1847, and in the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim (now a state of India) in 1876. In England it flowered again in 1876. The seeds planted in 1847 flowered simultaneously in the Royal Bo-tanic Gardens, Kew and in Edgecumbe, England in 1907. This species flowered in the same year in the wild in Sikkim too (Shor, 1997); in England during 1893-1906 (McClure, 1966); in Glasne-vin, Dublin, Ireland during 1900-01 (McClure, 1966); in U.K. during 1929-32 and during 1964-69; in Cornwall, England in 1991; in Everett, Washington, U.S.A. in November 1992; in Oak-land, California in the summer of 1994; near Canterbury, New Zealand in 1994; in Carwinion and Wadebridge, Cornwall, in Platt, Kent, in Leigh, Surrey, England in 1995; in Berkeley, Cali-fornia during 1995-96; in Menlo Park, California in 1996; in Quail

Gardens, Encinitas and Del Mar, California in 1996; in Car-winion, Cornwall, England in 1996 (Shor, 1997). Himalayacalamus falconeri had flowered sporadi-cally in the Bulbulay Zoo area in 1998.Gathering the Seeds All clumps die after gregarious flowering. Hence, it is necessary to harvest the flowering clumps as early as possible. Delay of harvesting may cause loss due to rotting and/or fire, and it will affect natural regeneration. When the sign of flowering appears, then at least 60-70% of the culms should be harvested and the balance of 30-40% culms should be retained for pro-duction of seeds and to provide light-shade for suc-

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cessful natural regeneration after the seeds fall on the ground. The flowering area should be protected from grazing by the animals and from forest fire. The seeds should be stored by appropriate storage methods to retain their viability as well as their moisture content, or they should be sown immediately in a nursery even when there is no immediate requirement for the seedlings. For future use, these seedlings can be multiplied and maintained in small size by the process of macro-proliferation.Impact After Flowering In Sikkim, after the death of the bamboo plants, the whole area became open for competition by various plant species. As a result, not only usual plant species have started to grow but also several invasive species—high-altitude ferns and other bushes — have grown in the area. The rotted chaff of the seeds made the soil very fertile, which assisted the wild plant species to compete successfully for a place in that area. The thin splints of this bamboo species are widely used in weaving mats by the people living in the high altitudes. After the flowering they could not find Singanay (H. falconeri) in the wild. So they were forced to look for other species to meet their demand. Fortunately there was Himalayacalamus hookerianus (Munro) Stapleton in the jungle. So the people have depended on this species since the death of H. falconeri.Effect on Local AnimalsRed Panda (Ailurus fulgens) The Red Panda is found in Nepal, Bhutan, China, and India. In India it is found in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal states. According to the video “Return of the Fire Cat” there are only 2,500 red pandas in the world, including the ones in the zoos world over. The red pandas of Langtang wildlife sanctuary, Nepal eat Titay Nigalo (Drepanostachyum intermedium) (Yonzon, 1992, Pers. comm.), the red pandas of the Darjeeling Zoo in West Bengal, India eat Malingo (Yu-shania maling) (Pradhan, 2008, Pers. comm.), and the red pandas of the Bulbulay Zoo in Gangtok, Sikkim, India eat the leaves of Singanay (H. falconeri). According to Mr. Sonam Bhutia, one of the caretakers of the Bulbulay Zoo in Gangtok, there were eight red pandas: two adult males, two adult females, three female cubs and one male cub. Mr. Bhutia said that the leaves of H. falconeri were not available because of the gregarious flowering. Hence, the zoo-keepers offered the leaves of Drepanostachyum intermedium to the red pandas, but the animals went on a hunger strike for three days. Only on the fourth day did they grudgingly eat the leaves of a different species.

Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctors thiebatanus): In Nepali language Singaan means mucus that comes out of the nose. Hence, this species got that as its Nepali name. That mucus-like sap excreted by the young bamboo shoots tastes sweet. The Himalayan Black Bear likes to eat any bamboo shoot during the shooting season. The sweet taste of this species is a special attraction to the bear. But there were no new shoots growing during the last rainy season of 2009 because of the death of the bamboo plants, and bears were visibly not happy about it. So they visited nearby Gangtok, the state capital, as well as many villages all over Sikkim, attacked and injured many people (according to the media), and created great havoc.ReferencesMcClure, Dr. Floyd Alonzo. 1966. The Bamboos: A Fresh Perspective. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

U.S.A. 347 pp.Poudyal, Punya P. 2006. Bamboos of Sikkim (India), Bhutan and Nepal. New Hira Books enterprises, G.P.O. Box 2680, Kath-

mandu, Nepal. 277 pp.Pradhan, Dr. Sunita. 2008. Personal communication. [Dr. Pradhan is a renowned world authority on the red panda ecology. Shor, Betty N. 1997. Bamboo Flowering Records. Unpublished Report. 32 pp. Personal Communication.Yonzon, Dr. Prahlad B. 1992. Personal communication. [Dr. Yonzon is the red panda authority of Nepal].

Note: All photos by Dr. Tika P. Sharma.

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Penjor: One Tool of Hindus Religious Ceremonies at Galun-gan Feast in BaliBy Wawan Sujarwo and I Nyoman PenengBali Botanic Garden, Indonesia Galungan is one of the biggest feasts for Hindus in Bali, as are the Nyepi and Kuningan days. Bali's Hin-

dus celebrate Galungan twice a year, as well as Kuningan but Nyepi once a year. A day before the day of Galungan, Balinese Hindus in celebration set Penjor in front of their own houses. Penjor is made from entire bamboo culms and the curved ends are garnished with an assortment of ornaments. Penjor is one of the most important tools in the Galungan’s cere-mony. This has resulted in increased demand for bamboo in Bali, which affects the selling price in the market. The main raw material of Penjor is the entire bamboo culm, with the average length of 10 meters. Bamboo is deco-rated with Janur (young coconut leaves), then filled with a variety of crops such as tubers (pala bungkah), mainly sweet potato and cassava; fruits (pala gantung), mainly coconut and banana; seeds (pala wija), mainly rice, corn and snack, as well as a piece of thin cloth that is white or yellow. Then at the end of Penjor is installed sampian which consists of betel nut, lime, areca nuts and flowers. The meaning of Penjor is as thanks for blessings that have been given and also an offering to God that is symbolized in all the crops used in it. Penjor is installed always the day be-

fore Galungan and is attached in front of the entrance to the house with its end facing the street. It is removed a month after the day of Galungan. The types of bamboo that are often used to make Penjor are "Bali Bamboo" (Gigantochloa baliana), "Tali Bamboo" (Gigantochloa apus), "Tabah Bamboo" (Gigan-tochloa nigrociliata), and "Tam-blang Gading Bamboo" (Schi-zostachyum brachycladum). "Bali Bamboo" is a Bali endemic species which has been developed in many local communities in Bali and has been conserved in the Bali Botanic Garden.

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Picture 1. The Raw Material of Penjor (Bali Bamboo)Picture 2. Making Penjor in The TemplePicture 3. The End of PenjorPicture 4. A Penjor is Basically a long Tapered BambooPicture 5. Fully PenjorPicture 6. Penjor alongside a Road

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Bamboo Systematics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrowby Thomas R. SoderstromThe following article was first published in the Journal of the American Bamboo Society, 1985, Vol. 6, No. 1-4, pp. 4-16, as one of the papers presented at the First International Bamboo Conference, June 28-30, 1985 at Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Soderstrom was then curator in the Department of Botany at Smithsonian Institution. The use of bamboo in Asia certainly must date back to man's earliest times, for wherever man has come into contact with this plant, he has found a use for it. According to Marden (1980), an ancient dictionary of the Chinese called the Erh Ya mentions bamboo by the name of "ts'ao," and doubtless many references to tree grasses under other names are to be found in other early accounts. But while the earliest bamboo technology and artistry belong to the Chinese, who have always lived among it, an understanding of bamboo systematics and the earliest scientific classifications belong to the Europeans. According to Ruprecht (1839), the first mention of bamboo in Western literature was made in a letter from Alexander the Great to Aristotle and re-ferred to by Pliny (23-79 A.D.) in his encyclopedic Natural History of 37 books. I have attempted to search out the earliest references to bamboo that played a role in the ultimate estab-lishment of the name in scientific literature. We are first drawn to a learned man known in later times as the "Prince of Physicians," Ibn Sina, or Avicenna, who was born in Bokhara, Persia (now Iran) in 980 A.D. and who became educated in all branches of science known at the time. This was during the flowering of the in-tellectual Arabic world. Avicenna travelled from court to court in Central Asia looking for a place for his tal-ents and eventually settled down as physician to one of the rulers. His Canon of medicine was a "codifica-tion" of the whole of ancient and Muslim knowledge and is considered to be one of the highest achievements in Arabic culture. It became the textbook of medicinal study in European universities and as recently as 1650 was stilll used at Montpellier. In this book, Avicenna refers to a medication known as "Tabaxir," which in Arabic means milk or juice or a liquid which is condensed. In the same book, Avicenna also referred to"Mambu," which later authors took to be a reference to bamboo. During the sixteenth century, the southwestern flank of India, known as the Malabar coast, was conquered by the Portuguese, who established their colony of Goa. Here lived its most famous early citizen, Garcia de Orta, a physician who tended a garden of native plants, learned everything there was to know about their uses and wrote an important treatise called the Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas da India. This book, which appeared in 1563, was the first to be publishesd on Indian plants. In it, Garcia da Orta talks of "tabaxir" and refers to the earlier reference by Avicenna. Garcia da Orta states that the indigenous peoples (of Goa) called this "Saccar Mambu," derived from the words "açucar de mambu," which in turn came from the Portuguese word "açucar" for sugar and "mambu," a local Indian word for cane or the branch of a tree. Da Orta stated that the merchants called this "tabaxir mambu" and that it was exported as a medication from India by the Arabs, Persians and Turks. The illustration he gave of the plant from which this tabaxir was derived and the accompanying description must certainly have been some plant other than a bamboo, perhaps sugarcane. Thus while later authors referred to Avicenna's plant as bamboo, I believe this was in error. We shall leave Avicenna of eleventh-century Persia and Garcia da Orta of sixteenth-century India and travel to the city of Basel, Switzerland, where we find Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624), a physician and botanist at the University of Basel. Bauhin studied at Basel, Padua, Bologne, Montpellier, Tübigen and Paris, taking his doctorate at Basel where he became professor of botany and anatomy. During his extensive travels, he had made botanical collections and formed acquaintances throughout Europe, building up an herbarium of several thousand plants, not only from Europe but from far-away countries as well. Bauhin spent some 40 years in assembling data on all plants known at the time and listing all references under each name. His book, commonly known as the Pinax, appeared in 1623. He used the name "Arundo" for reed grasses and devoted several pages to plants in this category. Under the different kinds of "Arundo" from India, his first is "Arundo arbor," i.e., a woody or treelike reed. He stated that the substance derived from this plant was called Tabaxir by Avicenna and the Arabs and that the plant was known as "Mambu" by

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the Indians. He also listed Garcia da Orta's reference to the following (in translation): "Cana Tabaxir and Arundo, which the Indians call Bambus." For the source of information on "Bambus" he cites a reference to part 4 of "India Orient, (Indiae Orientalis), cap. 3," a compilation of natural history articles edited by Johann DeBry. In his description of the plants, Bauhin states that they are reeds of very pleasing aspect, are very tall, black, round, thick, and grow spontaneously all over the Malabar coast and especially near Coromandel (the eastern coast of India). He goes on to mention their presence in Pegu (Burma) and in Bantam (Java), and talks of their use in India for making houses and their use by barbarians in Brazil to produce arrows. While Bauhin certainly referred at least in part to bamboo under his "Arundo arbor," he included other elements such as "Tabaxir." 'While Bauhin had several elements in his "Arundo arbor," it is his use of the word "Bam-bus" that is important, for it was utilized by Linnaeus in 1753 as the basis of his "Arundo bambos," from which the genus name Bambusa was later adapted. We must remember that up until the time of Bauhin, only four thousand or so plants were known, but many names were used for these. Bauhin brought great order out of chaos and gave us our first nomenclatural tag, albeit inexact, for bamboos—"Arundo arbor." The famous Malabar coast, where Garcia da Orta lived in the 1500's, came under Dutch rule in the follow-ing century, and from 1669-1677 the Dutch Commander of Malabar was Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Draakestein. Rheede was born in Amsterdam in 1636 of a distinguished family but was orphaned at four and went abroad at the early age of 14. He entered the service of the Dutch East India company as a soldier and rose to the rank of lieutenant and fought to wrest control of the Malabar coast from the Portuguese, subse-quently developing good relations with the King of Cochin. At the time, medicines had to be transported from Holland to the colonies, a costly trip that took many months. Rheede was aware of the great medicinal use made by the natives of the plants of the richly vegetated Malabar Coast and sought to bring knowledge of these plants together in an organized fashion. He employed several Brahmins who knew the plants well to gather information for his Hortus Malabaricus, a work that eventually consisted of 12 volumes, the first of which appeared in Amsterdam in 1678. While no specimens were made of the plants illustrated in this book, the plate (number 16) of bamboo, known in the local language of Malayalam as "Illy," is possibly the first published illustration of a bamboo of scientific value. He worked with several scientific collaborators in pro-ducing his Hortus Malabaricus, among them Jan Commelin, who wrote the remarks on "Illy." Commelin (1626-1692), who was a druggist and a member of the town council of Amsterdam, studied botany in his spare time and helped Rheede on the second and later volumes. He also founded the Amsterdam Botanic Garden and mentioned many of the plants cultivated in that garden. Even though the illustration in Hortus Malabaricus is poor, the name "Illy," which identifies the plant, is used to this day for the common thorny bamboo of southern India. Commelin commented at length upon the bamboo and called it "Arundo arbor," citing Avicenna and Bauhin's Pinax. Thus, while various names were again employed, Hortus Malabaricus was the first to provide an illustration of the plant in addition to a local name. At the time that Commelin was preparing the comments on the bamboo for the text, he had the drawing of the bamboo from the Malabar coast, which included flowering branches. He also received some specimens that had recently been collected in Ceylon by Paul Hermann, a Dutch botanist who had been to that island between 1670 and 1677. If plants of the Malabar Coast and Ceylon flowered at the same time, Hermann and Rheede must have seen them between 1674 and April of 1675. At the top of page 25 in Hortus Malabaricus, Commelin comments that this plant flowers every 60 years and dies, the first reference to my knowledge of a flowering cycle in bamboos. Hermann's return to Holland came just before the birth in 1681 of George Clifford, who became a wealthy banker and proprietor of a large estate in central Holland called "de Hartecamp." The young Swedish physi-cian and botanist, Carolus Linnaeus, went to Holland in 1735, where he spent the next few years. Part of this time was at de Hartecamp, where he was hired as Clifford's personal physician with duties to catalog the plants on the estate, acquire new ones and publish manuscripts on these. In 1737 appeared the results of Lin-

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naeus' efforts in the form of the now-famous book, Hortus Cliffortianus. Linnaeus listed here an "Arundo arbor," so we know at least that Clifford had a bamboo in cultivation at his estate at the time. While Linnaeus was working for Clifford, the Dutch botanist, Adriaan van Royen, prepared an account of the plants cultivated in the botanic garden at Leiden, the Flora Leydensis Prodromus of 1740. In this listing, van Royen also included an "Arundo arbor." It is interesting to note that Bauhin in his Pinax of 1623 had cited a fragment of a plant from this botanic garden under his "Arundo arbor," so whatever the bamboo in cultivation in Holland in 1740, it had probably been there at least since the first part of the seventeenth cen-tury. These earlier publications of Linnaeus were leading up to the work for which he is most known, the Spe-cies Plantarum of 1753, on page 81 of which he used the binomial, Arundo bambos. Linnaeus did not give a description but cited previous works and authorities whose concepts were unclear: Caspar Bauhin's Pinax (page 18), his own Hortus Cliffortianus (page 25) and Flora Zeylanica (page 47), and the Flora Leydensis Prodromus of Royen (cited as "Roy. lugdb.," page 67). "Tabaxir & Mombu [sic] Arbor" of the Historia Plan-tarum Universalis by Jean Bauhin and Johann Heinrich Cherler, volume 1, page 222, were also listed. Lin-naeus also cited "Ily" [sic] from Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus, volume 1, page 25, table 16. Certainly the "species" of Linnaeus included all bamboos up to his time and while the circumscription was confusing it is important to note that all formal botanical nomenclature commences with this publication of 1753. In other words, Arundo bambos of Linnaeus, 1753, is the first validly published name of a bamboo in scientific litera-ture. The next bamboo to be described is Arundo gigantea, the "large cane" of southern United States, which appeared in Walter's Flora Caroliniana of 1788. By this time, the binomial system of nomenclaure of Lin-naeus was becoming widely adopted, and as more and more plants were described, it became apparent that many species represented distinct genera. And so it became clear that the myriad species included under Arundo represented in fact a number of distinct genera. In 1789, two botanists, Retzius and Schreber, decided that what had been called Arundo bambos represented a distinct genus from Arundo. Retzius called it Bam-bos, employing the specific name as the new genus name as was the custom, while Schreber did the same thing but used the Latin form, Bambusa. This latter name has since been the accepted form. The herbarium sheet from which Retzius, a professor at the Swedish University in Lund, made his description consisted of two elements, a thorny bamboo and a non-thorny one. He had received earlier imperfect specimens from travelers and supplemented this material with good flowering material sent by Koenig. In making Arundo bambos a genus, Retzius chose "arundinacea" as the specific name and described the species on the basis of the two different bamboos which he had mounted on one sheet. The sheet with these two elements is to this day in the Lund Herbarium. Although we cannot be sure from the Lund sheet which material came from Koenig, we may conjecture that it is the non-thorny one. A specimen of Koenig's bamboo, probably a dupli-cate of the Lund material, is at the British Museum and is a non-thorny bamboo, which we now know as Bambusa vulgaris. Johan Gerhard Koenig (1728-1789) was a missionary-surgeon, born in the Duchy of Courland (between Poland and Russia), who went to Uppsala to learn medicine. When he was middle-aged, he joined the Tran-quebar Mission as a surgeon and naturalist and studied the flora of the Madras Coast. He sent specimens to Retzius between 1768 and 1778 before leaving for Siam and the Malay Peninsula. In 1790, another well-known bamboo was described, this one by João de Loureiro (1717-1791), a Portu-guese missionary and naturalist who worked in Moçambique, Goa and Cochinchina (now South Vietnam). The bamboo was called Arundo multiplex (later recognized as a species of Bambusa), a common hedge bam-boo of the region. Many botanists have felt that the short description given by Loureiro was insufficient to know which species the author had in mind, especially since the author made no herbarium specimen for fu-ture reference. Most botanists and horticulturists have therefore taken up a later name, Bambusa glaucescens. In my opinion, however, there is enough information in the original description to leave no doubt as to the bamboo Loureiro was describing. For one, he gave the common name as "Cay hóp," and there are only three

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bamboos from the region with "hóp" in the name: Loureiro's bamboo and two named later by Munro as Bambusa tuldoides and Bambusa flexuosa. The latter is thorny and not used in hedges so can be ruled out, and the former has culms larger than one inch in diameter as described by Loureiro for his species. This leaves only the one hedge bamboo. A further point, overlooked by other authorities as far as I know, is that Loureiro describes the flower as having three stigmas that are sessile on the ovary. This is indeed true of "multiplex" but not of B. tuldoides in which there is a style that precedes the three stigmas. It is clear that Loureiro was describing the common hedge bamboo known since as Bambusa multiplex or B. glaucescens. Since B. multiplex is the earlier name, and the identification is not in doubt, it must be used. While we cannot review the description of each new species, it is interesting to see what these early entities were. In 1791 Nastus borbonicus was described by Gmelin from the island of Réunion, and in 1803 Michaux elevated Arundo gigantea to the genus Arundinaria. So at this time, we have the three earliest described gen-era of bamboos: Bambusa, Arundinaria and Nastus. Our most common bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris, was cultivated in Europe by the early 1800's, and how long before that I do not know. J.C. Wendland, a horticulturist at Hannover, Germany, was working on a book, Sertum Hannoveranum, with his colleague, Professor Heinrich Adolph Schrader of Göttingen. When Wend-land's bamboo came into flower in Hannover he sent a specimen to Schrader. Schrader suggested "vulgaris" as a good name for this species new to science, which in fact Wendland used when he described it. That the name was suggested by Schrader and the actual description written by Wendland is reflected in the formal taxonomic name of this most common bamboo: Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland. In the early 1800's, the East India Company was flourishing, and headquarters of the enterprise had been established at Calcutta. Across the Hoogly river was the Company's Garden, of which Dr. William Roxburgh was the director. In 1814 appeared his listing of the plants in cultivation at the Garden under the title of Hor-tus Bengalensis. In the list were seven bamboos, all of which are to this day important cultivated bamboos. I have added the current names in brackets: Bambusa arundinacea [bambos], B. tulda, B. balcooa, B. [Den-drocalamus] stricta, B. nana [actually multiplex of a different species?], B. spinosa [bambos] and B. [Melo-canna] baccifera. By now the number of genera and species of bamboos was increasing at a rapid pace, and in the first really good natural system of classification of grasses, Kunth recognized bamboos as one of his ten natural groups of genera. In his paper, publishesd when the young German of twenty-seven was working in Paris, Kunth referred to the group as "Gramina Bambusacea." This excellent botanist was followed by another of equal stature, the great Nees von Esenbeck (1776-1858), who was a naturalist, physician and professor of botany at universities in Erlangen, Bonn and Breslau. In 1835, he published a book on the bamboos of Brazil (Bam-buseae Brasilienses), in which he included Streptochaeta as one of the bamboo groups and was thus the first to recognize a relationship between woody and herbaceous species. Nees divided the bamboos into three groups: a, Bambuseae (with Bambusa); b, Arundinariae (with Arundinaria); and c, Streptochaeta (by itself and not in a tribe). In his treatment of Bambuseae, he recognized 2 subgenera, Bambusa and Guadua. By 1839, Ruprecht, working in St. Petersburg (now Leningrad), published his Bambuseas Monographic and included 67 taxa, representing the first worldwide treatment of bamboos. Franz Joseph Ruprecht (1814-1870), who had been born in Freiburg, Germany, spent 31 years in St. Petersburg and for part of the time was director of the Botanical Museum there. He had studied under the great agrostologist, Trinius, and completed his bamboo monograph when he was only twenty-five! The next monograph of bamboos to appear was that of Colonel William Munro. Since this world mono-graph of 1868, there has been none other, and it remains a classic, to this day one of the most useful original references on bamboos. Munro was born in 1818, and at the age of 16 joined the English army, eventually rising to the rank of general in the 39th Regiment. He saw much active service in India and was severely wounded in the Battle of Maharajpore. In the various places where he was stationed, among them India, Canada and the West Indies he established gardens for the recreation and comfort of his soldiers. His beauti-fully written introduction is a must for all to read. In it he speaks of Ruprecht who had described nine genera

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and 67 species, of which he had seen 55 in flower. Munro states that he has reduced the number of species to 50 and has in his monograph described upwards of 170 species in 20 genera, "showing how largely our knowledge of this family has increased in the last twenty-five years." Munro's system was based on the foundation that Nees had laid down earlier but expanded to include many new taxa. All of the groups and subgroups that Munro recognized have remained in systems to this day, even though we may use other names or place them at other ranks. Munro, like Nees before him, had a keen perception of natural relation-ships, and the two must be counted among the best in bamboo systematics. At about the time Munro was preparing his monograph, a young German, Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz, born in 1833 in Munich and a pupil of the famous Martius, was curator of the herbarium in Calcutta but left for In-donesia where he learned all he could of bamboos. His long paper on "Bamboo and its Use," which appeared in 1876, is full of original information. He was the first to make observations on the special nature of the pro-liferating bamboo spikelet, the type later to be studied in more detail by McClure (1934), who called it "pseudospikelet." Kurz's plan to write an account of the bamboos of India ended with his premature death at Penang (Malaysia) in December of 1877. His notes and specimens, however, were later used by Gamble in his treatment. I think it is interesting here to note that in 1887 Adrien Franchet, a botanist at the Muséum National d'His-toire Naturelle in Paris, wrote a small paper in which he described new genera of bamboos from French Congo: Atractocarpa, Guaduella, Microcalamus and Puelia. He referred to these as miniature bamboos and is, to my knowledge, the first botanist to recognize herbaceous bamboos since Nees, who had included the American genus, Streptochaeta. Franchet, it may be recalled, described some interesting woody bamboos as well—the curious Glaziophyton from Brazil, which he named in honor of the French landscaper and botanist in Rio de Janeiro, M. Glaziou (1889), and Fargesia, which he named for the French missionary in Sichuan province of China, Abbé Farges (1893). (We now know that Microcalamus is not a bamboo and that Atracto-carpa is congeneric with Puelia, but apart from that, all of his other genera are recognized to this day.) Little research has been done on the bamboos of Africa since the time of Franchet, but the same cannot be said of India and Burma, and here the town of Dehra Dun in northern India plays a big role. Sir Dietrich Brandis, who like Beethoven before him, was born in Bonn, was called upon by the British to help them in matters of forestry, in which the Germans had much more experience. Brandis was in Burma between 1856 and 1862 where he was the superintendent of Forests in Pegu, which is the large area of forest in the southern part of that country. In 1878, he founded the forestry school at Dehra Dun, which to this day remains a strong force in forestry in Asia. While Brandis did not work principally on bamboos, he published a remarkable pa-per in 1907 on the structure of bamboo leaves and noted the great similarity in features of the leaf anatomy and epidermis of different bamboos. Interestingly, he also looked at leaves of Olyra, Diandrolyra, Leptaspis and Pharus and remarked on the similarity of these leaves to those of the bamboos. The anatomical figures that accompany this paper are superior. James Sykes Gamble, who had been born in London in 1847, had his practical training at the Ecole Na-tional des Eaux et Forêts at Nancy, France, and then went to India in 1871, where he spent many years in the Indian Forest Service. In 1890, he was appointed Director of the Imperial Forest School at Dehra Dun where he remained until 1899. He wrote several important works on the forests of India and Burma, among them a monograph on the bamboos of British India, which appeared in 1896 in the Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Gamble's first-hand knowledge of bamboos can be felt throughout his excellent work, ac-companied by illustrations made in India from fresh material. This treatise covers 15 genera and 115 species and contains 119 plates, certainly the most exhaustive work to its time. The publication was prepared at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, which had earlier been consulted by Munro and contained at the time the best bamboo herbarium in the world. By the beginning of this century, the study of bamboos had progressesd rapidly with major emphasis on those of India. No further world monographs of bamboos have appeared in this century except for that of E.-G. Camus of the same museum where Franchet had worked. His book, Les Bambusées —Monographie,

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Biologie, Culture, Principaux Usages, appears to be most useful since it is a compilation of all previous works, but it was pooorly done and cannot be relied upon. During the early years in this century, a young American from Ohio, Floyd Alonzo McClure, went to Ling-nan University in Canton, China to teach biology. There he became interested in economic plants, particu-larly bamboos, which he saw all about him. So intrigued by these plants was he that he worked on the mor-phology of the spikelet and published a paper on the pseudospikelet as found in Schizostachyum (1934). In later years he returned to the United States and worked at the Smithsonian Institution where his plans were to revise all of the bamboo genera for Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. By the time of his death in 1971, he had mostly completed the manuscript for just the New World bamboos. I must introduce McClure in this discussion for two facts: one, in 1946, he chose the 1678 illustration of Rheede as the type species of the genus Bambusa. The correct name for this bamboo is thus Bambusa bam-bos, which combination had first been made by Voss in 1896. This name takes precedence over Bambusa arundinacea, which has most generally been used for the thorny bamboo of India. Two, in 1961 McClure published a description of the subfamily Bambusoideae, which was thorough and detailed but included only the woody members. In this same year, 1961, Professor Lorenzo R. Parodi, an eminent agrostologist from Argentina, defined the subfamily Bambusoideae as it applied to representatives from his country. In the subfamily he included all of the woody bamboos under the tribe Bambuseae, but placed the herbaceous members in three tribes—Olyreae, Phareae and Streptochaeteae. During my discussions with McClure toward the end of the 1960's and just before his death in 1971, we talked of the herbaceous grasses that so resemble the woody bamboos, and he agreed that all should be treated in the same subfamily. McClure (in McClure and Smith, 1967:3) mentioned how Parodi had brought into sharper focus the "long-recognized bambusoid affinities of certain other gramineous genera toward the bamboos." In summary, we find that the principal steps in the history of bamboo classification are the following:1623. Caspar Bauhin in his Pinax lists bamboos under "Arundo arbor."1753. Linnaeus, in Species Plantarum, gives bamboos their first formal name in botanical nomenclature,

Arundo bambos, a name that embraced more than one taxon.1789. Retzius in Sweden and Schreber in Germany recognize bamboo as a distinct genus, the former calling

it Bambos and the latter Bambusa.1815. Kunth recognized bamboos as one of his ten natural groups of grasses and thus conceptualized what

we know today as the subfamily Bambusoideae.1835. Nees von Esenbeck establishes the first system of classification for bamboos in his treatment of Brazil -

ian bamboos, recognizing three groups—two of which were woody, Bambuseae (with Bambusa), and Arundinariae (with Arundinaria)—and one of which was herbaceous, Streptochaeteae (with Strepto-chaeta).

1961. Parodi formalizes the subfamily Bambusoideae in establishing a system of classification for the grasses of Argentina. In this system he included all of the woody bamboos in a single tribe, Bambuseae, and allocated the herbaceous members to three tribes—Olyreae, Phareae and Streptochaeteae.

Since Parodi's publication there have been numerous papers on all subjects of bamboos and this is not the place to comment upon them. While many new genera and species have been described and further work on morphology and anatomy confirms the validity of the system developd up to the time of Parodi, no basic new concepts in the classification of bamboos have really been introduced. Presently there is a great deal of interest in bamboo systematics, and many new taxa are being described, especially from tropical America and the People's Republic of China. Research is also being made in silvicu-lure and utilization, particularly in the People's Republic of China. A good idea of bamboo activities in Asia may be found in Lessard and Chouinard (1980) Bamboo Research in Asia (the proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore May 28-30, 1980). I commend the horticultural efforts of the American Bamboo Society,

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which is introducing new taxa for cultivation as ornamentals. There are so many beautiful species worthy of cultivation in this country, especially temperate genera like Drepanostachyum of the Himalayas and Chusquea of the Andes and tropical genera like Schizostachyum and Thyrsostachys. Because of the economic value of bamboo, most research will continue to focus upon practical problems, but I would like to point out the kinds of scientific studies that I feel should be pursued as well.1. Fieldwork Highest on my agenda would be extensive fieldwork and field observations. While new laboratory tech-niques and methods of analysis are useful in studying species we already know, there is nothing to compare with completely new material. Each collecting trip that we have made to eastern Brazil, for example, has yielded new taxa, the study of which helps us to understand other genera to which they are related. One ex-ample is a new genus from Bahia, which is related to Guadua. A study of it has helped us define the genus Guadua itself and recognize its distinctiveness from Bambusa, with which genus McClure (1973) and others had merged it. New genera are not always in out-of-the-way places. Olmeca, a genus that I recently de-scribed (1981), grows abundantly on both sides of a road in Veracruz that leads to the Biological Station of the University of Mexico. For years students and professors of botany have driven by this bamboo, little real-izing that it was a genus unknown to science. The area of most interest for collecting is the Malagasy Republic where almost all of the bamboos are en-demic and of which we have little well-collected material. There are more different kinds of bamboo on the island of Madagascar than there are on the whole coastal forests of Brazil and other regions of lowland tropi-cal America, particularly the Guianas and low hill regions between the Amazon basin and the Andes. The mountains should continue to yield novelties to science. The forests of tropical West Africa must also be ex-plored and I hope they will provide us with further species of herbaceous bamboos. 2. Morphological and anatomical studies Characters from leaf anatomy are useful in classifying grasses in general, and the similarity in basic struc-ture among woody and herbaceous bamboos has been a strong factor in maintaining the groups within the same subfamily. A survey of leaf anatomy of bamboos, which I have made with Dr. Roger Ellis of Pretoria, has allowed us to discern the major lines of evolution in the subfamily. Once we have studied the anatomy, the next most important organ to survey is the flower, particularly the gynecium and resulting fruit, including the embryo and seedling. Holttum, in his important paper of 1956 on bamboo classification, stressed the importance of the ovary. Few studies have been made to date on the gy-necium but we are presently sectioning ovaries of all bamboos for which we have material. Careful analyses should also be made of rhizomes for only the general nature of the sympodial, amphipodial and monopodial systems is known.3. Biological studiesThis is the area in which we have the least amount of information. Perhaps because scientists have found bamboos difficult to collect and name, they have left them alone. The unusual cyclic flowering behavior of bamboos is well known, and while anecdotal information is plentiful, few scientific studies of an experimen-tal nature have ever been made on the subject. We are trying to rectify this situation in a bamboo flowering research program at the Tropical Agriculture Research Station at Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. While one objec-tive of this program is to induce flowering outside of the normal cycle, we are interested in a number of re-lated problems. For example, are bamboos self-crossing, outcrossing or both? We need more information on seed-set and data on seed germination. Chromosome counts, although known for some bamboo taxa, are few, mostly because flowers are seldom available. For this reason efforts should be directed toward processing of root tips for chromosome counts. Fruit dispersal in the Bambusoideae is also a subject worthy of further investigation. In many taxa the fruits fall to the ground and grow near the parent plant, the situation we find in most bamboos. Herbaceous bam-boos, however, have evolved various adaptations to enhance their dispersal. The infructescence of Pharus

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clings to the fur of passing animals, a phenomenon known as epizoochory. A specialized movement of the glumes of Raddia at spikelet maturity causes the fruits to be ejected, a phenomenon known as ballistochory.4. Physiological and biochemical studies The study of enzyme systems in plants has received much attention in recent years and may prove useful in bamboos, although few papers on the subject, such as that of Chou et al. (1984), have yet been published. In many plant groups, differences in isozymes have been used to distinguish clones, and we are hopeful that this technique may work to distinguish bamboo clones as well. New techniques, such as DNA hybridization, will doubtless prove to be an important means of measuring relationships between taxa of the Bambusoideae. Many of the bambusoid grasses exhibit leaf movements at night. While Brongniart (1860) commented on sleep movements in Raddia (as Strephium) guianensis, the general extent of this phenomenon in herbaceous bambusoid grasses was not reported in the literature until recently (Soderstrom, 1980). In all of the taxa that we have observed, the leaves fold upward at night, but in Lithachne they fold downward. Here is a phe-nomenon we have observed only because we have cultivated these bambusoid grasses and been able to ob-serve them at night. Studies presently being undertaken by Dr. Gerald Deitzer of the Smithsonian's Environmental Research Center in Rockville, Maryland, and by David Edelman in Puerto Rico show that the seeds of Lithachne do not germinate immediately but do so only after several months. There are few published studies on seed germination in bamboos and none to my knowledge in the herbaceous species. The successful tissue-culturing of bamboo would be most desirable, not only to produce material for ex-perimental purposes but to provide new plants for cultivation. I do not know of any case in which mature plants have yet been produced by this method. Some success has been made at the early stages of growth in a few bamboos by Huang and Murashige (1983).5. Taxonomy Revisions must be made of all genera, with keys to the species and descriptions of them, and should in-clude all studies on the plants that are practicable, from anatomical and morphological to biological and chemical. The data can now be analyzed in new ways and with the aid of computer programs. Primitive and advanced (derived) characters in the species can be compared in a relatively new method called "cladistics" (see Humphries and Funk, 1984). In collaboration with Dr. H.S. Blommestein of the Neth-erlands I have completed a cladistic analysis of the genus Olyra and the tribe Olyreae and anticipate making similar analyses of the remaining tribes of the Bambusoideae. The ultimate aim in the systematics of the Bambusoideae is to have an understanding of all bambusoid taxa that occur on the surface of the earth and to know their distribution, how to recognize them, how they are related to one another and how they got to where they are. Each new study helps to confirm or disprove what we have previously believed. Of all the grasses the Bambusoideae are still the most poorly known. Apart from their beauty and utility, bamboos offer unlimited opportunities for scientific investigation.

BibliographyAvicenna, (Ibn Sina), (980?-1037). Liber canonis.Bauhin, C., 1623. Pinax theatri botanici… sive index in Theophrasti Dioscoridis Plinii et botanicorum, qui a sculo scripserunt,

opera… Basel.Brandis, Sir Dietrich, 1907. Remarks on the structure of bamboo leaves, Trans. Linn. Soc. (London), series 2 (Botany), 7: 69-92,

plates 11-14.Brongniart, A.T., 1860. Notes sur le sommeil des feuilles dans une plante de la famille des Graminées, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7:

470-472.DeBry, J., ed., 1601. Indiae orientalis, part 4, Frankfurt.Camus, E.-G., 1913. Les Bambusées—monographie, biologie, culture, principaux usages, 2 volumes: text (215 pages), atlas (101

plates), Paris: Lechevalier.

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Chou, C-H., C-M. Yang, and S-S. Sheen, 1984. A biochemical aspect of phylogenetic study of Bambusaceae in Taiwan, 1. The genus Phyllostachys, Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC(B) (Republic of China-Botany) 8(2): 89-98.

Franchet, A., 1887. Genera nova Graminearum Africae tropicae occidentalis, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1: 673-677.——, 1889. Note sur deux nouveaux genres de Bambusées, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 17: 277-284.——, 1893. Fargesia, nouveau genre de Bambusées de la Chine, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris, 2: 1067-1069.Gamble, J.S., 1896. The Bambuseae of British India, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 7(1): xvii + 1-133, plates 1-

119.Garcia da Orta, 1563. Coloquios dos simples, e drogas… Lisbon.Gmelin, J.F., 1791. Linnaeus Syst. Nat., ed. 13.Holttum, R.E., 1956. The classification of bamboos, Phytomorphology, 6(1): 73-90.Huang, L.C. and T. Murashige, 1983. Tissue culture investigations of bamboo, I. Callus cultures of Bambusa, Phyllostachys, and

Sasa, Bot. Bull. Academia Sinica 24: 31-52.Humphries, C.J. and V.A. Funk, 1984. "Cladistic methodology," Chapter 17 (pages 323-362) in V.H. Heywood and D.M. Moore,

eds., Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, London: Academic Press. (Systematics Association Special Volume no. 25).Kunth, C.S., 1815. Considerations générales sur les Graminées, Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2: 62-75.Kurz, S., 1876. Bamboo and its use, Indian Forester, 1(3): 219-269, plates 1, 2; 1(4): 335-362, plates 3, 4.Lessard, G. and A. Chouinard, eds., 1980. Bamboo Research in Asia: Proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore 28-30 May

1980, 228 pages, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.Linnaeus, C., 1737. Hortus cliffortianus, Amsterdam.——, 1747. Flora zeylanica… Stockholm.——, 1753. Species plantarum, 2 volumes, Stockholm.Loureiro, J. de., 1790. Flora cochinchinensis…. 2 volumes, Lisbon.McClure, F.A., 1934. The inflorescence in Schizostachyum Nees, J. Washington Acad. Sci., 24(12): 541-548.——, 1946. The genus Bambusa and some of its first-known species, Blumea, Supppl. III: 90-112. ——, 1961. Toward a fuller description of the Bambusoideae (Gramineae), Kew Bull. 15(2): 321-324.——, 1973. Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae), Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 9: xii + 1-148.

(edited by T.R. Soderstrom)—— and L.B. Smith, 1967. Bambúseas, Pages 1-78 in Gramíneas (Suplemento), in R. Reitz, editor, Flora Ilustrada Catarinense,

12 figures, Itajaí, Brazil: Tipografia Blumenauense S.A.Marden, L., 1980. Bamboo: the giant grass, National Geographic 158(4): 502-528.Michaux, A., 1803. Flora boreali-americana… Paris, Strasbourg, 2 volumes.Munro, W., 1868. A monograph of the Bambusaceae, including descriptions of all the species, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 26: 1-157,

6 plates.Nees von Esenbeck, C.G.D., 1835. Bambuseae brasilienses: recensuit et alias in India Orientalis provenientes adjecit, Linnaea, 9:

461-494.Parodi, L.R., 1961. La taxonomía de las Gramineae Argentinas a la luz de las investigaciones más recientes, in Recent Advances in

Botany (from lectures and symposia presented to the IX International Botanical Congress, Montreal, 1959), 1: 125-130, To-ronto: University of Toronto Press.

Retzius, A.J., 1789. Observationes botanicae… vol. 5, Leipzig.Rheede tot Draakestein, H.A. van., 1678-1703. Hortus indicus malabaricus… Amsterdam.Roxburgh, W., 1814. Hortus bengalensis, or a catalogue of the plants growing in the honorable East India Company's botanic gar-

den at Calcutta, Serampore.Royen, A. van., 1740. Florae leydensis prodromus… Lugdium Batavorum.Ruprecht, F.J., 1839. Bambuseas monographice exponit, Pages 1-75, 18 plates, St. Petersburg: Typis Caesareae Scientiarum. (This

appeared as a preprint of the following: 1840, "Bambuseas monographice exponit" in Mémoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, sixième série (Sciences Naturelles), 3: 91-165, plates 1-18).

Schrader, H.A. and J.C. Wendland., 1795-1798. Sertum hannoveranum… Göttingen and Hannover.Schreber, J.C.D. von., 1789-1791. Caroli a Linne… Genera plantarum… editio octava… Frankfurt.Soderstrom, T.R., 1980. A new spescies of Lithachne (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and remarks on its sleep movements, Brittonia

32(4): 495-501.——, 1981. Olmeca, a new genus of bamboos with fleshy fruits, Amer. J. Bot. 68: 1361-1374.

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Voss, A., ed., (1894-) 1896. Vilmorin's Blumengärtnerei: Beschreibung, Kultur und Verwendung des gesamten Pflanzenmaterials für deutsche Gärten, 2 volumes, Berlin: Paul Parey.

Walter, T., 1788. Flora caroliniana… 263 pages, London: J. Fraser.Wendland, J.C., 1810. Collectio plantarum… 2: 26-30, pl. 47.

2010 BOTA Report 1. BOTA Student Assistance Program Lynn Clark, the BOTA-SAP Review Committee Chair, received several pre-proposals during the year. However, at the time of this report no proposals have been funded in 2010.2. Andean bamboo collection in two Quito (Ecuador) urban parks At the end of 2007 we funded a project titled, “Andean Bamboo Collection in Quito (Ecuador) City Parks,” to establish living collections of native Andean bamboos in highly-visited Quito urban parks during 2008-09, in cooperation with a city park administration. The project is very close to completion.3. Dr. Peggy Stern Travels to China as BOTA South American Director Peggy Stern, South American Regional Director of BOTA, participated in the World Expo Shanghai as a speaker at the 2010 International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) Congress on May 20-22. She gave presentations on experiences with Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of bamboo forests and plantations in Latin American and the role of bamboo forests to mitigate climate change through the en-vironmental services they provide, such as watershed protection, slope stabilization and accumulation of for-est carbon.4. Association of Zoological Horticulture (AZH) and BOTA Receive Second Conservation Grant in 2010 to Continue Developing the Bamboo Collections and Activities at Panama’s Summit Park and Zoo The 2008 AZH Conservation Grant allowed Mike Bostwick, Curator of Horticulture at the San Diego Zoo, and BOTA Director Gib Cooper to travel to Panama and begin work in renovating Summit botanical gar-den’s bamboo collection. In 1923 the 135-acre Summit Municipal Park was created as an experimental tropi-cal garden administered by the Panama Canal Company. Tropical species were brought in from all over the world in order to discover what benefits they could bring to mankind. The Missouri Botanical Gardens had a station here for almost 30 years, and David Fairchild, who would later go on to create Fairchild Tropical Bo-tanical Gardens, is one of Summit’s creators. In 1943-1946 Dr. F. A. McClure was involved in the bamboo garden design and the Bamboo Walk plantings that for the most part exist today. However, there is a great deal of renovation needed to bring Summit’s botanical collection into the desired state relevant for educa-tional and conservation programs. The 2010 grant was awarded with the following objectives:• Improve the existing Bamboo Walk area with its beautiful collection of exotic Asian species and the un-developed exotic bamboo area with a landscape plan connecting the far ends of the walk at the tapir display with a new native herbaceous and woody bamboo garden.• Produce architectural plans for the park’s main entrance using Guadua bamboo. The plan set includes a roofed gateway, a nursery entrance for retail sales and other bamboo structures within the park as desig-nated.• Expand propagation of bamboos in nursery for retail sales and reforestation projects.• Develop signage, educational programs and research activities around a bamboo theme, “The plant of 1000 uses” that would exemplify housing, furniture, food, textiles, erosion control, conservation, animal habitat and landscape uses.5. Report from Jorge Lezcano, recipient of a jointly funded grant in 2009 from AZH and BOTA. Jorge Lezcano received an award for the field-collecting of Panamanian native bamboo to be the founda-tion of the new research and the native bamboo collection. The collaborative project includes partial support from BOTA and AZH with advisory help from Drs. Lynn Clark and Mireya Correa.

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6. Other news BOTA’s Executive Director Gib Cooper participated in the 2010 AZH annual meeting in San Diego. Mike Bostwick and Gib Cooper jointly presented the results of the 2008 AZH Conservation Grant with a power-point presentation titled, “Summit Park: Panama Bamboo Education, Restoration and Conservation.” BOTA Director for Europe, Luc Boerauve, made a presentation to the European Bamboo Society’s 2010 annual meeting. He reviewed the BOTA mission and programs but gave special attention to the 2008 BOTA eco-tour to Ecuador led by Dr. Peggy Stern. BOTA’s Regional Director for Central/North America, Gilberto Cortés, has some interesting ideas for us to develop. He writes:1) Catalog of Common Names of Native America Bamboos. The objective is to know the words used to designate the native bamboos in America. Includes knowing more about the origin of the name, the group of people who use it, the word’s meaning, including phonetic pronunciation and photographs.2) The Use of Bamboo Basketry in Americas. A catalog of which native species are used by people in the Americas to produce baskets, etc, woven products similar to those made with Tzanica in Mexico. The project focus is Ethno-botany. He recommends coordination with the Latin American Botanical Society.The Generation of Bar Codes for Mexican Bamboo Species Dr. Teresa Mejia from the Ecological Institute of Xalapa in Veracruz, Mexico is ready to analyze samples of Mexican bamboo species to assign each species a bar code. Some of these species are difficult to collect in the wild and are not in the native bamboo collection at Clavijero Botanical Garden. To help with the study, specimens are to be collected from known collections in the USA and sent to Dr. Mejia’s lab. BOTA will help by supplying materials and postage to pack and send the samples properly.7. Financial ReportJanuary 1, 2010 – September 30, 2010Acct. # 79 40955 – First Farmer's and Merchants National BankMt. Pleasant, TN 38474Balance 10/01/10 (includes $5,000 in CD) $ 7,761.26Donations: OBA members 1,421.52Interest on Account & 6-mth CD through 09/30/10 52.23Total in: $1,473.56Expenses:Membership renewal – AZH 150.00Total out: $150 .00Total in Account & CD as of 09/30/10 $9,084.82Respectfully submitted,Susanne TurtleABS & BOTA Treasurer30 Myers RoadSummertown, TN 38483-7323Phone: 1-931-964-4151Fax: 1-931-964-4228e-mail: ABSTreasurer@aol.com, treasurer@americanbamboo.orgThe 2010 BOTA Report is respectfully submitted by Gib Cooper, BOTA Executive Director:

Bambúes de las AméricasBamboo of the Americas (BOTA)28446 Hunter Creek LoopGold Beach, OR 97444Tel. & FAX: 541-247-0835BAMBOO CONSERVATION ACTION FOR THE NEW WORLDhttp://www.bamboooftheamericas.org/Alt. email: bambugib@charter.netSkype me: BAMBUGIBBOTA is administered by The American Bamboo Society (ABS), a California non-profitscientific and literary charitable corporation, tax-exempt under section 501(C)-3. Contributions to this project are tax-deductible under federal and California laws. For more information about ABS visit: http://www.americanbamboo.org/

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Reports of Bamboo Flowering in 2009by Betty ShorArundinaria gigantea tecta: 2010, May: northwest Georgia, Alabama, U.S.A. (e-mail from AH 10 May

2010): small patch has flowered and has seed heads.Bambusa textilis 'Mutabilis': 2010, Sept.: Sebastopol, California, U.S.A. (e-mail from Gerhard of No. Cal.

Chapter of ABS, 11 Sept. 2010): plant in 15-gallon pot has two flowers (bought at Bamboo Sourcery).Chimonocalamus pallens: 2010, May: Benicia, California, U.S.A. (e-mail from David King): an auction plant from Northern Califor -

nia chapter, just put into ground, now has "profuse flowering." 2010, August: Palo Alto, California, U.S.A. (e-mail from Susan Haviland 14 Aug. 2010): several clumps

flowering; some began in spring and others later. She is collecting ripened seeds. 2010, Jan.: Sebastopol, California, U.S.A. (e-mail from Bamboo Sourcery 5 Sept. 2010): started flowering

in January.Dendrocalamus brandisii: 2010, May: India, Karnataka and Kerala states in south of India (info forwarded

by Kinder Chambers 13 May 2010): gregarious; introduced there in early part of "last century"; probably the first time the species has flowered in the region.

Fargesia nitida: 2010, March: San Jose, California, U.S.A. (e-mail from Lisa 27 Mar. 2010): plant installed about a year ago; she sent pictures of flowering.

Gigantochloa levis: 2010, Aug.: Vista, California, U.S.A. (e-mail from Ralph Evans 25 Aug. 2010): began flowering in March, appears to have viable seeds.

Phyllostachys aureosulcata spectabilis: 2010, May: Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. (e-mail from Kimberly Swanson): one plant in a 35-gal. pot is flowering.

Pleioblastus shibuyanus 'Tsuboi': 2010, May: Gold Beach, Oregon, U.S.A. (e-mail from Gib Cooper 3 May 2010): in flower.

2010, June: near Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. (e-mail from Brian Rous 29 June 2010): one plant, purchased from Bamboo Garden in Oregon previous early summer.

Sasa senensis: 2009-10: Nashville, Indiana, U.S.A. (e-mail from Brad Salmon, 12 Feb. 2010): began flower-ing in fall 2009; entire patch plus some divisions are all flowering.

2010, March: Westchester County, New York, U.S.A. (e-mail from Pam & Doug Love 29 March 2010): flowering in profusion; plants planted 16 years ago.

2010, May: Westford, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (e-mail from Al Adelman 28 May 2010): his plant now flow-ering.

2010, August: New York City, New York, U.S.A. (e-mail from Sabine 9 August 2010): whole bunch flow-ering; Susanne Lucas then reported that it is flowering in many places.

Sinobambusa intermedia: 2010, May: Springfield, Oregon, U.S.A. (e-mail from John Theus 12 June 2010): "All but 2 culms out of about 50 are in flower."

What or Who is the Culprit? A woman in Los Angeles sent photos of her oddly damaged bamboo. She wants to know what pest is after her plants and commented: "Here are a few “hints”…I’ve had these in my garden for 3 years and they were thriving. I have 3 plants. Of them, one is under severe attack, another one has a few hits. I think worst damaged might be called Mul-tiplex Silverstripe [identified by Ralph Evans as Bambusa dolichomerithalla 'Silverstripe'; he sold it to her]. They were purchased from a specialty bamboo nursery north of San Diego … and were in excellent health until very recently. "I have noticed wasp like insects the past few days. I have taken photos of them as well. The only other recent change that might be related is a few months ago I laid down a thick layer (3”) of Earthgro bagged

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cedar mulch. I scraped away most of it because we had a period of rain; it was harboring slugs that were eat-ing the newest shoots, and it seemed too wet in the area overall. Another detail is that we do have ants throughout the yard and after these get eaten into, I think the ants perhaps continue the damage, not sure." Ralph Evans thought it might be "partial abortion," before the culm had fully grown, perhaps from early bird-beak damage." He commented that it is "most often seen on Old-hamii and tuldoides and other larger-culmed clumpers." Don Shor suspects "young men with machetes … whack-ing a culm with whatever they are holding in their hands." Any other ideas?

Reaching Outby Susanne Lucas With such a title, these paragraphs could be about the spreading rhizomes of Phyllostachys, but actually, I'm refer-ring to the new outreach by ABS to link its members and at-tract new ones. At the Annual Meeting in Savannah, it was discussed, and within 48 hours, new member Ariel Dubov of New York had set up a Facebook page for ABS!  Over 100 people are already signed on, and pictures and comments abound. "Social Media" is the catch-phrase encompassing these sorts of cyberspace connections, and love it or hate it, these things are very popular among many people and a great way to link members over different time zones and geographic regions. While we are communicating in new ways, our ABS website is getting overhauled with a face-lift and new content. Additionally, a new URL has been obtained, and although <http://www.americanbamboo.org>www.americanbamboo.org will be linked, the new site will be <http://www.bamboo.org>www.bamboo.org . Stay tuned to the launching of the revital-ized site! So, those of you who spend time on the web and enjoy chatting or uploading pictures to share, sign on to the American Bamboo Society Facebook page(http://www.facebook.com) as well as another service called LinkedIn.(http://www.linkedin.com)  Anyone who has access to a computer can join - it is FREE! Of course, membership in ABS could never be substituted in cyberspace, so don't forget to renew your membership, and consider giving membership as a GIFT to someone you know who loves bamboo!  Paid membership will insure you don't miss any issues of BAMBOO magazine, the Bamboo Science and Culture journal, the Species Source List, and membership in your local Chapter.To renew on line, go to http://www.americanbamboo.org/GeneralInfoPages/ABSOnlineMembership.php

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In Memoriam: Loek Janssen-Dros The editors express our sorrow to Jules Janssen on the death of his wife Loek. He recently told us about her par-ticipation in his interest in bamboo: "Loek Janssen-Dros, Jules Janssen’s wife, completely unexpectedly passed away on November 10, 2010. She had much interest in Jules’ work on bamboo, and she accompanied him several times. Many people on Hawaii will remember her from the bamboo lectures in July 1997, organized by the Hawaii chapter. In a similar way she visited the National Bamboo Project in Costa Rica in 1994, the International Bamboo Workshop in Bali in 1995, the IUFRO congress in Kuala Lumpur in 2000, and some more. She supported him also by proof-reading his draft texts and suggesting improvements. Many people all over the world will remember her as enthusias-tic, warm, and very social. May she live in our memory."

Minutes of the American Bamboo SocietyBoard of Directors Meeting3 November – 6 November 2010Directors, Proxies and Officers Present: Steve Stamper FCC; Jim Bonner LGCC; Daniel Fox MSC and Proxy for Brad Salmon, At-Large Direc-tor; David King NCC and Secretary, and Proxy for Lynn Clark, At-Large Director; Bill Hollenback PNWC; Cliff Sussman SCC; C. William King SEC; Artie Turner PROXY for Steve Muzos, TBSC; James Clever At-Large Director; Durnford Dart International Director; Sue Turtle Treasurer, SEC and Proxy for Len Lundstrom, HC.Directors Absent, Proxy absent: Susanne Lucas, Proxy for Michael Bartholomew, NEC.Treasurer’s Report: (Sue Turtle) The income/expense report for 2010 to date was presented. The records of the ABS project Bamboo of the Americas were included but separately iden-tified. Sue emphasized the need to maintain 75% of ABS expenses as services to members rather than administrative expenses in accordance with IRS guidelines for nonprofits. It has been over 90% in past years…. Grants this year included (1) $1000 to the World Bamboo Organization for its work in post-earthquake Haiti, and (2) $2450 to WA State Uni-versity for bamboo research grove support. Funding of the latter is pending signatures of ABS Officers on a memorandum of understanding. A report on a past grant to the Savannah Bamboo Farm and Coastal Gardens for signage is on file. The ABS funded $3000 of the total in 2007.

OLD BUSINESS —Bylaws Revision: Increasing numbers of sugges-tions for Bylaws changes and updates will be col-lected and recommended by the Bylaws Commit-tee, led by D. King. Guidelines from a State of California website will be sought and followed. Tom Harlow volunteered to join the committee, and one or two other members will be sought.The Oregon Bamboo Association Chapter ceased to exist at the end of last year; its members were folded into other chapters, primarily the Pacific

Northwest; its funds were divided among the PNWC, the ABS, and Bamboo of the Americas (BOTA).NEW BUSINESS —Annual Review of Electoral Number (D. King): The number of ABS members which a chapter must have to be represented by an ABS Director is cur-rently 40. Only 10 ABS members are needed to ap-ply to form a chapter. Chapters which are not large enough to have their own Director are represented by the three At-Large members. With the goal of maintaining the Bylaws-mandated size of the ABS Board of Directors and maintaining Chapter repre-sentation on the Board, a motion (Stamper, second: Bonner) to reduce the electoral number to 35, car-ried.Rewording of stated objectives of the ABS: It was moved and carried (Sussman, second: Clever) to add “Conservation” to the verbiage in Paragraph 1 of the Objectives and Purposes (see below). A further motion (Dart, second: Sussman) to change “utilization” to “application” in Paragraph 1 car-ried. Part of this motion was to reword Paragraph 2 on Utilization, but specific wording was not de-cided upon.OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSESThe objectives of this corporation are:1. To provide a source of information on the identi-fication, propagation, application, conservation, culture and appreciation of bamboos. To dissemi-nate and store this information, the corporation maintains a library of references and publishes a Journal and Newsletter.2. To promote the utilization of a group of desirable species by development of stocks of plants for dis-tribution to botanic gardens and introduction to the general public.3. To preserve and increase the number of bamboo species in the United States.4. To plant and maintain bamboo gardens to display the characteristic beauty of mature plants and to provide plant material for research in the taxonomy, propagation, and culture of as large a number of species as possible.5. To support bamboo research in the field and to

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establish whatever facilities are deemed necessary to carry out the research projects approved by the directors.Round-table Discussion on Increasing ABS In-come “Welcome” email after joining/renewing: there is a current automated system for this. Dan Fox (Membership Chair) reported that a pro-spective member asked if a senior discount is avail-able. Membership cards for discounts at gardens, nurs-eries: Other nonprofit horticultural groups have made such arrangements; Bonner suggested that Bill Hollenback ask vendors on the Species Source List if ABS members could get a 10% discount on purchases. Timely renewal reminders: The membership chair sends reminders to members in need of renewal; if no response, the Chapter is to be notified to pursue the renewal. This followthrough needs to be done if it is not with the present system. Sussman recom-mended sending postcards to previous ABS mem-bers; Clever suggested waiting until the new web-site is up. Advertising/Publicity: Dart suggested press re-leases and editorials, especially concerning the An-nual Meeting. Bill King commented that newspa-pers are accepting far fewer releases and notices than they used to. There was some sentiment that bamboo meetings and sales/auctions should be open to the public. Clever encouraged having a space at flower/garden shows both for publicity and for its informational value to teach the public about bamboo. ABS Brochure: Clever urged simplicity to keep recipients' attention. It was agreed that a handout of some kind is valuable at shows and other live events. The web address should be printed promi-nently on any brochures and business cards used. Turner has participated in the several bamboo fo-rums and groups, and thought they should be con-solidated somehow, incorporating advertising. Hol-lenback opined that this might be difficult since each has its own character. Sponsorship of non-ABS events: A small finan-cial contribution or minor participation in other re-lated events might gain exposure for the ABS name and attract new members (D. King).

Facebook group: Lucas volunteered to get this going, approved by consensus. Sussman suggested complimentary/honorary/lifetime members be asked to convert to digital memberships on a voluntary basis which will save ABS costs; consider making all new complimen-tary memberships digital-only. No formal decision was made.Import and Quarantine of New Species Sussman noted that APHIS has a new, centralized method of testing imported bamboos at its facility in Beltsville, MD. Transportation, quarantine and testing are at taxpayer's expense. Sussman sug-gested that ABS arrange to serve as a consultant group to APHIS for bamboo importation. He will continue to be an ABS liaison to APHIS and keep the Board informed of program details.Board Meeting ReconvenedElection of Officers of the ABSThe following slate of officers was nominated and elected by the Board to serve until the conclusion of the ABS Annual Meeting in 2011:President James Clever (PNWC)Vice President Steve Stamper (FCC)Secretary David King (NCC)Treasurer Sue Turtle (SEC)AssignmentsAdvertising Chair: James Clever (PNWC) will con-tinue in this needed position.Membership Director: Daniel Fox (MSC) volun-teered to continue as membership director.Web & Species Source List: Bill Hollenback (PNWC)Bylaws Revision: David King (NCC) and commit-teeWebsite Revision: Bill King (SEC) and committeeFacebook presence: Susanne Lucas (NEC)Magazine: Betty and Don Shor (SCC/NCC)Journal: Johan Gielis (International)APHIS/USDA Liaison: Cliff Sussman (SCC)Bamboo Information: Kinder Chambers (TBSC)[Treasurer's Report: Find on ABS website or re-

quest a copy from Treasurer Sue Turtle]President's Report of ABS The year began with Len Lundstrom preparing a response to the USDA APHIS’s proposed new changes to the definition of a plant being imported for planting. Len’s draft was reviewed by the board

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members, comments (although minor) were incor-porated and the statement was submitted by both email and USPS. We received a confirmation that our statement was received, but have not heard from APHIS since the submittal. A copy of the statement was published in Bamboo for the mem-bership. The island of Haiti was struck by an earthquake. As Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western Hemi-sphere, the event was devastating to the population and drew a large humanitarian response. We sup-ported the World Bamboo Organizations efforts to provide assistance to the people of Haiti with a con-tribution of $1000 and several of our Chapters also contributed. The monies were used to bring bam-boo to Haiti to assist in reforestation of the denuded island. Daphne Lewis on behalf of Washington State University (WSU) submitted a request for funding in order to conduct additional research using the groves that were planted for the bamboo shoot pro-duction variety trial that they had been conducting at their research facility in Puyallup. These are the same groves that we visited after the Annual Con-ference last year. We agreed to the funding of their research in the amount of $2450. Accordingly a check was forwarded to WSU. Unknown to us, or I guess to the researchers, WSU has a policy that they can only accept funding from organizations with whom they have a Memorandum of Under-standing (MOU) on file. Daphne forwarded a blank form of their standard MOU to us. The Board re-viewed the blank and found nothing unusual in it. After some prodding WSU finally sent a MOU with the blanks filled to Treasurer Sue Turtle. The prob-lem being that it was between WSU and the “Na-tional Bamboo Society”. Sue forwarded the file to me and we have changed the MOU so that it is be-tween WSU and the “American Bamboo Society, a California Corporation.” We have now signed the MOU and David King, Secretary of the Corpora-tion, will forward it back to WSU for execution. I have received one additional request for funding from Cambodia to supply bamboo to “poor peo-ple.” As this request doesn’t seem to be well organ-ized or specific as to how the funds will be used I have not responded to date. The request is attached for the Board’s review and comment.

Early in the year a member offered a suggestion that ABS sponsor an annual big-bamboo contest much like the “Big Pumpkin” contest. Discussion seemed to indicate that the idea had some merit but there were some inherent problems as, unlike pumpkins, bamboo is not an annual crop. If the idea is going to become reality, a champion is needed. Therefore, I contacted Frasier Bingham, the propo-nent, to take on the task and submit a more detailed proposal. After a couple of drafts the “Big Bamboo Registry’ is proposed and I invited Frasier to join us to present his proposal. [printed below] One of my main goals for the year was to get our web page graphics revised to be more in line with current webpage practice. Earlier this year I thought we were on track. Somewhere during the summer the current poor economy took its toll on this project. I am working getting it back on track and we will discuss this as another item on the agenda.C William King Secretary's Report (a) Approved motions…(February 2010) – That ABS grant $1000 to the World Bamboo Organization in support of their bamboo-related relief efforts in post-quake Haiti.(June 2010) - That ABS grant $2450 in support of the Washington State University bamboo research groves for 2010. Chapter Director selection:Florida Caribbean – Steve Stamper for 2010 - 2013 termSoutheast – Tom Harlow for 2010 - 2013 termSouthern CA – Cliff Sussman for 2010 - 2013 termAt-Large Director for 2010 - 2013 term: Daphne LewisCurrently recognized Chapters:Florida Caribbean ChapterHawaii ChapterLouisiana Gulf Coast ChapterMid-States ChapterNortheast ChapterNorthern California ChapterPacific Northwest ChapterSoutheast ChapterSouthern California ChapterTexas Bamboo Society ChapterTierra Seca Chapter (no Director)

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ABS Membership ReportNovember 2010CHAPTER Members Non-Primary PrimaryMSC 23 1 22SEC 99 7 92FCC 70 6 64 HC 45 10 35LGCC 60 15 45NCC 61 9 52NEC 71 3 68PNWC 101 7 94SCC 61 8 53TBSC 70 5 65TSC 7 2 5USA Total of Primary Chapter Members: 595INTERNATIONAL: 42 (No Chapter membership)TOTAL: 6372010 Advertising ReportOctober 27, 2010…The income from the Magazine ads totaled $1,795.77 and the SSL totaled $2,150.22 for a total income from ads of $3,945.99.The goals for November 2010 & 2011 year are: To directly contact every business or vendor listed in the ABS SSL from 2010 and to publish an article in the bamboo magazine to let all members know that it is important in our funding these pub-lications through your advertising and to you as a business to have the exposure to prospective sales clients in such a important publication directed at just the clients you are looking for.James Clever2010 ABS On-line Auction Report The donations are down for the Auction again this year. The online auction started slow but with late donations we ended the online portion with 63 auc-tions including 57 plants and 6 other items. At the end of the on-line portion the bids total $705. I started most of the auctions with low minimum bids at approximately a third of retail but only 28 auction items had bids on them, leaving 35 with no bids.Bill Hollenback2010 Bambooweb.info Website Report This year we saw the number of bamboo photos that we have grow to 5138, which consist of photos of 482 varieties, which is an addition of 419 photos and 5 varieties since last year. The Extended spe-

cies list has shrunk to 58 species because a number have been moved to the ABS species list last year. I have not added all of the new species from this year’s auction so these numbers will be increasing before the conference. The Forums have grown to 46,000 posts and 1125 registered users. This is over 8000 posts since last year. I would like to thank Brad Salmon and David Arnold for working as administrators of the forum so I have time to work on the websites. This sum-mer we had two months with the number of visitors averaging over 1000 per day and we are still in-creasing from last year.The goals for 2011 year are:· Add user comments for each species and add links to other sites such as www.bamboo-identification.co.uk and the FOC. The changes to allow this were added to the bamboo.org Species list this year, so now would be the time to complete it on bambooweb.info.· Include better editing and upload options for the photo database.· I have the user maps for each species so I will add access to those through the species list.Bill Hollenback2010 ABS Website Report After 10+ years as our webmaster Barry Abra-hamsen has decided to retire and let someone else take over the website. Earlier in the year John Tkach (www.secbamboo. org) had agreed to help work on updating the design and I was working on upgrading the SSL pages so we moved the registry of the websites to hostmonster.com to make sharing info between sites easier. The cost of the new host is $214.20 for 3 years plus $10 per year for the second Domain. Before the next time it needs to be renewed I hope to move the payment to the ABS Paypal ac-count so no one needs to send a bill to the treasurer and we are assured that it will be paid. Progress has been slow because of our other work and having to maintain the existing website but we have accomplished some items. John has come up with colors and layout of the new pages and I have moved the SSL to http://www.bamboo.org/BambooSourceList/ and made it interactive. The SSL pages are connected to the database on bambooweb.info so when the spe-

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cies or sources are updated on bambooweb it shows up automatically on bamboo.org. This has helped when a couple of the sources have asked to make changes in their listing. I have also added bamboo.org email addresses for all of the americanbamboo.org addresses. Hopefully after the conference we have time to finish the updates before April when the old ipower hosting is up. In the future we hope that each chapter can pro-vide someone that can help with the site and we can divide up the work so we are not relying on one or two people to update information. Chapters can also take advantage of the hosting account and host their domain for only $10 per year including email. An advantage to that is all chapters can share the page templates, style sheets and ABS forms. We just have to assure that whoever is working on the chapter sites does not mess up any other site.Bill Hollenback2010 ABS Website Revision Committee Report As noted in the Website Report John Tkach, who had revised the Southeast Chapter website and was serving as webmaster for SEC, agreed to work with Barry Abrahamsen, Bill Hollenback and the com-mittee to revise the ABS website. Barry had done a much needed service by maintaining the site for the past ten years but the site needs updating and im-provement in its graphics to make it more consis-tent with current website practice. After several ex-changes of ideas with Bill and Jim Clever, John sent the committee with a draft of a new front page. The committee reviewed the draft and with only a few very minor comments felt that the draft was a quantum improvement in the site and is eagerly awaiting additional pages and the uploading of the new front page. Unfortunately, due to the sagging economy and multiple deaths within his extended family, John’s life has at this point become too hectic to allow him to complete this work and has now asked us to seek someone else to complete the work he has started. John has a former business partner who may be in-terested in completing the work for some minor remuneration. Additionally, I have discussed the situation with the firm here in Florida who revised my website this summer and they are preparing a proposal that I should be able to deliver to the

Board at the Savannah meeting2010 Digital Publications Report Since the start of the year we have grown to 169 Digital members (40 more than last year). When a new magazine comes out, Don Shor no-tifies me and I download the files and create two files: one for slow connections and a high resolu-tion file for people with fast connections. I then load the files onto the website at www.americanbamboo.org/publications and send an email to the membership so they know when to download the files. I also send welcome emails to the new members in the odd months so they can download the publications. This year over half of the members with email addresses have accessed the site but the number of downloads of each issue is still less than the num-ber of digital members. I have automated the data-base updating but it still has a long way to go to be user friendly. Some new changes should be in place in time for the December magazine, which should be at www.bamboo.org/publications.Bill Hollenback

2010 ABS Species Source List Report The 2010 Source List is the 30th published by the American Bamboo Society. Greatly expanded since its inception, the 2010 list includes 484 bamboos and 126 sources, an increase of 17 bamboos from the previous year, but a decrease of 8 sources. The Source List signup website includes two bamboo lists: the ABS Species List and an ex-tended list of bamboos that are included on www.bambooweb.info but are not yet included on the ABS Species List, either because the bamboos do not yet have two vendors or because they have not been vetted by Chris Stapleton for inclusion. The addition of the extended list on www.bambooweb.info in conjunction with the sig-nup form has proven to be an effective mechanism for providing a consolidated public list of new bamboo candidates for the ABS Species List, and a mechanism for subsequent vetting and inclusion in the ABS Species List. When two or more sources for a new bamboo are listed, the bamboo candidate is forwarded to Chris Stapleton for vetting and in-clusion in the ABS Species List. For the 2010 ABS Species List, this process facilitated 24 new addi-

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

tions. Seven old-generation Fargesia nitida forms that have flowered have been deleted from the list. Both online versions of the list have been con-solidated into a single database. This enhancement reduces the time required to update the two web-sites and increases overall functionality. Both websites will be enhanced on an alternating basis over a several-year period. This year major design updates were made to www.bamboo.org/BambooSourceList. Next year most of these updates will be applied to www.bambooweb.info along with additional fea-tures. The following year these additional features will be included in www.bamboo.org/BambooSourceList.Bill Hollenback,Ted Jordan MeredithCo-Editors – ABS Source List.Arts & Crafts[The 2010 Arts and Crafts Awards were de-

scribed in the Dec. issue of BAMBOO]Last years’ activities were: I gave Bill information for 2009 winners' web-page, answered emails, accepted and organized en-tries, found excellent and committed jurors, pack-aged and shipped out entries to jurors, consolidated jurors' notes and contacted winners and losers, did a little update of resource list, formatted photos, sent winner information and photos to Betty Shor, then to Don Shor, along with proceedings. I prepared posters for Conference, prepared pres-entation to boards for conference tables, prepared PowerPoint presentation to members. Other activities, which I think are improvements are: I asked all winners to submit an end-of-the-award-cycle update, twice asking, “How did the award enhance their work?” A majority responded and updates will be in the update binder at the conference table. I asked 2010 artists to donate works for auction, though I think only one did. We went digital with the entries! I had two people send in paper entries which made me realize that this year when posting in the magazine for the award I need to mention that the application process has changed. This cut down on the amount spent on shipping. Instead of sending one heavy package 4 times, three thin en-

velopes were emailed out all at once. I updated the form the jurors fill out when evaluating artists. This lessened the amount of time all jurors emailed back and forth from one week to two days. It also less-ened the amount of time I spent on consolidating all jurors’ information. Ads for the Awards Competition were posted in Fiber Arts Magazine, Woodworkers magazine, a national arts elisting, the PNW Source list, the ABS website, the arts and crafts forum website, and Bamboo magazine. I contacted American Craft for a posting but don’t think we made it in there. I am hoping to expand the amount of advertisements this coming year. Ideas for this include contacting cul-tural councils to have our competition posted in their newsletters and sending postings to major art colleges.Charissa BrockBambusa Key Project During the 2009 ABS Annual Conference, the ABS Board of Directors voted to endorse (with no financial support) my project to write a practical reference and key to all of the currently accepted and described species, forms, varieties, cultivars, etc. of Bambusa in the world. The key will be based on visible vegetative char-acteristics of mature plants, so that someone could walk up to such a plant and identify it with a rea-sonable level of certainty with no more equipment than a hand lens. My end product will be a valuable educational resource for academics, bamboo grow-ers, nurserymen, landscapers, collectors, hobbyists, and anyone who has an interest in clumping bam-boos. Work on this project began in the summer of 2009, and I anticipate that it will be a three-year effort before a workable end product will be avail-able. At this time I am focused on ~254 Bambusa species, forms, varieties, cultivars, etc. which seem to be accepted as of now. This number continues to fluctuate, which is to be expected, due to the cur-rent state of bamboo taxonomy, and will be ac-commodated in the end product.Data that I have compiled includes personal obser-vations and photos of live plants, published data, and examinations of online herbarium specimens. In addition, I was able to spend time in the bamboo collections in the herbaria of the Missouri Botanical

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

Garden in St. Louis, MO, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, IL, and the U.S. Na-tional Herbarium housed at the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. I took more than 1,800 photos of preserved specimens, including several type speci-mens. I will continue to add to these data over the next many months. Thank you for your endorsement of this project. Let me know if you have any questions or sugges-tions.Submitted by Steve Muzosgardentex@hotmail.comPinetum Farms, Inc.11 1 McNealy RoadBainbridge, GA 39819Telephone: 850-567-1459 FAX 229-662-2926pinetumfarms@earthlink.net

THE CONCEPT In an effort to introduce more Americans to the excitement and beauty of bamboo, the American Bamboo Society (ABS) could hold a bamboo grow-ing challenge in which anyone in the 48 contiguous states could officially enter the challenge. They would cultivate a giant barn boo with the object being to produce a bamboo culm of prodigious competitive dimension. Competition might be state-wide, region-wide, and finally nation-wide. The ground for this action has already been bro-ken in the annual giant pumpkin and squash com-petitions. Because the giant bamboos are so un-usual in their mode of growth, and because they are

so picturesque, I believe that the ABS could obtain commercial sponsors such as the major plant and garden-supply retailers, major fertilizer manufac-tures, major soil-amendments providers, and major timed-watering system manufacturers. If this idea seems possibly feasible to the ABS leadership, please let me know and I will be glad to develop the whole or any part of the project. I am a member of the ABS Southeast Chapter and will participate as you wish and on a volunteer basis.Yours truly,Frasier Bingham, Ph.D. Director, Barn boo Re-search

Events11-13 February 2011 – Grove grooming event,

Avery Island, Louisiana, an annual event of the Louisiana Chapter. For info see: <http://www.lgcc-abs.org>

23-27 February 2011 – Northwest Flower and Gar-den Show, Educational booth at the Washington State Convention Center, Seattle, WA, with par-ticipation by Pacific Northwest Chapter.

26-27 March 2011 – Zilker Garden Festival, Aus-tin, TX. Annual event by the Texas Chapter.

11 June 2011 – 9:00-3:30. Seattle Bamboo Festival, at Bamboo Hardwoods, Inc., 4100 4th Ave. S., Seattle, WA; business meeting follows; Pacific Northwest Chapter.

10 September 20111 – 11 a.m. Annual business meeting of Pacific Northwest Chapter, at Out-doors by Design, 221 SE SR-2, Shelton WA 98584.

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ABS 2010 Fiscal Year – as of December, 2010Expenses: 2010 Actual 2010 Budget 2011 Proposed

Administrative Expenses $ 3,200.41 $ 3,000.00 $ 2,000.00Advance to Host Chapter $ 487.24 (SEC to reimburse

ABS)$ 1,000.00 $ -----

Arts & Crafts Awards $ 1,500.00 $ 1,700.00 $ 1,700.00Auction Expenses $ -0- $ -0- -0-Computer Hardware $ -0- -0- -0-Credit card/bank expenses $ 531.10 $ 300.00 $ 350.00Grants $ 3,450.00 $ 5,000.00 $ 3,500.00 Grant funds reimbursed $ ------------------------- -------- -----------INBAR Membership $ -0- $ 255.00 $ -0-Insurance for the Board $ 1,700.00 $ 1,700.00 $ 1,800.00Journal Expenses $ 5,291.04 $ 4,000.00 $ 4,000.00Magazine $ 10,736.47 $ 16,000.00 $11,000.00Membership Directory $ -0- $ 200.00 $ -0-Member Brochure $ -0- -0- $ -0-Member Renewal Card $ -0- $ -0- $ -0-Misc. $ -0- -0- -0-

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

Source List $ 2,897.31 $ 3,000.00 $ 3,000.00Taxes/fees $ 25.00 $25.00 $ 25.00Travel expense reimbursement $ 2,000.00 $ 2,000.00 $ 2,000.00Web site $ 924.20 $ 100.00 $ 2,510.00Totals $32,742.60 $ 38,280.00 $31,685.00Income: 2010 Actual 2010 Budget 2011 ProposedAdvertising – Magazine $ 1,995.77 $ 1,500.00 $ 1,500.00 Member Directory $ -0- $ -0- $ -0- Source List $ 2,250.22 $ 3,000.00 $ 3,000.00Auction income – Fall $ 4,259.00 $ 5,000.00 $ 4,000.00Bank Interest $ 10.10 $ 12.00 $ 10.00 CD Interest $ 362.54 $ 600.00 $ 300.00Memberships $20,301.48 $25,000.00 $22,000.00Sales: Journal -0- -0- $ -0- Book Sales $ 240.93 $ 260.00 $ 200.00 Magazine -0- -0- $ -0- Source List $ 1,092.35 $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00Miscellaneous income $ -0- -0- -0-Totals $ 30,512.39 $36,372.00 $32,010.00

ABS Newsletter Index 2010Issue No. 1, February1. President's Message, by C. William King1-3. Chinese expertise about bamboo and rattan, by Jules Janssen4. Questions for Experts: Bamboo Bug — Mystery Strain or Bacteria? by Richard A. Waters4-5. "to bamboo! …an homage…" is now avail-able, by Beverly Ann Messenger6-7. The 2009 Arts and Crafts Awards, by Charissa Brock8-10. Words from the Winners, by Terry Green, Donna Sakamoto Crispin, and Brian Erickson10-11. Reports of Bamboo Flowering in 2009, by Betty Shor11-13. The 2009 American Bamboo Society Con-ference in Tacoma, Washington, by Carole Meckes13-14. Visit to the Pacific Northwest Bamboo Con-ference Oct. 2009, by Mike Bell14-15. On-Line information available to ABS members, by Bill Hollenback15-16. Bamboo in Nicaragua

16. Cloud Forest Bamboos from Western Panama, by Jorge Lezcano16-17. Three Acres of Bamboo — Want Some? by Richard Waters17-25. Minutes of the American Bamboo Society25-28. Auction Results28. Announcement of 2010 Annual ABS Meeting30. ABS Newsletter Index 2009Issue No. 2, April1. President's Message, by C. William King2-5. Wind in the Bamboo, by Richard Waters5-10. Propagating Tropical Timber Bamboos, by Lennart Lundstrom10-12. Potential Use of Bamboo as Medicine in Bali, Indonesia, by Wawan Sujarwo12-15. A Brief Look at Fargesia, by Whitney Ad-ams15-17. Haiti Bamboo Housing Project, by Jeffree Trudeau17-18. Annual Meeting of ABS [for 2010], by Sue Turtle18. Expo 2010 in China

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

18. INBAR at Expo 2010 and More18-19. Award for Simón Vélez19. 2010 American Bamboo Society Arts & Crafts Competition19. European Bamboo Society Meeting19. Bamboo Sale by Northern California ChapterIssue No. 3, June1-2. President's Message June 2010, by C. William King2-10, Bamboo as Carbon-Sink – Fact or Fiction? by Walter Liese10-14. Capturing Carbon with Bamboo, by Jules Janssen14-15. Indigenous Knowledge on Gigantochloa hasskarliana (Kurz) Backer ex Heyne in Karan-gasem District, Bali, Indonesia, by Wawan Su-jarwo, Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa, and I Nyoman Pe-neng15-16. Dr. Johan Gielis — The Shape of Bamboo, by Susanne Lucas17. Honors – Bamboo Sourcery18. Update: ABS Annual MeetingIssue No. 4, August1. President's Message, by C. William King1-4. Transplanting Bamboo 101, by Michael Turner5-6. The Utilization of Bamboos as Charcoal, by Wawan Sujarwo and I Nyoman Peneng6-8. Tabashir Herba-Shine—A Hans Erken Adven-ture, edited by Geoff Kyle8-9. Pressure-treating Bamboo: Boucherie System, by Gib Cooper10-11. ABS Annual Meeting Savannah, Georgia — Nov. 3-7, 2010, by Sue Turtle11-12. Call for Auction Items, by Tom Harlow13. Bamboo Celebrated in Hungary, by Susanne Lucas13. Second Annual World Bamboo Day!Issue No. 5, October1. President's Message, by C. William King1-3. The Value of Bamboos [for roofs], by Wawan Sujarwo and Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa3-5. Profile of David King, ABS Secretary, by him-self5-6. Words, Words, Words — For the Beginner, by Betty Shor6-8. Bamboo Housing: on the Dream-World of Bamboo and "Crusoism," by Xavier Dufrénot8. Bamboo to Haiti

8-10. Modern Bamboo Structures, by Jules Janssen10-11. Moso Seedlings, by Keiji Oshima11. Removing Bamboo, by Betty Shor12-14. ABS National Meeting November 4-7, 2010 Savannah, Georgia14-15. The USDA Temperate Bamboo Germplasm Collection at Byron, GA, by Michael Hotchkiss15-16. Biographies of Candidates for At-Large (Tracy Calla and Daphne Lewis)16. 2011 Bamboo Species Source List, by Bill Hol-lenback and Ted Jordan Meredith17. Bamboo Farm and Nursery for Sale17. Gigantochloa flowering in Vista, California18. Bamboo Sourcery is "going into flower," by Jennifer YorkIssue No. 6, December1-2. President's Message, by C. William King2-9. Bamboo Charcoal: Properties and Utilization, by Walter Liese and Stephan Silbermann10. Bamboo Housing in Nicaragua10-12. The 2010 Arts and Crafts Awards, by Cha-rissa Brock12-13. Haiti Update of WBO, by Susanne Lucas13-16. Hybrid Methods for Bamboo Product Enter-prises in Indonesia, by Dwinita Larasati17-21. The Samoan Bamboo Project: Bamboo as an Agroforestry Timber Replacement Crop, by Durn-ford Dart21. In Memoriam: Founder William Teague22. In Memoriam: Wirt Thompson22. World Bamboo Day [in Brazil], by Fernando Tombolato

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

AMERICAN BAMBOO SOCIETYADVERTISING INVOICE

c/o 30 Myers RoadSummertown, TN 38483-7323 U.S.A.

Phone: 1-931-964-4151e-mail: treasurer@bamboo.org

ABS magazine “BAMBOO” from April 2011 (Volume 31 – 5 issues) & Feb 2012 issueBusiness-card sized ads only (3 1⁄2" wide x 2" tall or 2” wide x 3 1⁄2" tall )______$200 / calendar year______$50 per issue (if advertising for less than one year)

Deadline for each issue is the 5th of the month priorTotal -- ABS magazine BAMBOO: $ __________

Bamboo Species Source List (No. 32 Spring 2011):____$ 100 -- business-card sized ad, (3 1⁄2" wide x 2" tall or 2” wide x 3 1⁄2" tall )____$ 500 -- half page ad, (7 1⁄2" wide x 4 3⁄4" tall)____$ 1,000 -- full page ad (7 1⁄2" wide x 10" tall)

Total -- Bamboo Species Source List: $__________Discount: Take 10% off total if advertising in both publications (only full calendar-year ads eligible)

I wish to purchase _______ copies of the 2011 Source List @ 25 for $50, or 50 for $100 (25 minimum)If purchasing less than 25 copies the cost is $5 per copy . Post-publication price is $5 per copy.

(all prices are pre-publication price and not included in discounted advertising costs)Total -- Source List: $__________

Membership payment: Only ABS members may advertise in our publications.If you are not an ABS member or you need to renew your membership, please include $40 (digital) or $50 (hardcopy).

Digital = computer read publication sent via e-mail notice. Hardcopy = US Post mailed paper copy.To sign up for membership at: http://www.bamboo.org/forms/ABSOnlineMembership.php

Total Membership: $_____________

Total payment: $_____________

Name & Address of Advertiser: ___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Please add up your advertising choices above, make your check payable to ABS, andUS Post Mail to: Sue Turtle, ABS Treasurer at the above address. OR

Electronic Invoice & Payment: Through Pay Pal at: www.bamboo.org/forms/ABSOnlineAd.phpAnd confirm with an e-mail message to: James Clever at advertising@bamboo.org

Email of the ad copy is preferred – or the camera-ready art will need to be scanned.Copy for all ads may be sent to the addresses below:

Magazine: Don Shor Redwood Barn Nursery 1607 Fifth St. Davis, CA 95616

Email: magazine@bamboo.org

Source List: Bill Hollenback5100 West Clearwater Ave #C204Kennewick, WA 99336

Email: sourcelist@bamboo.org

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

American Bamboo SocietyOfficers and DirectorsPresident: James Clever, Pacific Northwest ChapterVice President: Steve Stamper, Florida/Caribbean ChapterSecretary: David King, Northern California ChapterTreasurer: Sue Turtle, Southeast ChapterBoard of Directors and Standing PositionsFlorida/Caribbean Chapter RepresentativeSteve Stamper

e-mail - fc-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2013.

Hawaii Chapter RepresentativeLennart Lundstrom

e-mail - hi-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2011.

Louisiana-Gulf Coast Chapter RepresentativeJim Bonner

e-mail - lgc-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2012.

Mid-States ChapterDan Fox

e-mail – mid-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2011

Northeast Chapter RepresentativeMichael Bartholomew

e-mail – ne-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2011.

Northern California Chapter RepresentativeDavid King

e-mail - ncal-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2011.

Pacific Northwest Chapter RepresentativeBill Hollenback

e-mail – pnw-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2012.

Southeast Chapter RepresentativeTom Harlow

e-mail - se-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2013

Southern California Chapter RepresentativeCliff Sussman

e-mail - scal-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2013.

Texas Chapter RepresentativeSteve Muzos

e-mail - tbs-chapter@bamboo.orgTerm 2012.

At-Large RepresentativesDaphne Lewis

e-mail - at-large1@bamboo.orgTerm 2013

James Clevere-mail - at-large2@bamboo.orgTerm 2012.

Lynn G. Clarkemail – at-large3@bamboo.orgTerm 2011.

International RepresentativeDurnford Dart

email – international@bamboo.orgTerm 2012

ABS TreasurerSue Turtle

e-mail - treasurer@bamboo.org.ABS Web Site - www.bamboo.orgWeb Site Editor ____________________

e-mail - support@bamboo.orgEditor of journal: Bamboo Science & CultureJohan Gielis

e-mail - journal@bamboo.orgArts & Crafts CoordinatorCharissa Brock

e-mail – artsandcrafts@bamboo.orgBAMBOO MagazineDon Shor, editorBetty Shor, co-editormailing address: 1607 Fifth St., Davis, CA 95616

e-mail - magazine@bamboo.orgConservation Bamboo Of The Americas (BOTA)Gib Cooper, Dir.

email gib@bamboodirect.comSue Turtle, Treas.

email treasurer@bamboo.orgweb – www.bamboooftheamericas.org

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

American Bamboo Society Membership & Directory Information Form

This Application is for a: ☐ New Membership☐ Renewal☐ Gift Membership (we will notify the recipient)☐ Check this box if you DO NOT want to be in-

cluded in the ABS Annual Membershiplisting

☐ Digital (Conserve resources and download the publications from the internet)

Date _________________________Name(s)________________________________Company _______________________________Address 1 _______________________________Address 2_______________________________City________________________ State _______Zip _____________ Country _______________Home Tel _______________________________Work Tel _______________________________Fax ____________________________________Other __________________________________E-mail __________________________________WWW __________________________________

Annual: $40 Digital, $50 Print - Includes a 1-year Primary Chapter membership

3-year: $110 Digital, $140 Print - Includes 3-year Primary Chapter for U.S. members; additional Chapters: $40 each for the 3-year period

Lifetime: $600 Digital, $800 Print - Includes ABS membership only

Supporting: $60 Digital, $70 Print - Includes a 1-year Primary Chapter membership

Patron: $120 Digital, $130 Print (tax-deductible) - Includes a 1-year Chapter membership

International $40 Digital, $55 Print (outside U.S.; no Chapter included)

Additional Chapters: $15/year for each Chapter (Please check Chapter listing at right)

TOTAL $____________________

Discover/Mastercard/Visa Authorization:

Account # ______ ______ ______ ______Expiration Date ______________Signature_______________________________

Send this form with completed credit cardauthorization, or your check payable to:

American Bamboo Society315 South Coast Highway 101, Suite U

PMB 212Encinitas, CA 92024-3555

Each year’s membership includes:• A subscription to the newsletter of your primary chapter (and those of any additional chapters you join)• 6 issues of BAMBOO: The Magazine of theAmerican Bamboo Society• An annual edition of the ABS Journal: Bamboo Science and Culture• The ABS Species Source List• The Annual ABS Membership DirectoryChoose your Primary Chapter membership,and any Additional Chapter memberships

P A☐ ☐ Florida Caribbean Chapter☐ ☐ Hawaii Chapter☐ ☐ Louisiana-Gulf Coast Chapter☐ ☐ Mid-States Chapter☐ ☐ Northeast Chapter☐ ☐ Northern California Chapter☐ ☐ Pacific Northwest Chapter☐ ☐ Southeast Chapter☐ ☐ Southern California Chapter☐ ☐ Texas Bamboo Society Chapter

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1

American Bamboo Society 315 South Coast Highway 101,

Suite U PMB 212

Encinitas, CA 92024-3555

Presort StandardUS Postage

PAIDPermit #370Albany, NY

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Magazine of the American Bamboo Society February 2011 Vol. 32 Issue 1