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WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017

BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

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Page 1: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND BALLISTICS

Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon

Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017

Page 2: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO

Page 3: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

Solferino

San Martino

1859

Page 4: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

LORENTZ BULLETS MOD.1854

USED AT SOLFERINO

Cal 13,70mm w 30g

KALASHNIKOV BULLET

USED AT BANGUI

Cal 5,45x39 w 3,5g

Page 5: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

INTERNAL BALLISTICS

BLACK POWDER COMBUSTION

40% OF INITIAL MASS LEFT AS RESIDUE

BARREL FOULING AND

LOW EFFICIENCY

SMOKELESS POWDER COMBUSTION

ALMOST COMPLETE – VERY LOW RESIDUE

HIGH EFFICIENCY HIGHER TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Page 6: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

SMOKELESS POWDER

Advantages: • higher muzzle velocity • flatter trajectory • longer range • smaller cartridges • less conspicuity of isolated snipers • less fouling

PROBLEM The lead bullet, under high pressure, is deforming and leaves a deposit along the

internal part of the barrel.The accumulation of this lead deposit can lead to

dangerous situations of barrel obstruction

Page 7: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

IN ORDER TO AVOID THIS LEAD DEPOSIT PROBLEM,

SOME SORT OF PROTECTION OF THE LEAD BULLET WAS NECESSARY

A ZINC AND COPPER CASING WAS TESTED

SUCCESSFULLY

THE FIRST JACKETED BULLETS WERE BORN

TODAY KNOWN AS FULL METAL JACKET

BULLET

Page 8: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

THE DUM DUM BULLET AND THE “BARBARIANS”

1871

1888

1891

1895

1897

1898

1868

1899

St Petersburg Declaration

The Hague Conference

577 Martini_Henry rifle

303 Lee-Metford with Mark I

303 Lee-Metford with nitro powder Mark II

Chitral Campaign : NW frontier; bullets INEFFECTIVE

Capt. Neville Bertie-Clay at DUM DUM (Bengal) developped an improved version of Mark II

Battle of Omdurman (sudan): Mark IV (woolwich) HIGHLY EFFECTIVE

Boer War (south africa)

Smokeless powder

1864

1859 Battle of Solferino: birth of the idea of the Red Cross

First Geneva Convention

1863 Creation of the ICRC

Tip of casing is sawed off

Page 9: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

THE DUM DUM BULLET AND THE “BARBARIANS”

1871

1888

1891

1895

1897

1898

1868

1899

St Petersburg Declaration

The Hague Conference

577 Martini_Henry rifle

303 Lee-Metford with Mark I

303 Lee-Metford with nitro powder Mark II

Chitral Campaign : NW frontier; bullets INEFFECTIVE

Capt. Neville Bertie-Clay at DUM DUM (Bengal) developped an improved version of Mark II

Battle of Omdurman (sudan): Mark IV (woolwich) HIGHLY EFFECTIVE

Boer War (south africa)

Smokeless powder

1864

1859 Battle of Solferino: birth of the idea of the Red Cross

First Geneva Convention

1863 Creation of the ICRC

Page 10: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

The dum-dum bullet

was finally outlawed

at the hague peace conference

in 1899

Page 11: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

BY THE END OF THE XIXth CENTURY THE BASIC HUMANITARIAN CONCEPT OF

UNNECESSARY SUFFERING WAS ESTABLISHED

THE USE OF “HUMANE” BULLETS i.e. FULL METAL JACKETED BULLETS BY THE MILITARY BECAME AN OBLIGATION

Page 12: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

Case

Bullet

Propellent

Primer

Rifle

ANATOMY OF A CARTRIDGE

Page 13: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

Lead core

Metal casing

TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FULL METAL JACKET BULLET

Page 14: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

SHOTGUN CARTRIDGES

From B.Kneubuehl “wound ballistics”

Page 15: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

Plastic wad

Fabric wad

SHOTGUN CARTRIDGE

THE WAD IS FOUND VERY OFTEN DEEP IN THE WOUND IN CLOSE RANGE SHOTS

BOTH PLASTIC AND FABRIC WADS ARE NOT VISIBLE ON X-RAY IMAGES

Page 16: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

BULLETS

FRAGMENTS

SHOT

Page 17: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

EXTERNAL BALLISTICS

STUDY OF THE BULLET IN FLIGHT WITH NO OTHER FORCES ACTING ON IT

EXCEPT GRAVITY AND AIR RESISTANCE

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Weight and air drag tend to destabilize the bullet

Flight path

Air drag

g

s

weight

The only forces acting on a bullet in flight are its weight and the air drag

Non spinning bullet

Page 19: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

THE “LATTOO” EXAMPLE

NO ROTATION HIGH SPEED ROTATION (SPINNING)

THE TOP JUST FALLS TO THE SIDE DUE TO SPINNING THE TOP’S AXIS IS STABILIZED BY GYROSCOPIC EFFECT

Page 20: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

RIFLING

GROOVES

LANDS

THE TWISTING SHAPE OF THE RIFLING

IMPARTS A SPINNING MOVEMENT TO THE

BULLET

Page 21: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

Spinning and stability

Spinning along bullet axis induces a gyroscopic

stabilizing moment which tends to bring back the

bullet axis parallel to flight path

Flight path

Air drag

Ψ

The bullet is stable if the moment induced by spinning (red arrow) is greater than the moment induced by air drag (blue arrow)

s

g

Page 22: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

Position of center of gravity along the bullet longitudinal axis

• bullet’s shape • Variable density of innercore material

weight

Modern military bullets tend to a have a rearward center of gravity

better condition for tumbling in body tissue

Page 23: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

The AK-74 bullet 5,45x39

This bullet has an empty cavity at its tip. At impact, the posterior steel penetrator pushes the lead mass forward , displacing the center of gravity and creating better tumbling characteristics. Ultimately, a greater amount of energy can be transferred to the target due to this early tumbling

Page 24: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

TERMINAL BALLISTICS

INTERACTION OF BULLET WITH TARGET

WOUNDING MECHANISM

Page 25: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF TERMINAL BALLISTIC

THE DAMAGE, CREATED BY A FLYING BULLET HITTING

BODY TISSUES, IS THE RESULT OF

KINETIC ENERGY ( E = ½.M.C2 )

T R A N S F E R R E D

FROM THE BULLET TO THE TISSUES

Page 26: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

9mmmakarov

9mmluger

5,45x39AK-74

5,56x45M 193

7,62x39AK-47

7,62mmNATO

E (

Jou

les)

Kinetic energy of bullets (1)

BLUE : energy at point blank RED : energy at 150m for the handguns calibers (the two 9mm) and at 300m for the rifles ammunitions YELLOW : minimum level of energy to create significant body damage (ca.150 J)

Page 27: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

7,62mm NATO .50 BROWNING

E (J

ou

les)

calibers

Kinetic energy of bullets (2)

point blank

300m

800m

BLUE : energy at point blank RED : energy at 300m YELLOW : minimum level of energy to create significant body damage (ca.150 J)

Page 28: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

Wound profiles allow a good visualization of bullet behavior in a homogeneous medium.

They do NOT represent exactly what happens in human

tissues but they help understand important wounding mechanisms and provide a good comparative analysis of

different bullet terminal ballistics

Page 29: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

TISSUE SIMULANTS

GELATINE ( “elastic”)

GLYCERINE SOAP (“plastic”)

Bone and vessels simulants can be added

Page 30: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

High-speed images of bullet through GELATINE

Page 31: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

Wound profiles are obtained by shooting through a GLYCERINE SOAP block

Plastic deformation

The block is cut along its longitudinal axis The “profile” of the cavity left after the bullet’s passage represents the

temporary cavity and ITS VOLUME THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY TRANSFERRED

(Martell’s Law)

GLYCERINE SOAP

Page 32: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

THE TUMBLING MECHANISM

neck

Temporary cavity

Permanent cavity

WHEN TUMBLING STARTS, TRANSFER OF ENERGY INCREASES ABRUPTLY

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WOUND PROFILES

Typical WP of a military bullet ,in use around 1850-1890. Although the velocity ( ≈400m/s) is less than half that of modern assault rifles, the permanent cavity is quite important. This is due to the large caliber of the bullet (10,4mm) and to the fact that it ismade of lead the importance of “mushrooming”

Vetterli 10,4mm Vel. 400m/s Wt. 19,4 gm

Page 34: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

Nato cal. 7,62x51 FMJ Vel. 815 m/s Wt. 9,5 g

Standard Nato forces caliber. Replaced by the M-193., but still widespread worldwide and used in light machine-guns.

Compare with 7,62 soft point (.308 win)

neck

Temporary cavity

Permanent cavity

Page 35: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

.308 win (7,62 SP) Vel. 815 m/s Wt. 9,5 g

Typical WP of a “mushrooming” bullet with a very short neck

Page 36: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

MEASURING THE WOUND POTENTIAL

The volume of the cavity in tissue simulant corresponds to the amount of energy transfer (Martell’s Law) and thus to the wounding potential

• Identical bullets in terms of weight and velocity, thus carrying the same kinetic energy • the difference in wound potential is due to the fact that one bullet is soft pointed and the other is full metal jacketed

.308 win (SP)

7,62x51 (FMJ)

ENERGY T

RANSFER

DEPTH OF PENETRATION

Page 37: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

AK-47 7,62x39 Vel. 708 m/s Wt. 8 g

WP of the “Kalashnikov”. Despite a double tumbling profile, the length of the neck is similar to that of the 7,62 nato

Page 38: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

AK-47 7,62x39

AK-74 5,45x39

2 KALASHNIKOV BULLETS

Page 39: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES AK-74 5,45x39 Vel. 910 m/s Wt. 3,45 g

Example of small caliber, high velocity bullet developed by Soviet forces in the ‘70s. At impact, the empty cavity at the tip of the bullet is filled with lead that is pushed forward by the steel penetrator. This “internal deformation” creates a highly unstable bullet that tumbles almost immediately neck is less than 2 cm, note also the double tumbling and the 90 deviation at the track’s end

Page 40: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

WOUND PROFILES

Temp cav

Perman cav

Neck

M-193 5,56x45 Vel. 960 m/s Wt. 3,56 g

WP of the bullet fired by the M-16 , widely used by US forces in the Vietnam war. At short range , this full metal jacket bullet sometimes breaks apart (at the cannelure level), but beyond 180 meters it behaves like the AK-74’s bullet

Page 41: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

THE RICOCHET

A bullet may hit an obstacle before reaching its intended target. It is then destabilized and will hit the target in a particular way. This is called the “ricochet” effect and is demonstrated by having the bullet just grazing a wooden stick before the target, which is hit with the bullet travelling sideways and creating a WP compatible with an immediate and very large transfer of energy

Page 42: BALLISTICS part 1 - cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com€¦ · WOUND BALLISTICS Presented by Paul Ley ICRC orthopedic surgeon Beirut, Lebanon May 12, 2017 . RED CROSS MEMORIAL IN SOLFERINO . Solferino

10 cm

WOUND PROFILE OF A RICOCHET EFFECT

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WOUNDING MECHANISM

CRUSHING DIRECT ACTION OF THE BULLET PERMANENT CAVITY

STRETCHING

TISSUES ARE STRETCHED RADIALLY AND OUTWARDLY

WITH RESPECT TO THE BULLET PATH

TEMPORARY CAVITY

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BALLISTIC WOUNDS KEYPOINTS

• ASPECT OF THE WOUND IS VARIABLE

• THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE IS VARIABLE

• SEVERE DAMAGE OF DEEP TISSUE CAN OCCUR WITH SMALL ENTRY

WOUNDS

• TISSUE DAMAGE OCCUR AT A DISTANCE (RADIALLY) FROM THE BULLET

PATH

• SHELL INJURIES ARE OFTEN MULTIPLE

• LARGE ENTRY WOUNDS WITH SEVERE INITIAL DAMAGE ARE OFTEN THE

RESULT OF RICOCHET OR THE USE OF EXPANDING BULLETS

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Treat the wound, not the weapon

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THANK YOU

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