BalancedLiteracy

GUIDED READING: Expanding on instruction Grades K-2

FLEX Workshop for 2008-09

Overview of Workshop

1. Quick review of Components of Balanced Literacy

2. Guided Reading : Strategy instruction and purposes

3. Guided Reading Guidelines and procedures

4. Viewing and reflection

Components of Comprehensive Balanced Literacy

Shared Reading

Read Aloud Guided Reading

Independent Reading

Shared/modeled Writing

Guided Writing

Independent Writing Word Work

Guided Reading

Guided Reading

Guided Reading is a context in which a teacher supports each reader’s development of effective strategies for processing texts at increasingly challenging levels of difficulty.

- Some teacher support is needed

- The reader problem solves a new text in a way that is mostly independent and at their instructional level

- The teacher informally assesses students use of strategies and skills.

Guided Reading: Fountas and Pinnell

It’s about differentiation

- Differentiation matches student learning needs to instruction and assessment. Teachers adjust the teaching process, content, and product to allow students access to the same classroom curriculum.

- Guided Reading is one of the most powerful instructional tools we have to adjust for student reading needs. It assures that students read regularly at their instructional level – the level at which there is just the right amount of challenge for the student to practice new skills and strategies.

Why Strategies???

Activity: Read “Salvador, Late or Early”

Discuss:• What kind of person is Salvador? What makes you

think that?• Did you relate to this story? In what ways?• Why do you think the author wrote the story?

Discuss• What did you do during reading to help you

understand?

Use Decoding/PhonicsSelf-Correct

Make and Confirm PredictionsCreate Mental Images

Self-QuestionSummarizeRead Ahead

Reread to ClarifyUse Picture Clues and Context to Confirm Meaning

Use Text Structure and FormatAdjust Reading Rate

Make InferencesSequence and Summarize

Kindergarten Skills

Letters and sounds

Same and different

Title, author, illustrator

Matching speech to text

Concept of word

Words/ words in a sentence

Making connections/Comparing texts

Questions and answers

Story characters

Setting

Sentences are made of words

Following directions

Categorizing

Action words/ naming words

Text patterns

Main idea/details

Beginning, middle, end

Summarize

Making judgments

Picture details/cues

Syllables in words

Sequence

Real/make believe

Problem/solution

Making predictions

Rhyming words

Drawing conclusions

Retelling

Visualizing

Using prior knowledge

Making inferences

Fact/fantasy

Cause and effect

Focus SkillsGrade 1

Sequence

Predict Outcomes

Details

Draw Conclusions

Setting

Cause and Effect

Character

Fact/Fiction

Alphabetize

Classify/Categorize

Fantasy/Reality

Plot

Main Idea

Grade 2

Main Idea

Author’s Purpose

Narrative Elements ( setting/ Characters)

Compare and Contrast

Sequence

Predict Outcomes

Synonyms

Details

Reading Diagrams

Fact and fiction

Make Inferences

Cause and Effect

Antonyms

Narrative Elements (Plot)

Multiple Meaning Words

Summarize/Restate

Locate Information

Homophones

Focus SkillsGrade 3

Prefixes and Suffixes

Main Idea/Detail

Decode Long Words

Compare/Contrast

Locate Information

Sequence

Fact and Opinion

Summarize

Cause and Effect

Elements of Non-Fiction

Authors Purpose

Word Relationship

Grade 4

Narrative Elements

Prefixes and Suffixes

Cause and Effect

Draw Conclusions

Sequence

Locate Information

Elements of Non-Fiction; Text Structure

Word Relationships

Main Ideas and Details

Summarize

Fact and Opinion

Author’s Purpose

Compare/Contract

Focus SkillsGrade 5

Prefixes and Suffixes

Cause and Effect

Graphic Aides

Compare/Contrast

Connotation/Denotation

Narrative Elements

Fact and Opinion

Author’s Perspective/Author’s Purpose

Summarize/Paraphrase

Main Ideas/Details

Grade 6

Prefixes and Suffixes

Cause and Effect

Author’s Purpose/Author’s Perspective

Fact and Opinion

Graphic Aids

Literacy Devices

Word Relationships

Draw Conclusions

Narrative Elements

Main Ideas/Details

Skills and StrategiesSKILLS STRATEGIES

Definition

Automatic procedures that do not require thought, interpretation, or

choice

Definition

Conscious plans under the control of the user, who must make decisions about which strategies to use and

when to use them.

Instruction

Stresses repeated practice until the skill becomes a habitual response to a

particular task

Instruction

Stresses the reasoning and critical thinking process that readers undergo as they interact and comprehend text.

Example: Word Recognition

How to use word patterns

How to use picture clues

How to use context clues

Example: Word Recognition

When to use word patterns

When to use picture clues

When to use context clues

Strategies – yOUR TURN

1. Choose a strategy table.

2. Read the information in the packet at your table provided on that strategy

3. As a table, create a visual representation on chart paper to represent the teaching/learning of the strategy. Be sure to assign a recorder, reporter, timekeeper, and researchers.

4. You may want to consider a kinesthetic/visual representation (cue) of the strategy

(refer to article in packet).

5. Report Out

“The major difference, then, between skills teaching and strategy teaching concerns the presence or absence of self-direction on the part of the learner.”

Don Holdaway

Guided Reading Supports the Path To Independence

Guided Reading

The Reading Instruction PyramidAnother Way to Look at the

Path to Independence

I DO

WE DO

YOU DO

Shared Reading: Large group strategy instruction Modeling and demonstration

Guided Reading: Guided Practice Instructional-level textFlexible groups: Small, needs -based groups

Independent application: Individual or pairs Independent text

Source: Lori Jamison

What are the Purposes of Guided Reading?• Observation of children as they practice new skills and strategies in

a new text. Individual attention to a student to observe how the student uses the strategies and self corrects.

• Practice of strategies so children can read increasingly difficult texts independently

• Students actively apply good reading behaviors with teacher support by reading text just beyond what the child can read on his/her own, but not at the frustration level.

• Provides a small group setting for the teacher to coach for reading strategies and evaluate a child’s text processing and take running records

• Provides opportunity for a teacher directed review of skills and strategies

• Opportunity for students to interact in small groups

Grouping and Composition of the Group

• 3-6 students

• Determined by need of students. Fragile groups should be smaller.

• Students reading at the same instructional level and exhibiting the same need.

• Dynamic or fluid

• Remain intact until the intended outcome is achieved.

Frequency • 3 groups a day.

• Fragile readers • Five days a week. • A minimum of three of those days should be for guided reading.

The other two days could be for skill-based flex groups.

• On-Level Readers• A minimum of two days should be for guided reading. The other

three days could be for skill-based flex groups, as needed.

• Above-Level Readers • Minimum of one day should be for guided reading. • The other days could be skill-based flex groups, as needed,

literature circles, authentic application of literacy skills and strategies.

• Students above grade level still need guided reading to learn how to “scuba dive” rather than snorkel.

Guided Reading Grouping

A Below

B On

CAbove

A1 A2

B3

B4

5

If there are more than 5 students at a level (below, on, above), create two groups.

The picture shows students of similar need divided into smaller groups, if needed, for instruction.

Lesson Frequency: One Suggestion with Emphasis on Guided Reading on Days 3,4,5

Days

1 2 3 4 5

1Flex

1

Flex A1 A1 A1

Flex Flex A2 B4 A2

Flex C5 B3 B3 B4

A2

When to Begin Guided Reading Groups

• Kindergarten:• Guided Reading groups should begin in January. • In Kindergarten Guided Reading begins with one

homogenous group of 4-6 children who:• Demonstrate sufficient “bottom” power• Have the concepts of print in place• Know most of the letters and most of the sounds• Know some sight words

• First Grade: Begin by the end of October once rules, classroom procedures are in place, and baseline assessments have been administered.

• Second through Sixth Grades: Begin by the end of September once rules and classroom procedures, baseline assessments are in place.

Tools

• Books: Books for All Learners and Leveled Readers

Leveled Books Manual to use as a resource

• Suggested Supplies: • Sticky notes• Student reading journals• Pencils, highlighters or highlight tape• Strategies posters/ packet • Charts or bookmarkers for reference• Way to keep anecdotal notes

Time Recommendations

Kindergarten

10 minutes

Grade 1

10 – 15 minutes

Grades 2-6:

15 – 20 minutes

Where Do I Find Guided Reading in Trophies?

• Look at the 5 Day Planner.• Find the sections labeled “Books for All

Learners”• Use the lesson plans on these pages to help

guide your lesson planning, focusing on reinforcing skills and strategies.

You can also use the Intervention Readers during Guided Reading

A Framework for Guided Reading Lessons• 1. Identify students• 2. Determine lesson focus • 3. Select an Appropriate Text • 4. Introduce the Text and Set the Purpose• 5. Read the Text• 6. Discuss and Revisit the Text and

Strategies• 7. Extending the Meaning of the Text or

Word Work (Optional, or as needed)

The Reading Process and Guided Reading• BEFORE READING

• Prepare students for reading: Text Introduction; Guided preview

• Help students anticipate meaning: Strategy Reminder

• DURING READING• Guide students through the silent reading process• Help students realize meaning

• AFTER READING• Refocus students’ attention: Discussion/strategy use• Help students react to meaning; responding• Word Work

Procedure for Guided Reading Groups1. Identify students

• Students should be reading at approximately the same level or exhibit the same need.

2. Determine lesson focus • The initial guided reading objective should be the focus

skill and /or strategy from the Trophies weekly planner, anthology read aloud, and shared reading.

• Previously taught skills / strategies are re-taught, reviewed, or extended. New skill / strategies should not be introduced.

Procedure for Guided Reading Groups3. Select an Appropriate Text

• Use Books for All Learners to support skills and strategies.• Using these books will shorten the time needed to prepare

for reading, since the skills, strategies, vocabulary, and theme will match the lesson focus of the week.

On-line access to readers : http://readers.eharcourtschool.com/hlro/start.do

• The books used in the Guided Reading lesson should be on the student’s instructional level, not their independent level.

• He/she should have moderate challenge to practice the strategies. However, if the book is too difficult, the task of reading will be frustrating and not allow for practice of the skills and strategies.

Procedure for Guided Reading Groups4. Introduce the Text and Set the Purpose

• Review (from shared reading) background knowledge, vocabulary, skill/strategy.

• Invite predictions – a “picture walk”, particularly at the primary grades, will help to set the purpose of the story/text and review/implant vocabulary.

• Focus attention on details of the text that will support students’ understanding of the text. For example, a non-fiction text will have headings and/or graphics.

• Make predictions

• Discuss strategy taught during shared reading

• Encourage students to jot down questions, thoughts and/or ideas for discussion while they’re reading. (Post-its, reading journal, graphic organizer, etc.)

Procedure for Guided Reading Groups5. Read the Text

• Students read the text silently and whisper read.

• Students can write questions, thoughts and/or ideas for discussion in their journal while reading. If text is longer, they can read it over several days.

• The teacher moves from one child to the next listening and lightly coaching that child. The teacher makes observations and notes or records any strategies used by the student. This individual 3-4 minute interaction also gives the teacher an opportunity to offer individual help to improve specific reading behaviors.

• NOTE: Round Robin / Popcorn reading is not an effective instructional strategy, as students need to attend to and read the entire text. It is essential that students have “eyes on text”. Limit teacher talk during this phase of instruction.

Procedure for Guided Reading Groups6. Discuss and Revisit the Text and Strategies

• Students should have the opportunity to talk about what was read, discussing what was noticed, interesting, or confusing.

• Focus on the skill /strategy and review how it helped students to problem solve and gain meaning. Think of this as a mini-lesson to confirm and extend understanding.

• Encourage students to provide evidence from text of how/where they applied the skill / strategy. This will foster independence and transfer of the learning by providing them with the opportunity to articulate their use of a strategy.

• Invite students to make connections and examine words.

• Rereading for fluency will help to support comprehension.

• NOTE: The purpose of this teaching is not to focus on a particular text but to develop strategies that can apply to all reading. Discussions should have a teaching point and reflect the focus for the lesson.

Procedure for Guided Reading Groups7. Extending the Meaning of the Text or Word Work

• Word work is one or two minutes (Optional, or as needed, for grades 3-6)

• Analyze individual words or highlight phonic/decoding skill such as letter sounds at the primary level or prefixes at the intermediate level.

• Extend the meaning (Optional or as needed)• Compare/contrast• Analyze characters• Incorporate art as a response• Further reading or data gathering• Graphic organizers for extension activities• Could complete in a learning station

What are the Other Students Doing? KEEPING the focus on Literacy

Consider whether they are engaged in CHOICE activities or TEACHER ASSIGNED activities:

Choice could be…• Self-selected reading with a purpose • Writing in Response Journals• Engaging in related readings

Teacher assigned could be:• Literature Study Groups or Literature Circles, especially in grades 3-6• Guided Reading Extension or Follow-up Activities• Engaging in related readings• Writing in Response Journals• Retelling• Practice Book – Differentiated by need

Center Activities related to Reading/ Language Arts goals such as:• Writing Center• Listening Center• Readers’ Theatre• Technology Center

What are the Other Students Doing?Five essential questions if using centers:

• Are the centers/stations purposeful and meaningful?

• Are the centers/stations engaging?• How will I manage the centers/stations?• How will the students know what to do at the

centers?• How will I evaluate the students’ work ?

Assessment / Record Keeping

Use assessments to determine fluid placement throughout the year. • In September

• Review student grouping cards and literacy folders.• Discuss the needs of the fragile readers with Title I/Reading

Support teacher or reading specialist.• Administer the “Beginning of the Year” assessment,

Placement Inventory, or running record

• During the Year / Ongoing• Reading Journals• Running Records• Anecdotal Notes (in journal, cards, label, etc.)• Checklists for Reading Behaviors (found in the back of the

teacher manual)

An Assessment idea for anecdotal notes

Post- it notesOne per studentDate comments

Other ways to keep anecdotal notes

Labels

Flip charts

Notebook

Opitz/Ford 2001

Formative vs. summativeAssessment

Ball control

Kicking

Passing

Resilience

Position

Speed

Teamplay

creativity

Score

Standing at the end of the season

Personal improvement from game to game

Personal improvement from season to season

• Formative assessment provides a continuous stream of information about each student.• Formative assessment done well leads to good news on summative assessment.

“ Accountability is measured by a single test on a single day, but accountability is accomplished with daily, useful assessment that informs

instruction.” Peter Afflebach

Let’s take a closer look…..

Use the Power Point slides as note-taking pages while viewing….

Before you begin to view various components of guided reading, let’s take a look at students engaging in a reread of a familiar text.

Guided Reading: Before Reading – Introducing a New Text

Guided Reading: During Reading: Coaching Reading

Guided Reading: After Reading: Returning to the Text

Teacher Self-Reflection Questions• Teacher Self-Reflection Questions

• Were children placed at their instructional level?• Was the lesson related to the direction of the entire

group and was there a clear focus?• Were the children making thinking public, indicating

good use of during reading strategies such as questioning, clarifying, connecting, summarizing, and predicting?

• Was there on-going observation that informed instruction?

• Were there many interruptions during guided reading?• Were the other children actively engaged in student

directed work?

Essential Elements of Guided Reading: The Reading Process

Before Reading

Teacher Role

Select texts that will help expand processing skills

Prepare an introduction

Introduce the whole text or a unified portion

Leave some problem solving for the readers

Student Role

Engage in conversation about the text

Understand purpose

Access schema

Raise questions

Build expectations

Notice information

Make connections

During

Reading

May listen to individuals

Assist with problem solving

Observe and make notes

Read to themselves

Use schema and strategies to construct meaning

Think about comprehension and any questions

After Reading

Lead discussion about the text

Invite personal response

Assess student understanding

Invite students to ask questions

Sometimes engage in word work

Talk about the text

Check predictions

Clarify confusions and expand understanding

Express connections

Revisit the text

Find evidence for opinions

Sometimes respond through writing or visual arts

Sometimes engage in word work

Resources for classroom use

Resources for Guided Reading

Let’s Summarize: A quick check for understanding

Complete the Crossword Puzzle with a partner…

You can find this at:

www.readwritethink.org

A few words of wisdom…• “The way a book is read-which is to say, the qualities a reader brings to

a book- Can have as much to do with its worth as anything the author puts in it.”

Norman Cousins

“To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.”Edmund Burke

“Force yourself to reflect on what you read, paragraph by paragraph.”Samuel Taylor Coleridge

“The more that you read,The more things you know.

The more that you learn.The more places you’ll go.”

Dr. Seuss