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Resort in Costa Brava
1 This popular summer resort has one of the finest sand beaches of the Costa Brava
– the Playa de Pals. Formerly a little fishing port, where the inhabitants fished for sardine
and anchovy, it has, in a few years, achieved international status without losing its appeal.
Just off the coast lie a group of four islands known as the Medas isles and a little
farther north is the Foadada Rock. Inhabited in Roman times, these islands later became
deserted. Now you can take boat trips to them to swim, fish or simply sunbathe.
2 There is little to see in Estartit itself. In fact, it is hardly more than a main street –
Calle Sante Ana – which runs parallel to the sea and contains some good boutiques and
small souvenir shops. If you want to shop, the best day to visit Estartit is on Thursday,
which is market day.
3 For a small resort, Estartit has plenty of night life. For first-class evening
entertainment, often with an international floor show, it is worth climbing the hill to the
Club El Catalan, and, in the village itself, the Galeon usually has a floor show, with
dancing to recorded music. Young people usually go to the St. Tropez discotheque.
4 Anyone wishing to travel from Estartit to Torella de Montgri will be able to take
the bus, which leaves at two-hourly intervals from Estartit
1.sightseeing coach 4. telephone box2.news-stand 5. pavement café3.kiosk 6. sunbathe
Task 1:. Answer the following questions.
1. Where is the Foadada Rock situated?Answer: Foadada Rock situated in the north of Medas Isles.
2. What activities can be carried out in the Medas Isles?Answer: The activities that carried out in the Medas Isles is swimming, fishing or
sun bathing.
3. What does the Calle Sante Ana have to offer the tourist?Answer: Calle Sante Ana have some good boutiques and small souvenir shops
to offer the tourist.
4. Why is the Thursday the best day for shopping in Estartit?Answer: Because Thursday is market day in Estrait.
5. Which three establishments are suggested for night-time entertainment?Answer: The tree establishment are Club El Catalan, Galeon and St. Tropez
discotheque .
6. In line 3 paragraph 1, what does “it” refer to?Answer: It refers to the Playa de Pals.
7. In line 3 paragraph 2, what does “them” refer to?Answer: Them refer to Medas Isles and Foadada Rock.
8. What is probably the best title for the passage? Answer: Resort in Costa Brava
9. What is probably the general idea of paragraph 4?Answer: The general idea is establishments for night-time entertainment Estrait.
10. What is actually Estartit?Answer: Estartit is a small town and seaside resort in Costa Brava.
Task 2: Complete the sentences with one of these verbs. Use each verb once only.
1. At the end of their stay, guests check out at reception.
2. During their stay at a hotel, guests will incur charges for the services which they
use in the hotel.
3. When a hotel guest eats in a hotel restaurant, she will be asked to settle the meal
before leaving.
4. Some hotels issue a luggage pass to show that payment has been received and the
guest is free to leave.
5. The hotel should itemize the bill so that the guests can see the cost of each item.
6. Most hotels ask guests who are leaving to vacate their rooms before lunchtime.
7. The computer will automatically calculate any discount.
Calculate check out dispute incur issue itemize liaise overchargeReturn settle sign for vacate
8. The receptionist will ask the guests to return to their bills before leaving the
hotel.
9. The receptionists will sign for any valuables which have been deposited for safe
keeping.
10. Guests may dispute a charge if they disagree with it.
11. Good teamwork means that the receptionists will liaise with the other departments
in the hotel.
12. The hotel must be careful not to overcharge the guests; they will be very unhappy
if they have to pay more than they should.
Task 3: Discuss with your friends the beautiful resort that you have in your city. Write down the result.
One of the beutiful resort in Makassar is Hotel Pantai Gapura. It is located in at Jl. Pasar
Ikan no. 10. The resort offering authentic setting with a natural significance, wonderful
sorroundings, and a true taste of European and Continental cuisine that provide tourist
with a luxuriously relishing hospitable experience and a real feeling of home. From bed
to the hotel amenities, the interior and exterior architecture, the food and the warm
welcome, they are contanly attentive to cater tourist needs and introduce them to their
main product.
…………………………………………..
1 San Francisco is my favorite city in the United States. It is beautiful, clean, not
too big, and it has something for everybody. I love the streets and buildings in San
Francisco. The streets wind up and down the hills, with beautiful old brick and wooden
houses on either side.
2 One of my favorite things to do in San Francisco is to ride the cable car. It takes
you to most parts of the city. It’s not a very comfortable ride, but it’s exciting and the
views you get from the cable car are wonderful.
3 And I like the weather in San Francisco. It never gets too cold or too hot. The
summer are pleasant. The fresh breezes blow off the ocean and the sky is always blue. It
rains a lot in the winter, but it never gets very cold.
4 Another thing I enjoy about the city are the restaurants. The seafood restaurants,
with crab and lobster, are my favorites. You can also get great Chinese, Japanese,
American and European food in San Francisco.
5 The transportation system in San Francisco is excellent. Taxis are clean and
comfortable. The bus system is good. There is BART, a fast subway. And the cable car is
a convenient way to get to Chinatown and Fisherman’s Wharf. You can also walk to
many places very easily.
6 San Francisco has lots of tourist attractions. You can climb up Coit Tower and see
the view. You can walk along Union Street and look at the boutiques and shops. The
Golden Gate bridge is famous, and I love to drive across it, and then look back at the
view of the city from the other side. There are lovely parks, great museums, a beautiful
Japanese Garden and a fascinating Chinatown. There’s always something to do in San
Francisco: theaters, nightclubs, ballet, opera, San Francisco has them all.
7 So it’s easy to see why San Francisco is everybody’s favorite city, and mine, too.
1. comfortable 4.subway
2. breez 5. boutique
3. wharf 6. attraction
Task 1: Read the passage and answer the following questions
1. What is San Francisco like?
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How can people enjoy most parts of the city?
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is the weather like in San Francisco?
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Is riding the cable car the most enjoyable trip?
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What kinds of food can people eat in the restaurants in San Francisco?
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. In line 3 paragraph 6, what does “it” refer to ?
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What are the houses like in San Francisco?
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. In paragraph 7, what does the author probably want to say?
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Which is probably the best title for the passage?
(1) The most Favorite City (2) San Francisco is the Favorite City in the World
(3) Traveler’s Note
Task 2: Use these words from the passage to complete the sentences.
1. From the room of our hotel we had a nice ……….…..of the city
2. The city has a good transportation ………………, including buses, trains and
taxis.
3. I have never been for a ………………….in a helicopter.
4. We enjoy watching the dancers at the …………………………
Ride view ballet system breeze buildings subway
5. The city hall is one of the oldest ……………….in the city.
6. I closed the window because the ………….was very strong.
7. In many big cities like Tokyo and Paris, people travel underground on the
……………
Task 3: Choose the best word or phrase to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The dates and times of all travel, meetings, events should be listed carefully in
the ........................
(a) timeplan (b) itinerary (c) calendar (d) index
2. Always allow enough time for ...........between trains and planes.
(a) connections (b) links (c) connects (d) lines
3. After flying across time zones people often suffer from......
(a) plane lag (b) allergy (c) jet leg (d) time loss
4. Allow extra time for the journey to the airport if the flight leaves around .......
when everyone is to or from work.
(a) busy time (b) hurry hour (c) work time (d) rush hour
5. Most business people prefer to travel with ........airlines so that they can change
their flight, if necessary.
(a) normal (b) scheduled (c) charter (d) private
6. Having to take a lot of heavy equipment means they will probably exceed the
...... allowed by the airline.
(a) baggage allowance (b) luggage (c) suitcase level (d) load capacity
7. Mr and Mrs Trumann want you book one hotel room with bathroom, so you
should book a .....
(a) twin room (b) double room en suite
(c) connecting room (d) single adjoining room
8. Remember that departure and arrival times are given in ......time.
(a) synchronized (b) coordinated (c) international (d) local
9. If the directors want to come home as quickly as possible, don’t book them on a
........flight, which will mean staying somewhere on the way.
(a) stopover (b) indirect (c) charter (d) stop-and-go
10. flights within your own country are known as .....flights.
(a) interior (b) home (c) domestic (d) national
………………………………………………….
1 There are very few countries that have as many different types of cooking as
Indonesia. Remember, of course, that Indonesia is a country of more than 3.000 islands,
each with ways of cooking that differ from their neighbors.
2 You will find some of the best spice dishes in Java, but these are not as spicy as
the same dishes when they are cooked in Sumatra. Kambing guling (roasted young goat)
is one of the most famous dishes of Bali; if the same dish is cooked in Java, it still tastes
delicious, but different.
3 Rice plays an important part in hundreds of Indonesian dishes and one of the best
known dishes is nasi goreng. But don’t think it is only rice (nasi) fried (goreng) because
there is much more in the dish than this, and the rice used is steamed before it is fried.
4 There are, of course, different ways of cooking nasi goreng but when you ask for
this dish anywhere in Indonesia you know what to expect. And after you have tried it, I’m
sure you will want to cook it for yourself. Here is the recipe, which makes enough for
four people.
For the sauce
1 tsp.of small red onions½ tsp. of red chilies1 tsp. of garlic1 tsp. of shrimp pasteone sliced tomato
For the main dish
1 lb. of rice¾ lb. of beef cut into slices3 tsp. of sliced red chilies1 tsp. of chopped celery6 small chicken legs6 eggs2 tsp. of fried onions1 tsp. of oilflour, salt and pepper
Preparation
5 First, steam the rice until it is cooked. Chop the red onions into very small pieces
and try them together with the red chilies and the garlic until the onions become partly
brown. Then add the sliced tomato and the shrimp paste.
6 Add a little salt and pepper to the beef, put it into the pan, and stir it. After about
three or four minutes, add the red chilies, the chopped celery and finally the cooked rice,
stirring well all the time. Taste and see if more salt and pepper is needed.
7 Place a little salt over the chicken legs, dreg them in flour and fry them until they
are golden brown. Take two eggs and make an omelet. Cut the omelet into slices and use
these together with the fried onions to put around the nasi goreng. Place the chicken legs
on one side of the dish, the vegetables on the other ,and four fried eggs on the top.1. spice 4. fry
2. dishes 5. slice
3. steam 6. stir
Task 1: Circle the correct answers.
1. The ingredients in the recipe make enough nasi goreng for 2,4,6 people.
2. In making nasi goreng, the rice is steamed before, after it is fried.
3. The chicken pieces are placed under , on top, inside, beside the rice.
4. If kambing guling is cooked in different places in Indonsia, the way to cook will
be the same.
5. Besides rice, flour is the most important ingredient for traditional dishes.
6. One of the ingredients used to make nasi goreng is peanut.
7. In making nasi goreng, the sauce is directly mixed with rice, after that it is
fried.
8. From the passage the author would like to say that nasi goreng is one of the
favorite dishes for Indonesians (paragraph 3)
Task 2: Answer the following questions.
1. What is the main idea of the passage? (paragraph 1)
2. In paragraph 4, what does the author probably want to say?
3. What is probably the best title of the passage?
Task 3: Replace the words in bold type with a single word from the list a – n
1. Cook the bread in dry heat in the oven for about fifty minutes. ...f…
2. To keep meat moist when roasting , cover it regularly with melted fat. …....
3. Decorate the vegetable with some parsley. ……
4. Let the soup cook slowly, just below boiling point. ........
5. The meat is cut into tiny pieces in a machine for this recipe. ........
6. One method of cooking fish is to cook it in lots of very hot fat. ........
7. Could you remove the skin and bones from the fish, please? ........
8. When the potatoes are cooked, crush them to a pulp. ........
9. Remove the outside skin of the potatoes.
.........
10. Guests may like eggs which have been broken into boiling water
and vinegar. .........
11. Make sure the frozen chicken has completely thawed before cooking. .........
12. Cut the carrot into small squares. .........
13. Add salt and pepper before serving the soup. .........
14. You can improve the taste of the sauce with vanilla. .........
a. dice h. flavour
b. minced i. defrosted
c. deep fry j. mash
d. season k. peel
e. poached l. fillet
f. bake m. simmer
g. garnish n. baste
...........................................................................
1 Contacts between Japan and the rest of the world have grown a great deal in the
twentieth century. In the last thirty years, business contacts between Japan and the West
have become very important. Many foreign companies now have offices in Japan, and
Japanese businessmen do business around the world. Differences between Japanese and
Western ways of doing business, however, often confuse foreigners and make doing
business in Japan difficult to them.
2 The American business person for example, wants to start talking business
immediately. He or she wants quick decisions and does not want to wait. The Japanese,
on the other hand, likes to arrive at decisions gradually after giving them a great deal of
thought. Another thing foreign business people have difficulty understanding is when a
Japanese means “Yes” or “No”. This is because of cultural differences between Japanese
and Western society which make it difficult for a Japanese to say “No” directly.
3 In English, it is easy to say “No” to something we do not want to do. But in Japan,
it is very difficult to say “No”. To refuse an invitation or request with “No”, or a similar
phrase, is felt to be impolite, it is thought to be selfish and unfriendly. So instead of
saying “No” directly, the Japanese have developed many ways to avoid saying “No”.
These enable them to avoid hurting other people’s feelings. However, this often makes
communication with the Japanese difficult for foreigners to understand and follow.
4 The Japanese businessman can avoid saying “No” by being vague or indirect, by
being silent and not replying, by changing the topic or by giving excuses for not being
able to reply immediately.
5 Foreign businessmen and businesswomen in Japan must, therefore, be patient in
trying to communicate with the Japanese. They must not be in a hurry. Above all, they
must try to understand the Japanese custom of politeness. Once they learn how the
Japanese think, they will find doing business with them a lot easier.
1. the rest 4. request2. confuse 5. selfish3. refuse 6. vague
Task 1: Choose the best answers
1. Paragraph 1 tells us that:
(a) It is not always easy for foreigners to do business in Japan.(b) Japan is a very important country to business people.
2. Paragraph 2 tells us that:
(a) Americans usually say what they are thinking.(b) Americans do not express themselves clearly.
3. Paragraph 3 tells us that:
(a) Japanese are very selfish.(b) Japanese are very polite.
4. Paragraph 4 tells us that:
(a) Japanese can not communicate well.(b) Japanese don’t always say what they mean.
5. Paragraph 5 tells us that:
(a) foreign business persons must be more polite.(b) foreign business persons should first try to understand the Japanese.
6. The best title for the passage is probably:
(a) The difference between Japanese and English business persons (b) Doing Business in Japanese
7.The word “they” in line 2, paragraph 5 refers to:
(a) Japanese.(b) business men and women.
8. In talking their business:
(a) Americans like quick decision while Japanese like gradual decision.
(b) Japanese like quick decision while Americans like gradual decision.
9. The difficulty in communicating is merely caused by:
(a) cultural differences.(b) Personal differences.
10. In paragraph 1, line 6, confuse probably means:(a) to make simple (b) to make clear(c) to make unclear (d) to help
11. In paragraph 2, line 7, directly probably means:(a) without delay (b) slowly(c) frequently (d) to be easily understood
12. In paragraph 3, line 5, avoid probably means:(a) to keep away from (b) to practice(c) to pronounce (d) to try
13. In paragraph 4, line 1, vague probably means:(a) certain (b) unclear(c) silent (d) direct
14. In paragraph 5, line 3, above all probably means:(a) first (b) next(c) most importantly (d) usually
Task 2: Group Discussion. The following extracts are from two different letters. One is a
letter making reservation, the other is a letter of confirmation. Put the extracts in
the right order to produce two correct letters.
a. Yours faithfullySusan PeacockSecretary
b. I look forward to receiving your confirmation
c. I would like to reserve four single rooms from 19th to 24th November for four of
our managers.
d. We look forward to receiving our guests,
e. Dear Sir/Madam
f. Thank you for your letter of 16th September. We are pleased that you have chosen
to use our hotel for your for managers who will be in Perth from 19 th to 24th
November.
g. The rooms should be looked in the names of Bill Franks, Mary Black, Erick
Peterson and Ann Jones.
h. Could you please inform me of your rates and whether you offer discounts for
company bookings.
i. I would like to confirm your reservation for four single rooms for these dates. We
are happy to be able to offer you our corporate rates, details of which are
enclosed.
j. Your sincerelyPeter BlackReservations Clerk
k. Dear Ms Peacock
1. Letter of Reservation
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Letter of confirmation
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
HONG KONG TOURIST ASSOCIATION LONDON OFFICE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLANNING AND PROMOTING THE MEETING IN HONG KONG
Once the decision to meet in Hong Kong has been made, the HKTA is happy to advise on
all the details connected with organizing and promoting your meeting.
Services include:
Introductions to professional meeting organizers and display companies.
Information about, and liaison with, Hong Kong public figures to provide
welcome addresses at opening ceremonies and dinner functions.
Public relations contacts with local TV, press, and trade media.
Advice on Customs and Immigration procedures to facilitate entry for delegates
and speedy clearance for literature and display material.
Special arrangements for an HKTA representative to attend preceding events in
order to assist in promoting Hong Kong as the next destination with supplies of
appropriate literature and display material, films, and audio visual presentation.
Providing supplies of promotional literature for your mailing to potential
delegates. This will assist in generating maximum interest and attendance.
Material can be overprinted with the organizer’s own text.
Listing of the event in the Association’s calendar, ‘Coming Meetings,
Conferences and Exhibitions’, widely distributed throughout the world and
updated biannually.
Ideas on ‘Theme’ evenings for gala functions with names of suppliers and costs.
A comprehensive list of local entertainment group and arts and crafts specialists
that can be hired for social programs.
Details of exciting and educational tours for accompanying persons who are not
attending the meeting sessions.
Arranging for a ‘Welcome’ banner to be displayed at airport.
Task 1: Choose the best answers.
1. This writing is a kind of :(a) scientific information (b)announcement (c) promotional brochure
2. HKTA is probably a company in:(a) event organizing (b) trade (c) social and welfare
3. The purpose of HKTA is organizing and promoting:(a) your business (b) your conference (c) your citizenship
4. In promoting Hongkong to be the next destination, HKTA persons provide information about it through:(a) audiovisual presentation (b) radio broadcasting (c) TV programs
5. Entertainment not clearly promoted by HKTA is:(a) educational tours (b) arts and craft (c) sea tours
Task 2: Answer the following questions.
2. What ‘welcome’ facilities can be arranged?
.............................................................................................................................3. How can the HKTA make it easier for delegates to enter the country?
.............................................................................................................................4. How does the HKTA assist in encouraging maximum attendances at a
conference?
.............................................................................................................................5. In which calendar are events listed?
.............................................................................................................................6. Who are educational tours arranged for?
.............................................................................................................................
Task 3: Choose the best word or phrase to complete each of the following sentences.
1. You should send your ......... if you are unable to attend a meeting.
(a) apologies (b) cancellation (c) excuse (d) comment
2. The person in charge who conducts a meeting is called the ..........(a) chairperson (b) teller (c) conductor (d) president
3. The official record of what is said at a meeting is known as the ........(a) records (b) minutes (c) spec (d) articles
4. The people who attend a meeting are known as the ...........(a) attendants (b) presenters (c) participants (d) partakers
5. The list of points to be discussed at a meeting is known as the ............(a) itinerary (b) schedule (c) agenda (d) timetable
6. If someone wants to discuss a certain topic and have a decision at the meeting they should put forward a ............... (a) notice (b) movement (c) recommendation (d) motion
7. The person who put forward a point for discussion is known as the .........(a) proposer (b) delegate (c) candidate (d) challenger
8. For some meetings, you may need a certain number of people before it can start. This number is known as ........(a) quartet (b) quorum (c) quota (d) choir
9. In formal meetings, people wishing to say something will be asked to .........(a) address the chair (b) speak to the seat(c) present to the front (d) deliver an address
10. The meeting may be .......to a later time if there is no time left or not enough information for a decision.(a) delayed (b) proposed (c) carried forward (d) adjourn
YORKSHIRE AND HUMBERSIDE TOURIST BOARDMr J F BurwinManaging DirectorTexas Travel Inc147-149 Smith BoulevardHoustonTexas 77085 11 March 1982Dear Mr Burwin
During your visit to our stand at the Berlin trade fair, we discussed tourist interest
in our part of England. We both thought it might become a very popular destination for
Texan tourists.
Recently, the Board have been discussing the possibility of organizing FITs from
texas. We have now reached agreement with UK Airways on the travel arrangements. As
a result of this, we are preparing, in association with the carrier, a familiarization tour of
our region. We hope that about fifteen Texas tour operators and travel agents will join the
party. We would be pleased if you would be able to participate in this tour.
The most suitable time for us is between 17 and 21 May. I am enclosing a proposed
itinerary. We would like to show you the sightseeing attractions and introduce you to the
wide range of holiday types available in the region. We hope to include hotel packages,
up-market independent tours for seasoned travelers, escorted tours, activity holidays, and
special seasonal tours. We feel that the flight costings are so reasonable that it should also
be possible to market family-oriented low budget packages. These might include self-
catering arrangements.
We should be able to give you fuller details of the tour within the next two weeks.
In the meantime, perhaps you would be kind enough to let us know if you would be
interested in joining us and if the dates are convenient.
Yours sincerely,
Judith WilkincaAssistant Commercial Manager
Task 1: Choose the best answer
1. The letter is probably a:(a) confirmation (a) complain (c) reservation
2. The enclosure of the letter is: (a) a price list (b) an itinerary (c) a VCD
3. ..........tour operators and travel agents will join the party. (a) more than 10 (b) less than 10 (c) more than 15
4. Principally, the letter tells us that:
(a) Mr Willkinaca gets ready to arrange the Texan tourists. (b) Mr Willkinaca is reluctant to arrange the Texan tourists. (c) Mr Willkinaca is in doubt to arrange the Texan tourists.
5. In paragraph 3, line 12, self catering arrangements probably means:
(a) One is free to choose desirable foods. (b) One can not order desirable foods. (c) Foods have been strictly prepared by the hotel
Task 2: Answer the following questions.
1. Where did Mr burwin first make contact with the YHTB?
.................................................................................................................................2. What has made it possible for YHTB to arrange the tour?
...................................................................................................................................3. Who is organizing the tour with YHTB?
...................................................................................................................................4. Who will take part in the FAM?
...................................................................................................................................5. What is the purpose of the tour?
...................................................................................................................................6. What would the YHTB like Mr Burwin to do before he is given more details of
the tour?
...................................................................................................................................
Task 3: Fill in the missing words in the hotel web page below. Choose from the box
BOOKING A ROOM
The Seamer hotel welcomes you to our on-line booking service. To make a booking
please enter your (1)__________in the form below. You may use this form to check on
(2)__________or to make (3)___________.Please fill in as many details as possible
regarding your (4)__________ stay. If you wish you may alternatively choose to
(5)___________a copy of the form that you can send the hotel by the regular mail or
(6)___________.Please ensure the form is fully (7)___________.
We will contact you within 24 hours by phone or e-mail to (7)__________your
booking. Otherwise the hotel will offer possible (9)__________to you.
All rooms are (10)________with shower or bath.(11)____________in all our
rooms include coffee maker, cable TV, phone and computer connection.
If you have any special requirements, such as a (12)_________ room, please write
them in the box provided .Please indicate if you require vegetarian food or have other
special(13)_________requirements.
All credit card details will be transmitted (14)__________from this site.
Print confirm proposed facilities faxcompleted en suite ground-flour reservation dietaryavailability details alternatives securely
FOOD SERVICE
The range of food service found in hotels and restaurants today is extensive. In
the first category, there are restaurants offering the highest grade of service with a full a
la carte menu. This includes dishes served by the waiter from a trolley in the dining room,
and is known as gueridon service. The gueridon waiter must always be skilled, for he has
to carry out procedures such as filleting, carving, and cooking speciality dishes at the
table.
1. Napkin 6. Sideplate
2. Soup spoon 7. Side knife
3. Fish knife and fork 8. Wine glass
4. Joint knife and fork 9. Ashtray
5. Dessert spoon and fork 10.Salt pepper.
A second, less complicated , type of service is silver service where the menu can
be either a la carte or table d’hote. In this system, the food is prepared in the kitchen and
then put on to silver flats and presented to the guests in the dining room. A third form of
table service, used mainly with a table d’hote menu, is plate service. Here, the waiter
receives the mail already plated from the service hotplate and only has to place it in front
of the guest and make sure that he correct cover is laid and the necessary
accompaniments are on the table. It also demand less equipment for the service of the
meal and is, therefore, labor-saving in such tasks as washing-up. In a fourth type of
service called self-service, a customer collects a tray from the service counter, chooses
his dishes and select the appropriate cutlery for the meal.
Today, with ever-increasing needs for economy, many establishments usually
prefer a variety of types of service. Tourist hotels, for example, frequently offer a
combination of self-service and plate service for breakfast and another combination of
self-service and silver service for luncheon.
Task 1: Choose the best answer
1. Paragraph 1 tells us that food services in hotels and restaurants today are:
(a) wonderful (b) intensive (c) expensive
2. In paragraph 1, line 1 a full la carte menu probably means:
(a) completed menu (b) less completed menu (c) incomplete menu
3. According to the reading, food services are divided into:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4
4. Paragraph 2 tells us that plate service is preferably for:
(a) many guests (b) special guests (c) less guests
5. Paragraph 3 tells us that many tourists in hotels today prefer:
(a) la carte service (b) plate service (c) combination
Task 1: Answer the following questions.
1. What kind of skills does a waiter require for gueridon service?
............................................................................................................................
2. Why is plate service labor-saving?
............................................................................................................................
3. What kinds of service are used with a table d’hote menu?
.............................................................................................................................
4. What is the difference between silver service and plate service?
.............................................................................................................................
5. Why is self-service often used by hotels?
.............................................................................................................................
6. What is probably the best title for the passage?
…………………………………………………………………………………..7. What is the main idea of the passage?
…………………………………………………………………………………..8. In paragraph 2, line 5, what does it refer to? ..............................................................................................................................9. In paragraph 2, line 7, what does accompaniments probably means?
.............................................................................................................................
Task 3 : Complete the dialogue with these lines. Use each line once only.
a. Ice and lemon with the gin, sir?b. And what would you like to drink?c. If you like fish, I can recommend the salmon steaks. The salmon is fresh from
Scotland.d. Dry or medium white wine?e. I’m sorry, but we are out of pineapple juice. We have orange or apple.f. Are you ready to order, madam?
In the restaurant
Waiter : (1) Are you ready to order, madam?
Guest : I’m still looking. What can you recommend?
Waiter : (2)…………………………………………………………….
Guest : I’ll have the salmon, then
At the bar
Waiter : Yes, sir?
Guest : A gin and tonic and a glass of white wine, please.
Waiter : (3) …………………………………………………………….
Guest :Yes, please.
Waiter : (4) …………………………………………………………….
Guest :Dry, please.
In the snack bar
Waiter : Hello, Are you ready to order?
Guest : Yes I think so. We’ll have one cheeseburger and one hamburger.
Waiter : (5) ……………………………………………………………….
Guest : I’ll have a pineapple juice and a mineral water for my girlfriend.
Waiter : (6) ……………………………………………………………….
Guest : Orange, please.
SUPERMARKETS
Today, supermarkets are found in almost every large city in the world. But the
first supermarket was opened only fifty years ago. It was opened in New York by a man
named Michael Cullen.
A Supermarket is different from other types of stores in several ways. In
supermarkets, items are placed on open shelves. The customers choose what they want
and take them to the checkout counter. This means that fewer employees are required
than in other store.
The way products are displayed is another difference between supermarkets and
many other types of stores. For example, in supermarkets, there is usually a display of
small inexpensive items just in front of the checkout counter: candy, chocolate,
magazines, paperbacks and so on. Why are they there?
Most customers who go to a supermarket buy from a shopping list, they know
exactly what they need to buy. They shop according to a plan. By the time the customer
reaches the checkout counter, he or she is feeling pleased and relaxed because the task of
shopping is finished. In this happy mood, the customer sees an attractive display of
inexpensive goods that were not on the shopping list. Now the customer feels like buying
something just for his or he own pleasure and enjoyment. Many customers buy from
these displays of products near the checkout counter, and this is exactly what the owner
of the supermarket hopes they will do.
Another important fact in helping a customer choose what to buy, is where a
product is placed on a shelf. A product that is placed at eye level on a shell sells much
better than one which is placed on a lower or higher self. A product which is easy to see
sells best. Manufacturers pay a higher price to have their products placed at eye level on
the shelves.
The comfort and convenience of shopping centers is another factor which make
them popular with customers. Large parking spaces are provided, and many supermarkets
stay open until very late at night.
Task 1: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false
1. A supermarket requires less employees than other kinds of stores.
2. Commonly, the system used in supermarkets is self-service. ........
3. Customers usually go to a supermarket knowing exactly what they want to
buy
4. Customers in supermarkets only buy the things they planned to buy. .......
5. Things which are placed on higher shelves in supermarkets usually sell better
than that on the lower shelves.
6. Usually inexpensive items are put in the back of supermarkets.
7. Customers pay the items they buy in supermarkets in the checkout counter.
8. The popularity of supermarkets is comfort and convenience accepted by
customers.
9. The way the items displayed in supermarket is just the same with many other
kinds of shops. .......
10. Items that are easily seen sell worst. .........
Task 2: Match the words which are opposites.
1. annoyed ...... a. nervous
2. costly ...... b. dislike
3. ugly ...... c. display
4. relaxed ...... d. similarly
5. enjoy ....... e. inexpensive
6. hide ....... f. pleased
7. difference ....... g. attractive
Task 3: Find words in the passage to complete these sentences.
1. At home, Richard always has the .........................of washing the dishes after
dinner.
2. Don’t disturb Michael. I think he is in bad ............................today and wants
to be left alone.
3. Although traveling by air is expensive, people like the ................................. of
getting quickly from one city to another.
4. We saw an interesting ....................................of old vases at the museum.
5. I believe Tim’s father is a government employee, but I’m not sure ............
what he does.
6. I always feel very .................................after a swim.
7. When you visit Europe for the first time, you should plan your
vacation ...................to what you want to see and how much money you want
to spend.
Task 4: Choose the best word or phrase to complete each of the following sentences.
WAGES AND SALARIES
1. If a company calculates payment for work done on an hourly basis, they pay wages.(a) wages (b) rebate (c) interest (d) salary
2. The money someone gets for work done is known as ................... (a) profit (b) winnings (c) earnings (d) gains
3. Salespeople are often paid a percentage of what they sell. This is known as .........(a) commission (b) profits (c) benefits (d) gains
4. Companies have hand over some of their employee’s pay to the state every month and so make ..............from pay.(a) reductions (b) percentages (c) deductions (d) takeaways
5. After this money has been taken off, the employee receives ...................pay.(a) low (b) net (c) gross (d) no
6. To encourage employees to work harder some companies offer .................which could be extra money, extra holidays or gifts.(a) carrots (b) incentives (c) attractions (d) motivations
7. Extra money received for working hard is known as ................(a) perk (b) plus (c) profit (d) bonus
8. When people reach a certain age when they can no longer work they ...........(a) fade (b) return (c) cease (d) retire
9. The money which they receive after they stop work is known as ...............(a) person (b) retirement (d) allowance (e) insurance
10. If a woman stops work for a short time to have a baby she has time off work called ..................(a) baby holiday (b) mother time (c) maternity leave (d) motherhood
11. The company list of people to be paid is known as the ...........(a) pay roll (b) pay card (c) pay file (d) pay-in book
12. Each employee should be given a small piece of paper to explain exactly how much money is being paid to them and how much has been taken off. This is a ..............(a) pay card (b) pay slip (c) statement (d) receipt
13. More money would be nice, so people hope for a ...............(a) pay lift (b) pay move (c) pay climb (d) pay rise
14. For many people isn’t the most important thing. They think that it more important to get job ........... (a) satisfaction (b) pleasure (c) achievement (d) bell-being
15. Workers who work longer hours than they are normally required are paid .............(a) perks (b) overtime (c) shifts (d) redundancy
16. Employees who have travel on business will have their ........for their hotel bills, food and travel paid back to them.(a) cheques (b) accounts (c) expenses (d) prices
17. The tax which employees have to pay on the money they earn is called ........tax.(a) work (b) income (c) revenue (d) rich
18. Things such as company cars or cheap travel are special extras for a few employee and are known as ...........(a) perks (b) points (c) winnings (d) savers
..........................................................
Today, the fastest way to get from one city to another in most countries is to fly.
But the trains of the future will change the way we travel. In West Germany and Japan, a
new kind of train that floats on air is being tested. These trains are called “Magnetically
Levitated Trains”, or simply. MAGLEVS, they move on a magnetic cushion of air. In a
recent test on Japan’s Kyushu island, a magnetic train reached a speed of 320 miles per
hour. The Japan National Railway hopes that by 1990, trains like this can replace the
Shinkansen, the “bullet” trains that travel between Tokyo and Osaka at 130 miles per
hour. In Emsland, in Northwest Germany, a 196-passenger maglev train will soon be
tested at speeds of 250 miles per hour. German engineers hope that in the future, a
maglev train system will link the cities of western Europe.
Plans are already being prepared to test maglevs in the United States. They could
become an important part of the transportation system. Many American cities are a few
hundred miles a part. A flight by air between cities like these only takes an hour, but
getting to the airport often takes longer than the flight itself. Airplanes are also less
efficient than trains. They use a lot of fuel just getting into the air. Trains have another
advantage over airplanes. They take their passengers directly to the center of cities.
The idea behind maglev trains is a simple one. The opposite poles of magnets
attract each other, but a pair of poles (a north and a north pole, for example) repel each
other. Either repulsion or attraction can be used to float a train. The German system uses
attraction. The sides of the train pass around and under the edges of the guideway along
which the train moves. Electromagnets on the sections of the train under the guideway
are attracted upwards to iron bars in the guideway. This lifts the train about half an inch
off the track. Other magnets in the guideway also move the train forward. Because the
energy that drives the maglev comes from the electric current in the track along which the
train moves, the train does not have to carry fuel of its own. As a result, the maglev train
is light.
There are still many problems to solve before the maglev system can be widely
used, but engineers believe the maglev may be the transportation system of the future.
( Pink, hal 64).
Task 1: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false
1. Trains cannot travel as fast as airplanes.
2. Maglev trains are not widely used yet.
3. The maglev train has to carry a lot of fuel.
4. Maglevs have already been tasted in many parts of the USA.
5. Japan has a system of rapid transportation by train.
6. Planes do not need a lot of fuel to get into the air.
7. Airports are usually close to the center of cities.
8. Magnetic trains will be in use all over the world very soon.
9. The maglev train will soon be tested at speeds of more 230 miles per hour.
10. According to the passage the maglev train will be efficient than a flight.
Task 2: Match the words which are opposites.
1. float a. attract
2. link b. complicated
3. repel c. drop
4. simple d. sink
5. light e. divide
6. future f. heavy
7. lift g. past
Task 3: Answer the following questions
1. What is probably the best title for the reading?
.................................................................................................................................
2. What is the main idea in paragraph 1?
..................................................................................................................................3. In paragraph 2, What does the author probably want to say to readers?
..................................................................................................................................4. what does Paragraph 3 talk about?
..................................................................................................................................
Task 4: Match the terms on the left with the descriptions on the right.
DISTRIBUTION AND SHIPPING
1. air freight transportation a. a business specializing in rapid delivery
small items, usually by van or motorbike.
2. dispatch rider b. a company specializing in moving heavy
goods and raw materials by train.
3. Shipping line c. The business of moving large quantity
4. courier service d. a company specializing in transportation
of by sea, typically using container vessel
(large ships designed to transport goods)
based on container ports.
5. rail freight operator e. a company that transports goods by lorry.
Major road distribution networks link
Called dry port facilities, often located
Near airports and road junctions.
6. road haulage contractor d. someone who works for a courier
company delivering small items by
motorbike
THE ART OF ADVERTISING
Advertising is the art of persuasion. The function of advertising is to try to make
us buy something. To sell a product, advertisers must make it sound as attractive and as
desirable as possible. They must make us feel that we really need the product. There are
several rules which advertisers follow in trying to persuade us. We see theses in almost
every from of advertising.
1.Capture the reader’s attention
The first thing advertisers must do is to make us stop. Then they hope we will read or
listen to the advertisement. In magazines, this is often done by using an exciting or
dramatic photograph, or by using a dramatic statement.
STOP OLD AGE NOW!
YOU CAN BE A MILLIONAIRE!
2.Make the reader feel the needs the product
The next thing advertisers must do is to make us feel we need the product. Often we have
no real need for the thing they are trying to sell us. So advertisers try to create the need in
us. They tell us that we will become healthier, feel fitter, or look younger, if we use a
certain cream or product. They tell us that we will look more elegant, good looking,
athletic if we wear a certain type of clothing, smoke a certain type of cigarette, or drink a
certain type of beer. Often the advertiser uses a photograph of a beautiful woman, or a
good-looking man, or a famous athlete. The reason for choosing pictures like this is to
suggest that if we want to be like these people, we should buy the product.
3.Show some evidence
Advertisers must make us believe that what that they say about the product is true. They
may do this by having a photograph of a person we believe in or trust in the
advertisement. An advertisement for toothpaste may have a dentist in it. An
advertisement for vitamin tablets may have a doctor or a nurse in it. This will help us
believe in the product because we usually believe in the judgment of doctors and dentists.
Advertising companies charge very high fees to their clients. They know that
often the success of a new product doesn’t depend on how good the product is but how
good the advertising is. And the victims are often members of the public. By studying the
techniques used by advertisers, we may be able to resist their attempts to make us buy
things that we don’t really need.
Task 1: Choose the best answer.
1. Advertising is the art of persuasion probably means:
(a) Advertising make people want to buy products
(b) People persuade to buy products
(c) Advertisers make products artful
2. The main purpose of advertising is to make products:
(a) desirable (b) efficient (c) unattractive
3. This is often done by dramatic photographs (paragraph 1, line 9) means:
(a) photographs are displayed in drama
(b) photographs are excitingly designed
(c) photographs are taken dramatically.
4. Advertising companies charge very high fees for clients means:
(a) companies prepare a lot money for clients.
(b) companies are charged a lot of money by government.
(c) advertising costs a lot of money
5. Paragraph 2 tells us that:
(a) To be successful, a product depends on quality.
(b) To be successful, a product depends on customers.
(c) To be successful, a product depends on advertising.
6. The attitude of the author to advertising is probably (paragraph 2):
(a) negative (b) positive (c) moderate
7. The second thing advertisers do to persuade is:
(a) how to make people need the products
(b) how to make people buy the products
(c) how to make people consume the product
Task 2: Complete this table with the correct form of the word
Verb Noun
Advertising/advertisement
succeed
resistance
produce
believe
statement
judge
Persuasion
create
victim
Task 3: What do the abbreviations in the following advertisement mean? Write the full word in the space below.
1. Co. 10. wpm
2. Recep 11. wp
3. sec 12. esp
4. c. 13. IT
5. p.a 14. yrs
6. pro rata 15. exp.
7. hpw 16. ref.no
8. admin. 17. Tel
9. min.
Task 4: Which system is being described? Match the system a – f. Write your answer in the box.
1. People in different locations can talk to each other in a phone meeting.
2. You use this system to send text documents from one computer to another.
3. As long as they remember to take it with them and to switch it on, you can speak
to people wherever they are.
DESIGN CO.Recep/Sec, 25 hpw, c $ 23,200 p.a pro rata
Famous design company located in the heart of the city requires a bright, outgoing recap/sec for their busy reception area. Your day will be very varied. As well as reception duties you will provide admin. Support to lively and successful team. You must have a min. of 50 wpm, experience of wp software (esp. word 2000) and be able to demonstrate IT skill. Min. 2 yrs exp. In reception also desirable.For application form call Susanne Appleby and quote ref. no.96/G41.
Tel:0 1789 300 20200
Company
4. When you use this system, a small device tells you that someone wants you to
contact them.
5. Loud spoken messages which will be heard by everyone in a building (for
example, at the airport)
6. Hundreds of millions of pages of information which can be accessed on the
computer.
7. A televised system for holding a meeting with people in different locations.
DANGER : CHILDREN AT WORK
Child labor- the employment of children in industry, often against their will- has been a
problem for many years. Over a hundred years ago, the English novelist, Charles
Dickens, shocked many of his readers when he described the conditions under which
young children worked in British factories. In many parts of the world, the conditions
Dickens described continue almost unchanged today. The only difference is that
nowadays employment of children is confined to small industries and family businesses,
such as hotels, restaurants and, particularly, farms, rather than to large factories.
Girls are more often the victims of child labor practices than boys. Many of them
are forced to start work when they are only ten years old. Although the work they are
given to do is often light, it often involves serious risks to their health. In one recent
case, children as young as six years old were found to be working in Asian factories, and
the children were working from eight to fourteen hours a day in overcrowded and
unhealthy working conditions. Sometimes a whole family group is employed, with the
salary going to a parent or older relative. The children, therefore , not only receive
nothing or very little for their long hours of work, they are also prevented from attending
school. When they become older they are, therefore, unable to do any other kind of work.
While raids by police and labor officials can locate instances of the employment
of children in industry. It is more difficult to discover cases where children are being
a. video conference b. mobile phone c. public address system d. world wide web. e. tele conference f. paging g. e.mail
made to work inside the home. In many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America,
children commonly work at home helping their parents make pottery, carpets, baskets,
leather goods, jewelry, metal goods, and clothing. It might appear that these children are
working in a happy family unit. But it is often the case that the adult in charge is not, in
fact, a relative or parent of the children.
In some Middle-Eastern countries, for example, carpets are woven by women and
young girls under twelve who are usually not related. In private home-workshops such as
these, working conditions are extremely difficult. The children are often poorly treated
and their wages are very low. Boys are not much better treated in countries where they
work in the building industry, working as laborers carrying bricks and equipment and
clearing rubbish off building sites. Such jobs are often dangerous and the children have
no health or medical insurance.
The solution to the problem of children labor is clearly better laws to protect
young children , greater supervision of industry and heavier fines for those who break the
laws. Only in this way can young boys and girls be allowed to enjoy the most valuable
time of their life- childhood.
Task 1: Choose the best answer
1. In paragraph 1, line 1, their refers to:(a) child labor (b) children (c) employment
2. Charles Dickens is probably : (a) an author (b) a politician (c) scientist
3. In paragraph 2, line 1, them refers to: (a) boys (b) girls (c) child labor
4. The attitude of the author to the issue is probably: (a) agree (b) disagree (c) moderate
5. The condition of child labors in the middle eastern countries is (in paragraph 4): (a) girls and boys are treated poorly.(b) girls are treated poorly while boys are treated better.
(c) Boys and girls are treated better.
6. The main idea of paragraph 1 is:(a) Child labor is much worse now than it is used to be.
(b) Child labor is still a problem today, but nowadays it is found in small business(c) Child labor is decreasing.
7. The main idea of paragraph 2 is:(a) Children are often given heavy and difficult work to do.(b) Children are sometimes made to work as part of a group.(c) The work children do is bad for their health and they receive little salary for it.
8. The main idea of paragraph 3 is:(a) Many instances of child labor occur inside homes in family businesses.(b) Children are happy to work for their parents.(c) Children are good at making things like jewelry, baskets, and carpets.
9. The main idea of paragraph 4 is:(a) Carpets are made by women and young girls in many Asian countries.(b) Working conditions are difficult and dangerous for many children.(c) Boys are usually better treated than girls.
10. The main idea of paragraph 5 is:
(a) The best way to protect children is through the law.(b) Child labor can be prevented.(c) Boys and girls enjoy their life.
Task 2: Complete the table with the opposite
Continue
Unchanged
Employee
Overcrowded
healthy
Appear
Adult
Dangerous
Girls
allow
Task 3: Use the word in bold at the end of each of the following sentences to form a word which fits in the blank space.
1. It is not always possible to calculate product costs of multiple products
…………........... Accurate
2. You need product costs to make a ………............…between products. Compare
3. Management may wish to expand the sales of the more ………......…….products.
Profit
4. Process costing looks at the …………...….of costs in a department over a period
time. Accumulate
5. Operating costing is the way of calculating the cost of the …….……………….of
Services. Provide
6. Material loses which result from the nature of the operating method are usually
not …………………. Avoid
7. Loses caused by inefficient operations are ……………...........… Prevent.
8. The disposal of waste might incur …………………..... Expend
9. Some costs may be ……………………by the sale of scrap. Recover
10. Bookkeepers normally don’t make a …….....………..between scrap and waste.
Distinct.
Task 4: Fill in the missing prepositions in the sentences below by choosing a word from the box. Sometimes more than one preposition can be used.
1. I have an appointment to see Chris Yang two o’clock
Friday 16th.
2. Jules Frost is in New York the moment and I’m unable to
make any arrangements he returns.
3. She’s due Back in the office a few minutes if the meeting
ends time.
4. He’s away two weeks, but Ruth Brunnel is dealing with the
matter.
5. I’m afraid the office will be closed Christmas
but this time you can ring our emergency number.
6. I’ll confirm the details Tuesday morning
the latest.
7. Could you send details of the conference the same time?
8. I’m sorry Barry can’t make it the morning but the
afternoon would be possible.
9. They would like you to speak the beginning of the
conference.
10. Mellisa Charme doesn’t work Tuesday.
11. You will receive the papers the next few days and then we
can arrange a meeting a week’s time.
12. Regine Schmidt won’t be available 4th and 10th September.
At from by before during to for between in on until after
at
on
13. Please check the details returning the form.
14. It would be best to discuss contracts lunch as the morning
agenda is pretty full.
15. The training sessions are to take place 26th February
2nd March.
CORPORATION
The privately owned business corporation is an institution established for the
purpose of making a profit. It is operated by individuals whose shares of ownership are
represented by stock certificates. Persons owning stock certificates are called
stockholders.
The corporate form of ownership has several advantages. The first is its ability to
attract financial resources. A second advantage is that if the corporation attracts a large
amount of capital, it can make large investments in plants, equipment and research. A
third advantage is that a corporation can offer high salaries and thus attract talented
managers.
The privately owned business corporation is not the only type of corporation that
exists. Educational, religious and charitable institutions are also permitted to incorporate.
Usually this type of corporation does not issue stock and is a nonprofit institution. If there
is a profit, it is generally reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private
stockholders.
In addition, there are governmental corporations in the United States which may
be established by cities, states, the federal government and special agencies. Some
example of these governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and
city-owned utilities. Governmental corporations are always nonprofit and usually do not
issue stock certificates.
Task 1: Choose the best answer
1. Paragraph 1 tells us that privately owned business corporation is:
a. A corporation owned by individuals for a profit.
b. A corporation owned by an individual for making stock certificate.
c. A corporation established by government for a profit
2. The corporation attracts a large amount of capital means (paragraph 2):
a. It gives a large amount of capital to subsidiaries.
b. A large amount of capital is reinvested.
c. It sells shares to get fresh capital.
3. The main purpose of charitable institution is (paragraph 3):
a. To get profit.
b. To increase social welfare.
c. To expand the institution.
4. Talented managers probably means (paragraph 2):
a. Highly skilled managers.
b. managers who establish the company.
5. According to the passage, there .....kinds of corporations.a. one b. two c. three
Task 2: Answer the following questions.
1. Who are the owners of a corporation?
.................................................................................................................................
2. Is a corporation necessarily larger than a sole proprietorship or a partnership?
.................................................................................................................................
3. List at least three advantages of the corporate form of ownership?
.................................................................................................................................
4. What do you think the disadvantages of the corporation might Be ?.
...............................................................................................................................
5. The business corporation generally issues stock to stockholders. What types of
corporation usually do not issue stock?
...................................................................................................................................
6. Name some well-known corporations from various countries of the world, such as
USA, Germany, Japan and Indonesia. What does each corporation on your list
do?
...................................................................................................................................
Task 3: Choose a word to fit each blank space in the sentences. Use each word only once.
1. Gas, water and electric power companies are
2. I bought some in Pan Am and IBM.
3. What do you think is a better ., buying stock or buying real estate?
4. The Red Cross is an international organization for the relief of suffering in times
of war or disaster: it is a organization.
5. The university is a corporation; it is an educational
that reinvests all its money.
6. The company issued stock in order to attract greater financial
Task 4: Tick the three words or phrases that match each style of leadership.
1. Autocratic leadership
Charitable utilities institution nonprofit stock resources investment
Open modern directive hierarchical creative traditional
2. Democratic leadership
Group-oriented communist team-based communicative
3. Laissez-faire leadership
Open non-existent co-operative creative strong modern
4. Charismatic leadership
Political personality-driven goal-oriented inspirational bureaucratic
reward-based
Task 5: There are five main types of legally constituted company. Each type of
company has different characteristics. Tick the correct characteristics for
each business type, or write possibly if the characteristic could apply.
Public
limited
company
Private
Limited
Company
Sole
Trader
Partnership Co-operative
Single individual
owns company
Two or more
owners/directors
Quated on stock
exchange
Workers run the
company
Unlimited liability
Owner is self-
employed
Task 3: Complete the text below with the correct headings from the box.
1.
This system was introduced from Japan in the 1980s. It means ordering
components exactly when you need them, and supplying good exactly when the
customers needs them. It eliminates storage time and reduces costs.
2.
Many large corporations and multinationals had grown too complex by the
1990s. Some sectors of the organization were less profitable. Many of these
companies sold off or closed the underperforming sectors.
3.
Management increasingly understands the value of sharing power with others
throughout the organization. This leads to more participation in decision
making.
4.
This is closely related to (3). By encouraging employees to work in a very fluid
teams, responsibility is shared. Employees and managers at all levels develop a
better self-identity and work becomes more interesting. This system is seen as
much more efficient than linear or hierarchical structures.
5.
This is a total revision and restructuring of an entire company. It involves
asking fundamental questions about the objectives of the business and how it
operates. It aims to create big improvement in cost, quality, service and product.
6.
Corporate downsizing empowerment just- in- time learning organizations outsourcing re-engineering team working total quality management
Just-in-time
The management approach focuses on measuring the quality of service in all
aspects. The idea is to develop systems that are more efficient and more
economical, but which are also more able to meet the needs of customers.
7.
This approach recognizes that companies cannot do everything. It can be better
to use external suppliers for some specialist operations, or particular
components in manufacturing. This decision can create quality improvements
and cost savings.
8.
Many companies have developed internal training programs to help with staff
development. This is an important investment in the workforce. It not only
makes people better at their job, but it also makes them happier. It may also help
companies to keep their best managers and staff.
JOB INTERVIEW
In order to make a good impression during a job interview, you need to prepare
yourself for the interview. You must arrive in plenty of time for the interview so that you
give yourself a little time to relax before the interview begins.
You have to look your best for the interview. The impression you make as you
walk into the room is very important. Try to find out if the company or organization has
any rules about dress. Then try to dress according to their regulations. If they don’t
allow their staff to come to work in casual clothes, you may ruin your chances for a job
by wearing the wrong kind of clothes to the interview.
You also need to plan what you are going to say. In some interviews, you will have
to do a lot of talking, and in others you will only have to answer a few questions about
your education and experience. You need to have answers ready about yourself, your
school work, your strong points, your reasons for applying for the job, and the salary you
expect.
You will also be allowed to ask some questions of your own. The questions you ask
will show the interviewer that you have given careful thought to the position. You can
ask question like these:
What duties will I have to do in the job?
Will I be allowed to join a health insurance program?
Does the company provide opportunities for further education?
You must also try to find out as much as you can about the company you want to
work for. You can get information about the company by talking to someone who works
there or by asking for copies of the company’s booklets, brochures, or advertising.
Task 1: Indicate if the following are very important or not very important during an
interview.
No. Statements
Very
important
Not very
Important
1. The kind of clothes you wear
2. Talking about your parents.
3. Asking if the office you will be working in is air
conditioned.
4. Talking about your hobbies, the TV programs you
watch, and who your friends are.
5. Asking for more information about the job you applied
for.
6. Asking the interviewer personal questions.
7. Arriving at least 15 minutes before the interview.
8. Preparing what you want to say before the interview.
9. Taking a letter from your bank showing how much is
in your bank account.
10. Finding out about the company you wish to work for
before going to the interview.
Task 2: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
1. Only an attractive person will be successful during an interview.
2. You shouldn’t say much during an interview . Listen only.
3. The main thing to remember is to be well prepared for the interview.
4. You should ask a question about the salary during the interview.
5. You don’t need to respond all questions about yourself.
6. You can ask a question about the job that you are going to do?
7. You can not talk to someone in the company except interviewers.
8. You can not ask about the chance for further education.
Task 3: Match the words with similar meanings by writing the letter in the box.
1. provide a. destroy
2. regulation b. informal
3. ruin c. wear
4. duty d. additional
5. further e. responsible
6. salary f. chance
7. answer g. informal
8. opportunity h. respond
9. casual i. wage
10. dress y. give
Task 4: Complete this table with correct form of the word
No. Adjectives Nouns
1. impression
2. educational
3. regulation
4. informational
5. experience
6. important
7. person
8. responsible
9 Application
10. responsive
………………………………
The computer industry is one of the largest in the U.S. and includes companies
that manufacture, sell and lease (rent) computers, as well as companies that supply
products and services for people working with computers.
A computer cannot think. A human operator must put data into the computer and
give instructions. The operator writes instructions that determine the mathematical
operations on information. It sometimes solves mathematical problem very rapidly and
may be a one-of- a kind piece of equipment constructed for a particular job.
Traditionally, the computer in business has been used for data processing. This
involves such administrative functions as preparation of payrolls, inventory control in
manufacturing , warehousing and distribution operations as well as customer accounting
and billing by bank, insurance companies, public utilities and mass circulation
magazines. Now the computer is taken on new kinds of jobs and has become more
involved in business operations as an essential tool in decision-making at the highest
administrative levels.
Task 1: Answer the following questions
1. What makes up the computer industry ?
……………………………………………………………………………………2. How does a computer operate ?
…………………………………………………………………………………….3. How has the computer been used traditionally in business ?
……………………………………………………………………………………4. What kinds of functions does this traditional role include ?
…………………………………………………………………………………...5. How has the computer become more involved in business operations at the
highest administrative levels ?
………………………………………………………………………………………6. What is probably the main idea of paragraph 2?
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What is probably the main idea of paragraph 3?
………………………………………………………………………………………8. What is probably the best title for the passage?
………………………………………………………………………………………..
Task 2: Choose a word in the box to fit each of the blanks in the sentence.
1. A computer can not think so it needs an
2. The computer industry is to supply goods and
3. The computer solves problems by information.
4. Preparation of payroll and distribution operations are
functions that the computer performs for business.
5. Many small companies cannot afford to buy a computer, so they
Administrative data and instructions lease operator mathematical decision-making services processing data processing inventory control
the services of a computer.
6. Most companies use computers for their as well as
about 80 per cent of the work that goes into making out bills.
7. The computer is used as an essential tool for decision-making at highest
levels.
8. A programmer feeds the into the computer.
9. A computer can be used to solve administrative and
problems.
10. One of the advantages of a computer is that it can be used as a tool for
Task 3: Complete the crossword.
1 2
3
4
5 6
7 8
9 11
12
13 14
15 16
17
18 19
20 21
Across
This software system allows the user to structure the way information is stored
And makes it easy to find and use this information when required.
The main computer when several computers are working together.
Send on an e-mail you have received to someone else
Put in the new software programs.
A company on the internet has its own ……………….
Use this to enter pictures, photos or graphs.
A problem in the software.
Do this regularly so that you don’t lose important information.
When you’re writing an e-mail you don’t need to be connected to the telephone;
you can work ……………
A document which is sent together with an e-mail.
While you are looking for information on the internet you work ……………
You will have to …………….. your records if a customer or supplier changes an
address, telephone number, or credit details.
Do this if you want to store the information.
Down
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5
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7
9
11
12
15
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18
19
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1
Information stored on the computer is called ………………..
This will help you find the information you want on the world wide web.
Take information from the world wide web so you can save or print it.
You do this if you spend time looking on the internet.
Unwanted e-mails.
Several computers may be joined together in a ………………
This software package is used for working with numerical information.
.Bring data from other sources or goods from another country!
Remove numbers, letters or whole text.
One of these in the system could destroy everything.
………………………….
The number of new products that come into the American market every year is
overwhelming. Actually most of these products are not really new but adaptations. This
means that they are existing items to which an addition or modification has been made.
Very few of these are really innovations, or original. For example, a transistor radio is an
adaptation, but radio itself, television, the electric razor, the refrigerator, each was an
innovation.
A large proportion of innovations and adaptations are manufactured and marketed by
small scale manufacturers. In many cases, the new product is the basis of a new business.
It is believed that the products is wanted or needed, and the business was formed to
market this one item. In some cases, there is a patent to help ensure success. Too often,
however, research and testing have not been adequate and the market has not been
studied carefully.
In the case of large scale producers, there is usually more market research and testing.
But there is no sure success. In many cases, however, much time and money are saved by
stopping what might have been a sure failure. Unsound pricing, inadequate promotion
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3
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5
8
10
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17
and poor selling methods may rob a promising new product of success, also. In general,
less than one-fifth of all new products turn out to be profitable.
