Bagan Cedi myar

8/3/2019 Bagan Cedi myar

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yk*H®rŒa[mif;u a±S;a[mif;bk&m;apwDrsm; (3)

ajraygufapwDykxdk;rsm;

&efÿif; (awmifwHcg;)

ouUwbmom pJws eJŒ ygVdbmom apwd, u apwD qd kwJh aÿg[m&jzpfvmygw,f? "gwfawmfudef;ÿyf&mjrif hjrwfwJ hae&mjzpfygw,f?

apwDawërSm Xmyemxm;wmawëud krlwnf+yD; "gwkapwD/ y&dabm*apwD/ O'd\apwD eJŒ "rRapwDvd kŒtrSwftom;±S dygw,f? y&dedAŠmefðy+yD;wJ h Ak'<ud k&nfrSef;ylaZmfzd kŒ "gwkapwDawëud kp+yD;wnf=uw,f?apwDawërSm Ak'<&JŒ o&D& "gwfawmftrsdK;rsdK;/ qHawmf/ pë,fawmfeJŒ jrwfEd k;&m&m &wemawëud kyg

Xmyemavh±S dw,f?

yk*Hacwfu apwDawëud k ajraygufapwDawëtaeeJŒomruyJ *lbk&m;awëtxufrSmvnf;uërf;axmifyH kpHtpm; apwDyH kud kxnf h+yD; wnfaqmufcJ h=uw,f? yk*HòrdŒa±S;a[mif;apwDawëutcsdK;tpm;useajyjypfygw,f? 'ga=umif hyJ yk*HòrdŒa[mif;u a±S;a[mif;apwDawëud k erlemyH kpH,l+yD; aemufyd kif;acwftqufqufrSm apwDawëud kwnf=uw,fvd kŒ cefŒrSef;Ed kifygw,f?

yk*HacwfeH&Haq;a&;yef;csDawëud kaxmufxm;+yD; yk*Hacwfacgif;avmif;yH kapwDvH k;awë&JŒtay:qH k;rSmxD;qd kwJhtpdwftyd kif;rygyJ txëwfomyga=umif;odEd kifygw,f? wjcm;tpdwftyd kif;awëuawmh 'DuaeŒapwDawë&JŒ tajccHt*F g&yfawëeJŒruëmjcm;vSyg? yk*HuapwDawërSm 'DuaeŒawëŒjrifae=u&wJŒ

xD;awëu 14&mpkeJŒaemufyd kif;acwfawëusrS xyf+yD;jznf hqëufxm;wmawëygyJ?

yk*HacwfuapwDawëud k trsdK;tpm;xyfcë J&&if/ vH k;acsmapwD/ oD[dkVfyH kapwD eJŒ acgif;avmif;yH kapwDvH k;awëjzpf=uw,f?

ord kif;wif yk*HacwfOD; 11&mpkapmapmyd kif;avmufujzpfjzpf tJ'Dacwfxufyd k+yD;apmwJ htcsdefujzpfjzpf wnfxm;w,fvd kŒcefŒrSef;&wJ h apwDawëu yH kpH±d k;±d k;pif;pif;eJŒ vH k;acsmawëjzpf=uw,f? oD&dacwW&m (+*Dauë=w)



u abmabm}uD;/ bk&m;}uD;/ bk&m;rm apwDyH kpHrsdK;awëeJŒqifwlw,f? jzpfEd kifajc±SdwJ hapwDawëuawmh iuíJem;awmif;ykxd k; (1603§911)/ Al;bk&m; (1657§961) eJŒ aygufyif&mykxdk; (1614§992)wd kŒygÿifygw,f? oD&dypP,majrmuf xlygav;qlwef; (1038§428) u (1041§431) txdud kvnf;tJ'Dpm&if;xJrSmxnf hEd kifr,fvd kŒxif&ygw,f?

iuíJem;awmif;ykxd k;

Al;bk&m;



oD[d kVfuapwDyH kpHudk erlem,l+yD;wnfcJ hwmjzpfvdrf hr,fvd kŒ cefŒrSef;,lqxm;wJ h apwDyH kpHrSm atmufyd kif;uacgifavmif;yH kjzpfjzpf oydwfarSmufyH kjzpfjzpf cHxm;w,f? tJ'DtxufrSm av;axmif hyH k "gwfawmfwd kuf ("gwk*AB / [mrdu)/ vnfyif;odrfodrfwqif h/ azgif;&pfapwDtcíefeJŒtxëwf ygavh±S dw,f?tJ'DyH kpHeJŒawëŒ&or#apwDawëud k tac:&vë,fulatmif oD[d kVfyHkvd kŒyJoH k;E_ef;xm;a=umif; rSwfom;&ygw,f?tJ'DoD[d kVfyH kapwDawërSm yH kpHenf;enf;csif;pD uë Jjym;wmawëud kawëŒ&w,f?

acgif;avmif;yH k/ oydwfarSmufyH k&JŒ atmufqH k;rSm/ tÿd kif;yH katmufcH cHxm;wJ h oD[dkVfyH kapwDawëtaeeJŒayyifausmif;ykxd k; (1653§957)/ wmr%dykxd k; awëud kawëŒ&+yD;/ av;axmif hyH katmufcH cHxm;wJ h oD[d kVfyH kawërSm qy'ykxd k; (187§145)/ iSufypfawmifykxd k;i,f (164§131-u) eJŒ awmifbD±ëm/tif;ÿausmif;ÿif;apwD awëud kawëŒ&ygw,f?

ayyifausmif;ykxdk;



qy'ykxd k;

jzwfpa±ì*lykxd k; (1250§585) eJŒ pdrf;nufnDrykxd k; (1086-458) awëuawmh jc,fvS,fwmrsm;w,f?azgif;&pfawërSm rsuf&pfcyfpdyfpdyf/ "gwfawmfwd kuf [mrduud kvnf; cd keef;csdK;axmif hawëeJŒaqmufxm;vdkŒxl;jcm;ygw,f?

qif±kyfcH oD[d kVfyH kapwDawëuawmh apwem}uD; (pnfpem/ ppfpem/ ±Spf¶Sem/ *d*Mm) (987§413) ykxd k;eJŒu\y xlyg}uD; (495§287-u)wd kŒjzpf=uw,f? yk*Hacwfu pnfpemykxd k; vd kŒac:cJ hyH k&wJ h apwem}uD;ykxdk;u oD[d kVfyHkapwDawëxJrSmt}uD;qH k;yg? rlvwkef;u odÿ [dENLewfuëef;udk vìrf;òcH+yD;wnfcJ hyH k&w,fvd kŒ rSef;qEd kifygw,f? tkwfwHwd kif;uyJ wzufpDrSm 380 ay pD±S dw,f? 162 ay pD±SdwJ h apwDatmufcHypP,H rsufESmwzufpDrSm qif±kyfa±SŒyd kif;pkpkaygif; 39ck pD±S dw,f? topfjznf hqëufrðyjyifcifuoydwfarSmuftxufyd kif;rSm av;axmif h"gwfawmfwdkuftxdyJ a±S;vuf&musefcJhw,f?



apwem}uD;ykxk dk; "gwfawmfwd kuf

jrif;uygykxd k; (1328§652) eJŒ ted±k'<rif;}uD;aumif;r_ avmueENm (1023§418-u) apwDawëuawmh

acgif;avmif;yH kpHawëtxJrSm tapmqH k;jzpfEd kifajc±S dygw,f?

jrif;uygykxd k;



avmueENm

tÿd kif;yH katmufcH apwDvH k;awëud k tawëŒ&enf;w,f? ypP,HrygoavmufeJŒwnfxm;wJ h tdrf&mausmif;taemufzufapwD (2116§1411) yH kpHrsdK;yg? av;axmif hyHkatmufcH apwDvH k;ud kawmh t±ë,ftpm;pm;eJŒ ae&mtES HŒtjym;rSmawëŒ&ygw,f?

yk*Hacwf&JŒaemufyd kif; acwftqufquf erlemyH kpH,l+yD;wnf=uwJ h a±S;OD; apwDvH k;yH kpHawëxJrSm yk*HacwfOD;11&mpk aESmif;yd kif;u ted±k'<rif;}uD;aumif;r_ a±ìqHawmfapwD (1536§849)/ yk*Hacwfvnf 12&mpkapmapmyd kif;u xdvd kifrif;}uD;aumif;r_ a±ìpnf;cH kapwD (1§1-u)/ 12&mpkaESmif;yd kif; e&ywdpnfol ('kwd, pnfol) rif;}uD;aumif;r_ "rR&mZuapwD (937§412-u) eJŒ yk*HacwfaESmif; 13&mpkuw±kwfajy;rif;aumif;r_ r*FvmapwD (1439§752) wd kŒud k=unfh&if tifrweftcsdK;tpm;usevSa=umif;awëŒEd kifygw,f?



a±ìqHawmfapwD

ted±k'<rif;}uD; pwnfcJ h+yD; xdvdkifrif;}uD; vufpowfwnfcJ hwJ h a±ìpnf;cH kapwDyH kpHuaESmif;acwfapwDawë&JŒpHerlemjzpfvmcJ hyH k&w,f? yk*HacwfaESmif;yd kif;apwD}uD;ESpfqljzpfwJh e&ywdpnfol ('kwd, pnfol) rif;}uD;&JŒ "rR&mZuapwD eJŒ w±kwfajy;rif;&JŒ r*FvmapwDawëu a±ìpnf;cHkapwDyH kpHeJŒqifwlvSa=umif;ud kawëŒEd kifw,f?



a±ìpnf;cH kapwD

r*FvmapwD



"rR&mZuapwD

ig;rsufESm±S dwJ h "rR&mZuapwD (937§412-u)u a±S;a[mif;yk*HrSmawëŒ&or#ig;rsufESmapwD§*lbk&m;trsdK;tpm; 15qlxJrSm t±ë,ftpm;t}uD;qH k;jzpfwJ htjyif/ rsufESmwckpDrSmtvwfpm;*lbk&m;wqlpDeJŒ qufpyfwnfaqmufxm;vd kŒ yH kpHxl;jcm;ygw,f?

wqltay:rSm wqlxyf+yD;iH kvd kŒwnfxm;wJ hapwDawëawëŒ&w,f? tay:uapwDòydysufwJ htcgtwëif;uapwDay:xëufvmwmrsdK;ud k ay:awmfrl vd kŒac:avh±S dw,f? yk*HrSm ay:awmfrl 34qlawëŒ±S d+yD;tjyifxyfwcsdKŒudk ±Sif;xm;ygw,f? tjyifxyfud kt+yD;r±Sif;yJ jrifom±k Hjyxm;wmawëvnf;±S dygw,f?todrsm;=uwmu e*g;±H kay:awmfrl (1193§531)/ pud k;bJay:awmfrl (1690§992)/ 1968-ay:awmfrl (2133§1427) eJŒ ESpfxyfòrdapwD (1037§426) awëjzpfw,f?

twëif;apwDud k yd k+yD;apmwJ htcsdefu wnfwmjzpfEdkifovd kyJ wacwfxnf;/ wcsdefxnf;rSmwnfwmvnf;jzpfEdkifw,f? xl;jcm;wmu twëif;apwDysufpD;vd kŒxyf+yD;iH kwmrsdK;r[kwfyJ taumif;yuwd±S dwJ h twëif;apwDud k tjyifapwDeJŒxyf+yD;rHwJ h om"uawëawëŒ&w,f? taumif;yuwd±SdwJ h twëif;apwDawëud kavhvm&vd kŒ/ txl;ojzif h rlvyk*HacwfapwDawë&JŒtay:qH k;rSmbm±S dcJ hovJqd kwmodEd kifygw,f?



e*g;±H kay:awmfrl

yH kpHxl;jcm;vd kŒ oD;jcm;az:jy&rSmuawmh oD&dypP,mt&yfu ta±SŒzufvdyf (1030§420) eJŒ taemuf zufvdyf (1031§421) ESpfqljzpfygw,f? zufvdyfvd kŒ emrnf&wmu jrif&wJ hyH kpHawëa=umif hjzpfygw,f?

rlvwnfxm;wkef;u trd k;cH k;cyfedrfhedrf heJŒ jyefŒus,fus,f±S dcJ hwJhyH kyg? tJ'Dtrd k;cH k;awë®yusoëm;+yD; tvnfyd kif;r¾dKifawëyJ xd k;xd k;axmifaxmifusef&pfawmh zufvdyfem;awmif;awëeJŒwlaevdkŒ &yf±ëmuac:=uwJ htwd kif;yJ emrnfwëifaeygawmhw,f? rlvwkef;u txufyd kif;rSm oD[d kVfyH kapwDrsdK;jzpfa=umif;ud kawëŒEd kifygw,f?

trd k;cH k;awë®yusoëm;wJ hae&mrSm a±S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu uëefu&pftrd k;opfeJŒeH&Hawëaqmuf+yD;xdef;odrf;xm;ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh rlvyHkpH[kwfr[kwfqd kwmxuf bmawëud kxdef;odrf;&ovJqd kwmuyd k+yD;ta&;}uD;ygw,f? r¾dKifawë&JŒywfywfvnfrSm eHywfpOfawëeJŒurŠnf;pm xd k;xm;+yD;550Zmwfuëuftjynf hygwJ h ajryH k yHkEd Syf rD;zkwf tkwfcsyfawë±Sdygw,f? tJ'DajryH kawëud kpOf h&nfokwfrxm;yg?yk*Ha'owckvH k;rSm 'DzufvdyfESpfqlrSmyJawëŒEd kifygw,f? yk*Ha'owÿd kufrSm tawëŒ&rsm;wJ h 547Zmwfuëuf pOf huëif;awëeJŒ uë Jjym;wJ htcsufjzpfygw,f?

a±S;rëefpmeJŒa&;xd k;xm;wJ h ausmufpmtyd kif;tpawëvnf;awëŒ&zl;w,f? taemufzufvdyfu eH&HawërSma±S;rëefpmeJŒa&;xm;wJ h pmwrf;wcsdKŒudkawëŒEd kifao;w,f? 11&mpkESpfÿufavmufu wnfxm;wmjzpfEd kifajc±Sdygw,f? 1906-1907 ckESpftwëif;rSm bk&m;awëud kðyjyifzd kŒtwëuf a±S;a[mif;okawoeXmeut®ytysufawëud kwl;az:±Sif;vif;awmh tkwfjrpfawë&JŒatmufrSm ted±k'<rif;}uD;acwfxuf a±S;yd kuswJ h tkwfcH kawë awëŒ&a=umif; rSwfom;&zl;ygw,f?



ta±SŒzufvdyf

yk*H®rŒa[mif;u a±S;a[mif;bk&m;apwDtrsdK;rsdK;ud k avhvmwJ htcg Ak'<omoedu ,Ofaus;r_vuf&mrsdK;pH kud k wpkwaÿ;xnf;awëŒ&wma=umif h vlrsdK;pkaygif;pH kygÿifwJ h yk*Hom;awëu a±S;yk*Hud k nDnD!ëwf!ëwfeJŒwnfaqmufcJ h=uw,fvd kŒ taotcsmajymEd kifygw,f?

“ESvH k;rëefItm;cëefvufarmif;/ a,muf sm;aumif;od kŒ

a±S;a[mif;yk*H/ jynfayguU HrSm

Ek difiHopfxl/ OD;pëef;vlcJ hjynfol nD!ëwfonfwum;?”

=unfatmif1964

txl;aus;Zl;wifpëmeJ h udk;um;jcif;(1) yk*Hrifpmpkokawoevkyfief; tpD&ifcHpm (Ad kvfr_; b±Sif)/ 1964(2) yk*Hoëm;rSwfwrf; (a±ìud kif;om;)/ arv/ 2008

(3) waeŒwvHyk*Hb,fajy;rvJ (a'gufwmoef;xëef;)/ =o*kwfv/ 2006(4) yk*Hc&D;onf (yg&*l)/ 'k t}udrf/ pufwifbmv/ 2008(5) yk*H (pkaygif;)/ {+yD/ 1999(6) yk*Ha±S;a[mif;okawoevrf;!ìef (OD;Ad kau)/ 1981(7) ord kif;ÿif yk*HapwDykxd k;rsm; (OD;oef;aqë)/ 1975(8) yk*HacwfAdokumvuf&mrsm; (rif;bl;atmifóudif)/ 1985(9) Pictorial Guide To Pagan: 1971



(10) Pagan: Art and Architecture of old Burma by Paul Strachan: 1996

(11) Burma Art and Archaeology by Alexandra Green and T. Richard Blurton: 2002

Œ

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Bagan Cedi myar