Badass Tutorial Unit 6 Adders Subtractors

5/28/2018 Badass Tutorial Unit 6 Adders Subtractors

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Ms Sandhya Rani Dash

MODULE 6: ARITHMATIC CIRCUITS AS COMBINATIONAL LOGIC

Structure

6.1 Introduction6.2 Objectives

6.3 Adders6.3.1 Half adders

6.3.2 Full Adders6.3.3 Carry LookAhead Adders

6.3.4 BCD adder6.4 Subtractor

6.4.1 Half subtractor6.4.2 Full Subtract or

6.4.3 2s complement sub tractor6.5 Binary Multiplier

6.6 Unit Summary

6.1 INTRODUCTION

As we know a digital system consists of two types of logic circuits, namely

combinational and sequential. A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose out

puts at any time are determined directly from the combination of inputs withoutdepending upon the history of past inputs. In a sequential circuit, the output at any time

depends on the present input values well as the past output values. The arithmetic circuit

such as adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers are the examples of combinational

circuits.These arithmetic and logic circuits are mostly used in digital computes and

calculators which contain logic gates and flip-flops that adds, subtract, multiply and

divides by any numbers.

In this unit different kinds of arithmetic circuits such as adders, subtractors, multipliers,

dividers are introduced.

7.2 OBJECTIVES

After going through this unit you will be able to:

i) Define arithmetic circuits


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ii) Describe the function of a half adders and draw half adders logic diagramsiii)Describe the function of a half adders and draw full adders logic diagrams using

half adders

iv)Design the circuitry required to use a full adder as a BCD adderv) Describe half and full sub tractorsvi)Develop logic circuitry and construct half and full subtractor

6.3 Adders

Adders are important in many types of digital system in which numerical data are

processed. The fundamental study of digital systems is the understanding of basic adder

operations. The most basic arithmatiic operation is the addition of two binary digits.

There are two types of adders

1. Half adders2. Full adders

6.3.1 Half adder

The arithmetic circuit which perform the addition of two binary digits, giving a sum bit

and a carry bit is called half adder. It is the simplest combinational circuit.

The truth table of the half adder consists of two inputs A and B an\d two out puts sum (S)

and carry ( C ) is given below:

Input Output

A B S C

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 01 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

The simplified Boolean expression for the two outputs can be obtained directly from the

truth table as,


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_ _

S= AB + AB

C= AB

The above expressions can be implemented as follows:

A half adder can therefore be realized by using one XOR gate and one AND gate as

shown in the figure above.

6.3.2 Full adder

It is the second category of adder. It is a combinational circuit that performs the

arithmetic sum of three input bits and generates a sum out put and an out put carry. The

full adder is designed for multibit addition purposes. The block diagram and truth table of

a full adder is shown below.

Cin

S

A

Cout

B

(Block Diagram of Full Adder)

FULL ADDER


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Input Output

A B Cin S Cout

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 00 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

The full adder shown in the above figure adds to inputs A, B, and input carry C in (carry

from the previous lower significant portion). The variable S represents the sum of three

input variables and Cout gives the output carry.

Since there are three inputs, so there are eight possible input combinations and for each

case the capital S and Coutvalues are listed in the truth table. So, the logic expression for

S and Coutfor which the output is 1 can be written as:

_ _ _ _ _ _

S= ABCin+ ABCin + ABCin + ABCin

By simplifying we will get

S= A B Cin

______ __ _ ___________ _ _Cout = ABCin+ ABCin+ ABCin+ ABCin

_ _ _ _ _ _

= BCin( A + A) + ABCin+ ABCin_ _ _ _

= BCin+ ABCin+ ABCin

Now, add the ABCin term twice for further simplification we have_ _

Cout = BCin+ ABCin+ ABCin+ ABCin + ABCin_ _

Cout = BCin+ ACin( B + B) + AB( Cin+ Cin)

Cout = BCin+ ACin+ AB


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From the above simplified expression of S and Cout, the logic diagram of the full adder

can be constructed by using two X-OR gates, three AND gates and one OR gate as

follows:

6.3.3 Carry-look-ahead-adder

In case of n-bit parallel adders, the sum and carry outputs will be delayed due to the

propagation delays of gates through which the signal are passing. It slowers the speed of

addition process. So a carry-look-ahead-adder is used for speeding up the addition

process by eliminating the carry delay that by reducing the number of gates through

which a carry signal must propagate.

The carry-look-ahead-adder is based on the principle of looking at the lower order bits of

the aguend and addend if a high order carry is generated. The output carry is produced

either by carry generation or by carry propagation.


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To explain this operation, let us consider the truth table of full adder.

Row Input Output

A B Cin S Cout

0 0 0 0 0 0 No carrygenerationi.e, Cout=0

1 0 0 1 1 0

2 0 1 0 1 0

Carry

propagationi.e, Cout= Cin

3 0 1 1 0 1

4 1 0 0 1 0

5 1 0 1 0 1

6 1 1 0 0 1Carry

generation

i.e, Cout=17 1 1 1 1 1

In rows 0 & 1, the carry output is always 0 and independent of carry input, while in rows

6 & 7, the Cout is always 1 and independent of C in. These are known as carry generate

combinations and is represented by Gi. This function indicates as to when carry out

would be generated by the full adder.

In rows 2, 3, 4 & 5, the carry output is equal to carry output. i.e, C out= 1, only when Cin=

1. These are carry propagate combinations and is represented by Pi

From the truth table the G i can be expressed as the AND function of the two iput bits

corresponding to 6thand 7

throws as follows:

_Gi= Ai BiCin + Ai BiCin

_Gi= Ai Bi(Cin + iCin)

Gi= Ai Bi

Similarly, the carry propagation condition occurs when either both of the i/p bits are 1. So

Pi can be expressed as the OR function of the inputs A and B.


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_ _Thus Pi= Ai Bi + Ai Bi

= Ai BiConsider the addition of two 4 bit binary numbers A (A3A2A1A0) and B (B3B2B1B0).

The unit carry output of the ithstage can be expressed in the form of GiPi and Ci-1which

is the unit carry output of the (i-1)th

stage as follows:

Ci(Cout) = Gi+ PiCi-1

Where Ci-1 for LSB stage is Cinwhich is assumed to be 0. In a 4-bit binary adder four

stages of addition are required to add A0B0, A1B1, A2B2, A3B3 Therefore, for i= 0, 1, 2, 3

The Cis are given by

C0= G0+ P0Cin------

Where G0= A0B0; P0= A0 B0and Cin= 0

C1= G1+ P1C0

= G1+ P1(G0+ P0Cin)

= G1+ P1G0+ P1P0Cin

Where G1= A1B1and P1= A1 B1

C2= G2+ P2C1

= G2+ P2 ( G1+ P1G0+P1P0Cin)

= G2+ P2G1 + P2P1G0 + P2P1Cin-------


C3= G3+ P3C2

= G3+ P3( G2+ P2G1+P2P1P0Cin)

= G3+ P3G2 + P3P2G1 + P3P2P1G0+ P3P2P1P0Cin-------



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The sum of A & B is given by

S= C3S3S2S1S0

Where Si= Ai BiCi-1 for i = 0, 1, 2, 3

i.e. S0 = A0 B0 CinS1= A1 B1 C0

S2= A2 B2 C1

S3= A3 B3 C2

Using the above equation, a 4-bit carry look ahead adder can be realized as shown in the

figure

From the above diagram one can easily understand that the addition of two 4-bit numbers

can be done by a bit carry look ahead adder in a four gate propagation time. The Coutof

each full adder stage is dependent only on the initial input carry (C in), its generate and

propagate conditions and the generate and propagate condition of the preceding stages.

Since each of the Giand Pi functions can be expressed in terms of inputs A and B to the

full adders, all of the output carries are immediately available (except for gate delays) and

there is no need to wait for a carry to ripple through all of the stage before a final result is

achieved. Thus the carry look ahead adder speeds up the addition process.


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6.3.4 BCD adder

A BCD adder is circuit that adds two BCD digits in parallel and produces a sum digit

which is also in BCD. As we know that BCD uses four bits to represent a decimal no. as

shown in the table.

Legitimate BCD Numbers

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

Forbidden Numbers

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

A1lthough legitimate BCD numbers must stop at nine, there are six more counts before

all four columns are full. These six numbers i.e. the numbers greater than 9 are called

forbidden numbers. In BCD addition, care must be taken to compensate for these six

forbidden states.


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A BCD adder circuit must include the following steps.

i) Add two 4-bit BCD numbers using ordinary binary addition .

ii) If the 4- bit sum is equal to or less than 9, the sum is in proper BCD form and no

correction is needed.

iii) If overflow occurs during an addition or if one of the forbidden states occur (if the

sum is greater than 9) as a result of an addition , then 6 (0110) must be added to the result

to flip through the unwanted states. In the above table shown, let us add 7 with 5. The

result is 1100(12). To flip out of the forbidden states, count 6 more. The answer is 0010

or 2 with a carry to the next column. When you reach 1111, the next count is 0000 and a

carry has occurred.

Example: Add 3 plus 5

Solution: 0 0 1 1(3)

+ 0 1 0 1(5)

1 0 0 0

There is no overflow and the result is a valid BCD number. So no correction is required.

The answer is 8.

Example -2: Add 8 plus 5

Solution: 1 0 0 0

+ 0 1 0 1

__________________

1 1 0 1

There is no overflow but the result isnt a valid BCD number. So 6 must be added to

compensate for the six forbidden numbers.

1 1 0 1

+ 0 1 1 0

__________________

1 0 0 1 1

The answer is 13.


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Example -3: Add 8 plus 9

Solution: 1 0 0 0

+ 1 0 0 1

__________________

1 0 0 01

The result is a valid BCD number but there was overflow So 6 must be added to

compensate for the forbidden states.

1 0 0 0 1

+ 0 1 1 0

__________________

1 0 1 1 1

The answer is 17.

To convert a binary adder into a BCD adder , logic must be provided that will produce a

signal when 6 should be added to the result of an addition. The carry out of the binary

adder can be monitored to see if overflow resulted.

The BCD adder for adding two BCD coded decimal digits using two 7483 ICS is as

shown in the figure.


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In the above BCD adder,

the two BCD digits, together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4-bit binary

adder to produce the binary sum. The bottom 4-bit binary adder is used to add the

correction factor to the binary result of the top binary adder.

The outputs of the top adder (Z3Z2Z1Z0and Cout) are checked to ascertain whether the

output is greater than 9 by AND- OR gate combinations. If correction is required, then a

0110 is added with the output of the top adder. Now the bottom adder output forms the

BCD result (S3S2 S1 S0) with carry output.

Note:

1. When the Output carry is equal to zero, the correction factor equals zero.

2. When the Output carry is equal to one, the correction factor is 0110.

The output carry generated from the bottom binary adder is ignored, since it supplies

information already available at the output-carry terminal.

A decimal parallel adder that adds n decimal digits needs n BCD adder stages. The output

carry from one stage must be connected to the input carry of the next higher-order stage.

Self Check Exercise 1

Q. No 1. Answer the following questions selecting most appropriate alternatives out ofthe four alternatives given in each question

a) A half adder is characterized by

i) two inputs and two outputs

ii) three inputs and two outputs

iii) two inputs and three outputs

iv) two inputs and one outputs

b) A full adder is characterized by

i) two inputs and two outputs

ii) three inputs and two outputs

iii) two inputs and three outputs

iv) two inputs and one outputs

c) The outputs to a full adder A=1,

B=1, Cin=0. The outputs are

i) S=1, Cout=1

ii) S=1, Cout=0

d) A 4-bit parallel adder can add

i) Two 4-bit binary numbers

ii) Two 2-bit binary numbers

iii) Four bits at a time


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iii) S=0, Cout=1

iv) S=0, Cout=0

iv) Four bits in sequence.

e) A half adder can be constructed from

i) two X-NOR gates only

ii) one X-OR & one OR gate with their

outputs connected in parallel.

iii) one X-OR & one OR gate with their

outputs connected in parallel

iv) one X-OR & one AND gate.

f) Parallel adders are

i) combinational logic circuits

ii) sequential logic circuits

iii) Both of these

iv) None of these

g) In which of these following adder

circuits the carry look ripple delay is

eliminated.

i) Half adder

ii) Full adder

iv) Parallel adder

v) carry- look -ahead adder

h) Which of the following adder

circuits can add three or more bits at a

time.

i) parallel adder

ii) carry- look -ahead adder

iii) carry- sense -adder

iv) full adder

Q. No 2. Determine the sum and output carry (C) of a half adder for each set of i/p bits.a) 0 1 b) 0 0 c) 1 0 d) 1 1

Q. No. 3. Describe the working of a half adder

Q. No 4. What is the difference between a half adder & a full adder. Design a full adder

circuit using only NOR gates

Q. No. 5. Design a full adder circuit using only NAND gates.

Q. No. 6. How does the carry -look-aheadadder speed up the addition process?


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6.4 Subtractors

The subtractors are the combinational circuits that subtracts 2-bits and produces their

differences. The subtraction process can be accomplished by taking the complement of

the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend. By this method, the subtraction becomes

and addition operation which requires full adders for its machine implementations. As

there are half and full adders, there are half and full subtractors.

6.4.1 Half subtractor

An arithmetic circuit used for the subtraction of two bits is refe to as half subtractors. It

has two inputs X (minuend) and Y (subtrahend). And two outputs D (difference) and B

(borrow). The LSB of the subtrahend is subtracted from the LSB of the minund during

the subtraction of one binary number from the other. The logic symbol and the truth table

of a half subtractor is shown below:

X

D

Y B

(Block Diagram of Half Subtractor)

Input Output

X Y D B0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

From the above truth table, the logical expressions for the difference D and borrow B areobtained as

HALF

SUBTRACTOR


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_ _

D= XY + XY = X Y_

B= XY

From the above equation, a half subtractor can be realized by using an X-OR gate, a

NOT-gate and an AND-gate as shown below:

6.4.2 Full subtractor

A logic circuit that perform subtraction involving 3-bits namely; minund, subtrand and

borrow from the previous stage is known as full subtractor. Full subtractor is required for

performing multi-bit subtraction. The liogic symbol and the truth table of a full subtractor

is shown below.

X

D

Y

Bout

Bin

(Block Diagram of Full Subtractor)

FULL

SUBTRACTOR


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Input Output

X Y Bin D Bout

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 10 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth table the logic expression for D and Bout is given as_ _ _ _ _ _

D= XYBin+ XYBin + XYBin+ XYBin

Simplifying the above expression_ _ _ _ _

D=Bin(XY + XY ) + (XY + XY) Bin_______ _

= (X Y)Bin+ (X Y)Bin

D= X Y Bin

Similarly,_ _ _ _ _

Bout = XYBin+ XYBin + XYBin+ XYBin

The equation for Boutcan be simplified using K-map as shown in the figure

.

_ _Now, Bout = XY + XBin + YBin

Using the above simplified expressions, a full subtractor can, therefore, be realized using

X-OR gates and AOI-gates as shown below:


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6.4.3 2 Complement addition and subtraction using parallel adders

2 Complement Adder/Subtractions

Q. Design a circuit that will use a 7483 IC to add the 4-bit number B 4,B3,B2,B1 to the 4-

bit number A4,A3,A2,A1 and to subtract B4,B3,B2,B1 from A4,A3,A2,A1 by using 2s

complement method for subtraction.

The 2s complement system is used to represent the negative numbers for subtraction

both the addition and subtraction operations of signed numbers can be performed using

only the addition operation, if we use the 2s complement form to represent negative

numbers.

2 Complement Addition

To perform the 2s complement addition process, the 7483 IC, 4-bit parallel adder is used

as the 2s complement adder circuits, which is as shown below:


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Now let us take an example of addition of -4 and +7.

The -4 is represented in its 2s complement form as 1100, where the left must bit 1 is the

sign bit; +7 is represented as 0111, with the left must bit 0 is the sign bit. These numbers

are stored in their corresponding registers A and B. The 4-bit parallel adder produces the

sum outputs 0011, which represents +3. The output carry C 4is 1, but discarded in the 2s

complement method.

2Complement Subtraction

As we know in the 2s complement method, the subtrahend is changed to its 2s

complement form and then added to the minund. The sum outputs of the adder circuit

represent the difference between the minund and subtrahend.

For subtraction of the two numbers, the subtrahend is stored in the register B and must be

2s complemented before it is added to the minuend stored in the register A. Then the

complemented numbers B3 B2 B1 B0 is fed to the adder along with A3 A2 A1 A0. The

initial carry input Co= 1 instead of 0 and is added to the LSB of the adder. For forming its

2s complement. The output S3S2S1S0represents the result of the subtraction operation.

The sign bit of the result S3 indicates whether the result is negative or positive.

The carry out C4 is again discarded. The arrangement q is complement subtractor as

shown below:


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A 4-bit adder/subtractor circuit that can perform both addition and subtraction in 2s

complement form is shown below:

____

When the ADD/SUB level is HIGH, the circuit performs the addition of the numbers___

stored in registers A and B. When the ADD/SUB level is LOW, the circuit subtracts the

number in register B from the number in register A.

The operation is described as follows:

___

When ADD/SUB = 1

1. AND gates 1, 3, 5 & 7 are enabled, allowing B0B1B2& B3 to pass to the OR-gate as 9,

_ _ _ _

10, 11, & 12. AND gates 2, 4, 6, & 8 are disabled, blocking B0, B1, B2& B3from

reaching the OR-gates 9, 10, 11, & 12

2. The levels B0to B3pass through the OR gate to the 4-bit parallel adder, to be added to

the bits A0to A3. The sum appears at the outputs S0to S3___

3. ADD/SUB =1 causes no carry into the adder,


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___

When ADD/SUB = 0

1. AND gates 1, 3, 5 & 7 are disabled, blocking B0B1B2& B3 from reaching the OR-

_ _ _ _gates 9, 10, 11, & 12 AND gates 2, 4, 6 & 8 are enabled allowing B0, B1, B2& B3 to pass

to the OR-gates

2. The levels B0to B3pass through the OR-gates into the 4-bit parallel adder, to be added

to bits A0to A3. The Coos now 1. The number in register B is converted to its 2s

complement form

3. The difference appears at the outputs S0to S3

Circuits like the adder/subtractor of the above figure are used in computers because they

Provide a relatively simple means for adding and subtracting signed binary numbers.


Answer the following questions.

7) Design a half subtractor circuit using only NOR gates.

8) Design a full subtractor circuit using only NOR gates.

9) What are the advantages of complement arithmetic?

10) Draw the logic diagram of an 8-bit BCD adder. Use the BCD adder to add 9 and 7.

Hint:The sum from the first adder is 0000 with a 1 out on C4which generates the ADD 6

signal and the carry to the next stage. The answer is 16

6.5 Binary Multiplier

The multiplication operation can be carried out by multipliers using partial product

addition and shifting method. In a binary multiplier, instead of adding all the partial

products at the end, they are added two at a time and their sum accumulated in a register

called accumulator register.


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Now to understand the multiplication process using partial product addition & shifting

method, consider the multiplication of two 4-bit binary numbers 1110 & 100, as an

example.

1 1 1 0 Multiple

X 1 0 0 1 Multiplier

_____________________________

1 1 1 0 Partial Product 1




____________________________________________

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Result

From the above multiplication process, one can easily understand that if the multiplier bit

is 1, then the multiplicand is simply copied as a partial product; if the multiplicand bit is

0, then the partial product is 0, Whenever a partial product is obtained, it is shifted one bit

to the left of the previous partial product. This process is continued until the entire

multiplier bit is checked and then the partial products are added. This multiplication

process i.e, multiplication partial product addition and shifting can be implemented usingthe block diagram as shown below

Multiplier Register

Multiplicand Register

In the above diagram the four-bit multiplier is stored in register Y (Y0Y1Y2Y3); the 4-

bit multiplicand is stored in register M (M3, M2, M1, M0), and the X register (X4, X3, X2,

X4 X3 X2 X1 X0Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0

4-bit Parallel Adder

M3 M2 M1 M0


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X1, X0) is initially cleared to 00000. Hear to perform multiplication, the least significant

bit of the multiplier bit (Y0) is checked. Whether it is 0 or 1. If Yo= 1, the number in the

multiplicand register M is added with the least significant 4-bits of X register (X3, X2, X1,

X0;X4is to store carry in addition process) and the combind x and Y register is shifted to

the right by 1-bit without performing any addition. This process has to be repeated four

times to perform 4-bit multiplication. Now the multiplication result (R7R6R5R4R3R2R1

R0) will be available in X and Y registers.


Answer the following questions.

11) Design a parallel binary multiplier that multiplies a 4-bit number

B= B3B2B1B0by a 3-bit no. A= A2 A1A0to form the product C=C6C5C4C3C 2C1C 0

Hint: this can be done with 12 gates two 4-bit parallel adder. The AND gates are used to

form the products of pairs of bits. The partial products formed by the AND gates are

added with the parallel addition.

6.5 Unit Summary

In this unit, we havediscussed about different arithmetic and logic circuits, which contain

logic gates and flip-flops that add, subtract, multiply & divide binary numbers.

Now let us focus about some important points ;

1. A half adder is an arithmetic circuit that adds two binary digits.

2. A half sub tractor is an arithmetic circuit that subtracts one binary digit from another.

3. A full adder is an arithmetic circuit that adds two binary digits and a carry, i.e.3 bits.

4. A full sub tractor is an arithmetic circuit that subtracts one binary digit from another

considering a borrow.

The look- aheadcarry-adder speeds up the process by eliminating the ripple carry.


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Answer to Check Your progress

Q. No 1

a) i b) ii c) iii d) i

e) iii f) i g) iv h) iii

Unit End Exercise

1. Design a 4-bit carry -look-aheadadder by using a 4-bit parallel adder.

2. Describe the operations performed by the following arithmetic circuits.

a) Half adder b) full adder c) Half subtractor

d) Full subtractor e) carry- lookaheadadder

3) What is the need of arithmetic circuits?

4) Design a full adder circuit using only NOR gates. What relation has it to the half adder

circuit?

5) Design the logic diagram of a circuit for addition/subtraction.

6) Use the BCD adder to add 9 & 3.

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Badass Tutorial Unit 6 Adders Subtractors