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Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals:
Phylogeny and Diversity
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 2
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 3
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 4
Proteobacteria
Chlam
ydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Grampositive bacteria
Korarchaeotes
Euryarchaeotes,crenarchaeotes,nanoarchaeotes
Diplomonads,parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Alveolates(dinoflagellates,apicom
plexans, ciliates)
Stramenopiles(water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae)
Cercozoans, radiolarians
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophyceans
Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya
Universal ancestor
Domain Bacteria
Proteobacteria
Chlam
ydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Grampositive bacteria
Korarchaeotes
Euryarchaeotes,crenarchaeotes,nanoarchaeotes
Diplomonads,parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Alveolates(dinoflagellates,apicom
plexans, ciliates)
Stramenopiles(water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae)
Cercozoans, radiolarians
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophyceans
Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya
Universal ancestor
Domain Bacteria
Proteobacteria
Chlam
ydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Grampositive bacteria
Korarchaeotes
Euryarchaeotes,crenarchaeotes,nanoarchaeotes
Diplomonads,parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Alveolates(dinoflagellates,apicom
plexans, ciliates)
Stramenopiles(water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae)
Cercozoans, radiolarians
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophyceans
Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya
Universal ancestor
Domain Bacteria
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 5
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gym
nosperms
Angiosperms
Amoebozoans(amoebas, slime molds)
Chytrids
Zygote fungi
Arbuscular m
ycorrhizalfungi
Sac fungi
Club fungi
Choanoflagellates
Sponges
Cnidarians (jellies, coral)
Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids,
arthropods,m
olluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gym
nosperms
Angiosperms
Amoebozoans(amoebas, slime molds)
Chytrids
Zygote fungi
Arbuscular m
ycorrhizalfungi
Sac fungi
Club fungi
Choanoflagellates
Sponges
Cnidarians (jellies, coral)
Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids,
arthropods,m
olluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Gym
nosperms
Angiosperms
Amoebozoans(amoebas, slime molds)
Chytrids
Zygote fungi
Arbuscular m
ycorrhizalfungi
Sac fungi
Club fungi
Choanoflagellates
Sponges
Cnidarians (jellies, coral)
Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids,
arthropods,m
olluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 6
Comparing the Domains
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 7
Nutritional Modes
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 8
Domains…….
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 9
Prokaryote Shapes: Eubacteria
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 10
Endosymbiosis: more than the sum of the parts
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 11
Endosymbiosis…..and plastids
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 12
Protista…..lots of them!
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 13
Protist Diversity
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 14
The Algae: Protists or Plants Euglenozoa: Euglena and Peranema
q unicellular, flagellate, autotrophic
Pyrophyta: dinoflagellates q unicellular, flagellate, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell plates q (red tide, fire algae)
Bacillariophyta: diatoms q Unicellular, photoautotrophic, silica “test” (Petri dish) q diatomaceous earth
Chrysophyta: golden algae q Unicellular and multicellular, photoautotrophic, pectin or silica in cell walls
Phaeophyta: brown algae q Multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell walls, q Kelp
Rhodophyta: Red algae q Multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose and polysaccharide cell walls
Chlorophyta: green algae q Unicellular, colonial, multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell walls
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 15
Ulva Life Cycle isomorphic alternation of generations green algae Chlorophyta
Haploid zoospores produced in sporangia
have 4 flagella
Haploid gametes produced in gametangia
have 2 flagella
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 16
– gamy … –morphy … –spory so many terms, so little time………..
Heterogamy q Male and female differ in size
and/or shape Isogamy
q Male and female same size and shape
Anisogamy q Differ in size and/or shape
Oogamy q Egg much larger than sperm q Non-motile egg
Heteromorphy q Sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte (n) are
noticeably different in appearance Isomorphy
q Sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte are very similar in appearance
Isospory q All spores same size and structure
Heterospory q Microspores q Macrospores
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 17
Colonization of the Land
Adaptations for reproducing on land q Embryophyte plants q Seed plants
Subterranean and aerial organs q Rhizomes and roots….leaves, cones, flowers….
Chemical Adaptations q Primary products: glucose, cellulose, amino acids for
structure, storage, metabolism, growth q Secondary products for protection
n Ligninà wood n Poisons à eg cardiac glycosides n Sporopollenin à polymer resistant to environmental
damage (spore coats)
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 18
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 19
Plants
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 20
Alternation of Generations: General
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 21
Alternation of generations: variations on a theme…….
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 22
Sporophytes &
Gametophytes
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 23
Medicines derived from seed plants….
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 24
Angiosperms: Covered Seeds
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 25
Fungi
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 26
Fungi…………
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 27
Fungal hyphae………..
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 28
Specialized Hyphae
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 29
Fungal Life Cycle I
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 30
Fungal Life Cycle II
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 31
What is an animal?
n Eukaryotic n Multicellular n Heterotrophic n Ingest food n Lack cell walls n Collagen as main structural protein n Nervous and muscle tissue n Diploid life stage dominant
q Only gametes are haploid
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 32
Animal Development:
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 33
Hypothetical transition from colonial protist to gastrula-like protoanimal
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 34
•Parazoa
•Eumetazoa
•Radiata
•Bilateria
•Acoelomate
•Pseudocoelomate
•Coelomate
•Protostome
•Deuterostome
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 35
n Parazoa: q Multicellular q No true tissues q Porifera….sponges
n Eumetazoa q Multicellular q True tissues
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 36
Symmetry
•Radiata:
•Radial symmetry
•Diploblastic
Cnidaria
Ctenophoroa
•Bilateria
•Bilateral symmetry
•Triploblastic
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 37
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Eucoelomate
Coelom = Body Cavity
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 38
Acoelomate
Solid body with no cavity
Platyhelminthes
planaria flukes tapeworms
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 39
Pseudocoelomate
Body cavity has outer but not inner mesoderm lining
nematodes rotifers
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 40
Eucoelomate (Coelomate)
Body cavity lined completely with mesoderm
annelids molluscs arthropods echinoderms chordates
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 41
Protostome or
Deuterostome?
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 42
Protostomes q Spiral cleavage q Determinate cleavage q Schizocoelous coelom
n Mesoderm splits to form body cavity
q Mouth develops from blastopore (1 st mouth) and anus develops as a 2 nd
opening….primitive anus become mouth!
Deuterostomes q Radial cleavage q Indeterminate cleavage q Enterocoelous
n Mesoderm splits from wall of archenteron and becomes a coelom
q Mouth develops from a 2y opening (2 nd mouth) and blastopore becomes anus
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 43
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 44
Selected Animal Phyla
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 45
Chordates
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 46
Chordate Characteristics
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 47
Vertebrates
n Agnatha n Chondrichthyes n Osteichthyes n Amphibians n Reptiles n Birds n Mammals
1/8/2006 Phylogeny 48
Source
Campbell Biology 7 th edition http://www.aw-bc.com/campbell/