BACTERIA CLOTHES VIRUS IN YOUR NOSE BACTERIA ON YOUR CLOTHES
VIRUS IN YOUR NOSE
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Look out, youre surrounded! Bacteria and viruses are all around
us. Examples: Bacteria Used in Food Making Bacteria used in
Digestion (E. coli) Some bacteria cause disease (pathogenic) ALL
viruses cause disease (all pathogenic)
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LIVING, microscopic and lacking internal membranes
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Bacteria cells are usually much smaller than plant and animal
cells and do not contain as many internal structures.
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Bacteria cells contain cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane
and a cell wall. Its hereditary material is found in the
cytoplasm.
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Some bacteria have a thick, gel-like capsule around the cell
wall to protect it.
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Bacteria in moist environments have whiplike tails called
flagella that help them move.
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Bacteria that live in harsh environments (extremophiles) where
few kinds of other organisms can live: * methanogens: *
thermophiles: * halophiles
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The larger of the two groups of bacteria. These usually live in
less harsh environments.
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Most bacteria are beneficial. All bacteria that cause known
diseases are eubacteria.
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Bacteria can be classified according to: 1)Shape 2)Cell Walls
3)Movement 4)Metabolic diversity (the way they obtain energy)
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Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci) sometimes grow in chains or in
clumps like a bunch of grapes. Streptococcus (strep throat)
Staphylococci (responsible for "staph" infections and
gangrene)
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Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) can also form in chains. Some
types of these bacteria also have whiplike structures called
flagella to help them move around. Escherichia coli or E.coli
(found in the intestines of mammals) Salmonella typhi (causes
typhoid fever and food poisoning)
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Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla) can use their shape to propel
themselves by twisting like a corkscrew. Treponema pallidumcho lera
(syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
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Monococcus - a single spherical bacterium, living alone
Diplococcus - two spherical bacteria, living in a pair
Streptococcus: chains of nearly spherical bacteria.chains
Streptobacillus: chains of rod-shaped bacteria.chains
Staphylococcus : spherical bacterium occurring in grape-like
clusters. Staphylobacillus - a cluster of rod shaped bacteria
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Streptococcus: chains of nearly spherical bacteria.chains
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Streptobacillus: chains of rod-shaped bacteria.chains
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Staphylococcus : spherical bacterium occurring in grape-like
clusters.
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Some cell walls change colors when stained and other cell walls
do not. The bacteria that have the stained cell walls are called
Gram positive (have much peptidoglycan in cell walls). The bacteria
with cell walls that do not stain are called Gram negative (no
peptidoglycan). Doctors regularly use gram staining to select the
proper antibiotic to treat bacterial infections.
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Bacteria reproduce by means of binary fission, in which a copy
of the DNA is made and then the outer membrane of the bacterium
begins to grow inward and divides into two identical cells. Also,
to exchange genetic material one bacterium attaches itself to
another bacterium and introduces DNA directly into it by means of a
pilus through the process of conjugation.
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*SmartNotebook video
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Some bacteria are able to produce thick walls around themselves
when evironmental conditions are unfavorable. They form an
endospore and can become dormant for hundreds of years.
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bacteria require oxygen to survive bacteria can live with or
without oxygen bacteria use other organisms for energy bacteria
produce their own food through photosynthesis
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Bacteria doesnt just make you sick, it can also keep you
healthy. You cannot survive without some bacteria living in or on
your body. (Ex: E. coli in digestive tract)
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Some bacteria produce chemicals called antibiotics that limit
the growth of other bacteria. Overuse of antibiotics has led to
more resistant bacteria.
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Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogens. A vaccine is
made from a deadened or weakenend version of a virus or bacterium.
Immunization with certain vaccines can prevent other bacterial
diseases.
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Many pathogens produce poisons called toxins as they grow in
your body or as they grow in food that you might eat.
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Botulism is a type of food poisoning that is the result of a
toxin produced by bacteria whose endospores can survive in canned
food.
Pasteurization is a process that is used to kill most harmful
bacteria and lengthen the time foods can be stored without
spoiling.
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Courtesy of:
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At any given time you have about a billion bacteria on every
tooth in your mouth.
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True. Warm and moist, your mouth is a breeding ground for
bacteria. Some of these bacteria feed on bits of food trapped
between the teeth. Immediately after brushing you still have up to
a hundred thousand bacteria living on each tooth! Photograph by
David Scharf/Peter Arnold Inc.
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Swamps produce terrible odors because owls shower them with
nasty-smelling antibacterial sprays.
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False. Swampy areas are filled with wet, rotting vegetation.
Plants rot as bacteria feed on them. In the process of feeding in
these watery areas where there is very little air, bacteria known
as methanogens produce a number of gasesincluding methane and
sulfides, which smell like rotten eggs. Art by Scott Angle
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There are millions of species of bacteria that can make people
ill.
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False. Of the thousands of species of bacteria, only a handful
make people ill. The rod-shaped bacteria above cause bubonic
plague, a disease that is carried by rodents and fleas. Bubonic
plague kills about 1,500 people a year worldwide. This bacteria
tends to get more attention than the more common good bacteria.
Photograph by CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,
Inc.
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People use bacteria to clean up after oil spills.
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True. Scientists have discovered that several kinds of bacteria
can live on a diet of oil. Now if an oil pipe leaks, spilling its
contents on the ground, cleanup crews know how to deal with the
mess. They cart in bacteria-rich soil and pile it onto the
contaminated site. Then they sit back and let the bacteria eat the
oil up! Art by Scott Angle
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Bacteria dont often reproduce.
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False. Bacteria reproduce by dividing, some lickety-splitting
in half once every 12 to 20 minutes. At that rate, one bacterium
can produce billions of offspring in a day. Photograph by Manfred
Kage / Peter Arnold, Inc.
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Is a Virus Alive? Viruses do NOT have all the characteristics
of life (no cells/no machinery for protein synthesis) and are
therefore not considered to be alive.
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Viral Structure ALL Viruses consist of: segments of a nucleic
acid (DNA or RNA) contained in a protein coat (capsid).
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Structure of Adenovirus Causes Respiratory Diseases
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Some viruses have an envelope surrounding the capsid. Outside
the envelope glycoproteins are attached. Glycoproteins on the virus
attach to receptors on the cell surface. When this happens, the
cell allows the virus to enter. EnvelopeGlycoproteins
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Structures of TMV and Influenza Virus Causes Tobacco Mosaic
Virus and the Flu
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Structure of Bacteriophage A bacteriophage is a virus that
infects a bacteria.
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Bacteriophage Attacking Cell
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Structure of HIV Causes AIDS
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How do viruses reproduce?
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Viral Reproduction Viruses lack enzymes and structures to make
proteins (no ribosomes). Therefore viruses, depend on living cells
to replicate and use the energy of the host cell to carry out
reproductive processes. They enter a cell by: injecting their
genetic material into the cell slipping through tears in a plant
cell wall binding to molecules on the cell surface and triggering
endocytosis (cell engulfment)
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2 Viral Pathways
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http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php
?storyId=114075029&sc=nl&cc=es- 20091129 Follow the link
below to view an animation of a virus infecting human cells:
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1)A glycoprotein on HIV attaches to the CD4 receptor on a cell.
2) A second HIV glycoprotein attaches to the CCR5 receptor on the
cell. HIV Infection HIV infects cells called macrophages in your
body!
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3)The cell then allows the viral capsid to enter the cell and
the viral RNA is released into the cell. 4)The viral RNA is
converted to viral DNA using an enzyme known as reverse
transcriptase.
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5) The viral DNA integrates into the host cell DNA. 6) The
viral DNA will use the host cells ribosomes to make more copies of
the virus. 7) The new viruses are released from the host cell by
budding. 8) Newly released viruses infect more cells.
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After a period of time, the HIV viruses will mutate and begin
to infect T-cells. T-cells die once infected with HIV. T-cells are
a major component of the bodys immune system. The disease AIDS
forms as the immune system becomes weakened as T- cells are being
destructed.
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ALL viruses are PATHOGENIC! Do you know what this means?