BacteriaBacteriaChapter 24Chapter 24

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

Prokaryotic – single celledProkaryotic – single celled Probably all life's originProbably all life's origin Include the extremophilesInclude the extremophiles

ExtremophilesExtremophiles

MethanogensMethanogens – produce methane – produce methane gas, oxygen is poisonous to them gas, oxygen is poisonous to them ( swamps, sewage, intestines)( swamps, sewage, intestines)

ExtremophilesExtremophiles

HalophilesHalophiles – salt loving – great salt – salt loving – great salt lake etc.lake etc.

ExtremophilesExtremophiles

ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles – extreme high – extreme high temperatures.temperatures.

EUBACTERIAEUBACTERIA (Bacteria) (Bacteria)

Come in 3 basic shapesCome in 3 basic shapes

BacilliBacilli CoccciCoccci SpirillaSpirilla

BacteriaBacteria

Most bacteria are Most bacteria are HeterotrophicHeterotrophic – – get their energy from organic get their energy from organic compounds of other organisms.compounds of other organisms.

A few are A few are AutotrophicAutotrophic – make their – make their own energy from photosynthesis.own energy from photosynthesis.

Bacteria ReproductionBacteria Reproduction

Bacteria divide by Bacteria divide by Binary FissionBinary Fission – – not meiosis (no nucleus).not meiosis (no nucleus).

Bacteria can also exchange genetic Bacteria can also exchange genetic material through material through conjugationconjugation..

MovieMovie

BACTERIABACTERIA

One important role of bacteria is One important role of bacteria is Nitrogen FixingNitrogen Fixing – transformation of – transformation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into other atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into other forms of nitrogenous compounds that forms of nitrogenous compounds that can be used by plants.can be used by plants.

Gram StainingGram Staining Gram Positive – Gram Positive – purplepurple – retain stain – retain stain = this means that the bacteria have a = this means that the bacteria have a thick cell wall and are thick cell wall and are

Gram Negative – Gram Negative – pinkpink – this means – this means that the bacteria have a thin cell wall.that the bacteria have a thin cell wall.

Gram Staining can determine Gram Staining can determine

toxicidity, reaction to toxicidity, reaction to antibacterial drugs and antibacterial drugs and disinfectants.disinfectants.

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

Blue Green AlgaeBlue Green Algae Can be a lot of different color.Can be a lot of different color. Population bloom = death (red Population bloom = death (red

tides)tides)

Genetic RecombinationGenetic Recombination

TransformationTransformation – Bacteria takes in – Bacteria takes in DNA from its external environmentDNA from its external environment

ConjugationConjugation – bacteria share DNA – bacteria share DNA when they come in contactwhen they come in contact

TransductionTransduction – a virus obtains a – a virus obtains a piece of DNA from a Bacteria then piece of DNA from a Bacteria then spreads the bacteriaspreads the bacteria

Diseases caused by BacteriaDiseases caused by Bacteria

ExotoxinExotoxin -Toxins that are leaked or -Toxins that are leaked or secreted out of the bacteria cell and secreted out of the bacteria cell and into its host (you and me).into its host (you and me).

EndotoxinsEndotoxins are generally much less are generally much less pathogenic than Exotoxins and rarely pathogenic than Exotoxins and rarely cause death. Many fevers are caused cause death. Many fevers are caused by endotoxins whereas exotoxins by endotoxins whereas exotoxins never produce a fever. never produce a fever.

Diseases caused by Bacteria – Diseases caused by Bacteria – copy down 3copy down 3

Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) TetanusTetanus Whooping Cough Whooping Cough Typhoid FeverTyphoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever CholeraCholera PlaguePlague TuberculosisTuberculosis MeningitisMeningitis Bacterial Pneumonia AnthraxBacterial Pneumonia Anthrax BotulismBotulism Bacterial Dysentery Bacterial Dysentery DiarrheaDiarrhea Food Poisoning GasFood Poisoning Gas GangreneGangrene Syphilis Diphtheria Syphilis Diphtheria

Gonorrhea Gonorrhea Trench FeverTrench Fever Trench Fever InfluenzaTrench Fever Influenza Typhus FeverTyphus Fever Lyme Disease Lyme Disease Tooth Decay STooth Decay S carlet Fever carlet Fever Tonsillitis Food Tonsillitis Food Poisoning Toxic Poisoning Toxic Shock SyndromeShock Syndrome Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverRocky Mountain Spotted Fever Human Monocytic Human Monocytic Erhlichiosis Erhlichiosis Human granulocyticHuman granulocytic GasteroenteritisGasteroenteritis Peptic UlcersPeptic Ulcers

STD – Bacterial InfectionsSTD – Bacterial Infections

Neisseria gonorrhea (causes gonorrhea or Neisseria gonorrhea (causes gonorrhea or gonococcal infection) gonococcal infection)

Chlamydia trachomatis (causes Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis (causes Chlamydia infections) infections)

Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) Haemophilus ducreyi (causes chancroid) Haemophilus ducreyi (causes chancroid) Klebsiella granulomatis (previously known as Klebsiella granulomatis (previously known as

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis causes Calymmatobacterium granulomatis causes granuloma inguinale or donovanosis).granuloma inguinale or donovanosis).

Bacteria around me?Bacteria around me?

How much bacteria is around us?How much bacteria is around us? Where are the most infected areas?Where are the most infected areas? How can you reduce your risk for How can you reduce your risk for

bacteria?bacteria?

Cell phone clipCell phone clip

STAPH

Antibiotics and Antibiotic Antibiotics and Antibiotic ResistanceResistance

AntibioticsAntibiotics are drugs that combat are drugs that combat Bacteria – ex Penicillin.Bacteria – ex Penicillin.

Antibiotic Resistance-DiseaseAntibiotic Resistance-Disease - -causing microbes that have become causing microbes that have become resistant to drug therapy are an resistant to drug therapy are an increasing public health problem. increasing public health problem. Tuberculosis, gonorrhea, malaria, and Tuberculosis, gonorrhea, malaria, and childhood ear infections are just a few of childhood ear infections are just a few of the diseases that have become hard to the diseases that have become hard to treat with antibiotic drugs. treat with antibiotic drugs.

How to reduce resilance.How to reduce resilance.

Antimicrobial drugs intended for bacterial Antimicrobial drugs intended for bacterial infections should not be taken for viral infections infections should not be taken for viral infections such as colds, coughs, or the flu. such as colds, coughs, or the flu.

If your health care provider determines that you If your health care provider determines that you do not have a bacterial infection, ask about ways do not have a bacterial infection, ask about ways to help relieve your symptoms. to help relieve your symptoms.

Do not pressure your provider to prescribe an Do not pressure your provider to prescribe an antibiotic. antibiotic.

Take medicine exactly as your health care Take medicine exactly as your health care provider prescribes. provider prescribes.

Take the antibiotic until it is gone, even if you are Take the antibiotic until it is gone, even if you are feeling better. Do not save the medication to feeling better. Do not save the medication to treat yourself or others later. treat yourself or others later.

Useful Bacteria – Useful Bacteria – write write down 2down 2

Helps make some foods Helps make some foods Preserve food Preserve food Keep gut healthy Keep gut healthy Break down toxins Break down toxins Make soil Make soil Billions of years ago they increased Billions of years ago they increased

oxygen by 20% enabling larger items to oxygen by 20% enabling larger items to live live