Backwards Design in a Nutshell

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/13/2019 Backwards Design in a Nutshell

    1/4

    !

    !"# %& ' ()*+,-..

    "#$%& !( )&*+,&- .&*/0#*

    "#$%& 1( 23+-&45&

    "#$%& 6( 7&$,4+4% 80$4

    !" $%& '( ) *)+ ,- ./'01'02 3453,(6-477+ )%,4. 8455'847)5 37)09

    0'02 )0: (8/,,7 56-,5;" )0: :6('20 (.)0:)5:( 99 0,. ) 5'2':

    35,25); ,5 356(85'3.'?6 568'36"

    @" A/6 35';)5+ 2,)7 ,- $%& '( (.4:60. 40:65(.)0:'02B ./6 )%'7'.+

    ., ;)16 ;6)0'02 ,- C%'2 ':6)(D )0: .5)0(-65 ./6'5 76)50'02"

    =" $%& C403)81(D )0: .5)0(-,5;( E,0.60. F.)0:)5:( '0., ./6

    5676?)0. F.)26 ! 676;60.( )0: )335,35').6 )((6((;60.( '0

    F.)26 @"

    G" $0:65(.)0:'02 '( 56?6)76: */60 (.4:60.( )4.,0,;,4(7+

    .5)0(-65 ./6'5 76)50'02 ./5,42/ )4./60.'8 365-,5;)086" F'H

    -)86.( ,- 40:65(.)0:'02 I ./6 8)3)8'.+ ., !"#$%&'( &'*!+#+!*(%##$,( -.&/* #!+-#!0*&1!( !2#%*.&3!> )0: -!$/ %--!--I (65?6 )(

    '0:'8).,5( ,- 40:65(.)0:'02"

    J" A6)8/65( )56 8,)8/6( ,- 40:65(.)0:'02> 0,. ;656 345?6+,5(

    ,- 8,0.60. ,5 )8.'?'.+" A/6+ :6('20 -,5 )0: (433,5. C;6)0'02

    ;)1'02D )0: C.5)0(-65D %+ ./6 76)5065K )0: ):L4(. ., )8/'6?6

    '0.60:6: 56(47.("

    M" N7)00'02 '( %6(. :,06 D%)81*)5:D -5,; ./6 :6('56: 56(47.()0: ./6 .5)0(-65 .)(1( ./). 6;%,:+ ./6 2,)7(" A/6 = F.)26(

    O&6('56: P6(47.(> Q?':6086> R6)50'02 N7)0S ;4(. )7'20 -,5 ./6

    40'. ., %6 ;,(. 6--68.'?6"

    T" P6247)5 56?'6*( ,- 8455'8474; )2)'0(. :6('20 (.)0:)5:(

    60/)086 8455'847)5 U4)7'.+ )0: 6--68.'?606(("

    V"

    56(47.( ,- 8455'8474; :6('20( 9 (.4:60. 365-,5;)086 9 '0-,5;(

    066:6: ):L4(.;60.("

    4.%* $5'67*!+2 *+%'-/!+ 65%$- %+! *%+6!*!89

    4.%* 2!%'&'6- -.5:$8 -*:8!'*- 2%;!9

    4.%* !--!'*&%$

  • 8/13/2019 Backwards Design in a Nutshell

    2/4

    1

    !"# %& ' ()*+,-..

    "#$%& !( )&*+,&- .&*/0#*

    9 :;&$4+4%< =

    '( ) (.4:60.98,0(.548.6: 40:659

    (.)0:'02 )%,4. ) C%'2 ':6)D O./6

    C;,5)7 ,- ./6 (.,5+D ,- ./6 40'.S"

    ;)16( (60(6 ,- ,./65*'(6 :'(856.6

    -)8.( 9 '. C8,0068.( ./6 :,.(D

    '( .5)0(-65)%76 ., ,./65 8,0.6H.("

    '( 4(4)77+ 0,. ,%?',4(> )0: ;)+

    %6 8,40.659'0.4'.'?6K ./656-,56

    35,06 ., ;'(40:65(.)0:'02"

    8)00,. %6 (';37+ .5)(;'..6:K '.;4(. %6 C6)506:D %+ ./6 76)5065"

    '( )0 '0-656086> (.).6: )( )

    (.4:60. *'77 40:65(.)0: AWXA"""D

    >4?@0&-%& A "B+00 =

    10,* )0: %6 )%76 ., :, )( ) 56(47.

    ,- ./6 40'. O4(4)77+ (.).6: '0

    6(.)%7'(/6: F.)0:)5:( )0: %608/9

    ;)51(S

    .)526.6: 10,*79

    6:26 )0: (1'77 )0: ./6 60)%7'02

    10,*76:26 )0: (1'77 ';37'6: '0 ./6

    40:65(.)0:'029567).6: 2,)7(

    "C9D2 !

    !" X ;)'0 -,84( '0 FAXYQ ! '( ;)1'02 (456 ./). ,45

    76)50'02 2,)7( )56 -5);6: '0 .65;( ,- ';3,5.)0.

    @" A/6 2,)7 ,- 40:65(.)0:'02 /)( .*, 8,00,.).',0(B!S ;)1'02 C;6)0'02D ,- %'2 ':6)(> )0: @S )4.,0,;,4(

    C.5)0(-65D ,- 76)50'02 ., 06* ('.4).',0("

    =" P6(6)58/ 8,0874('?67+ (/,*( ./). (.4:60.( 066: .,

    25)(3 ./6 %'2 ':6)( '- ./6+ )56 ., ;)16 (60(6 ,- ./6'5

    76((,0(> )0: .5)0(-65 ./6'5 76)50'02 ., 06* 76((,0(>

    0,?67 35,%76;(> )0: 56)79*,57: ('.4).',0("

    G" CA5)0(-65D 56-65( ., ./6 47.';).6 :6('56:

    )88,;37'(/;60.B */).> '0 ./6 60:> (/,47: (.4:60.( %6

    )%76 ., 85*'./ )77 ./'( Z8,0.60.[> ,0 ./6'5 ,*0> '- ./'(

    )0: ,./65 567).6: 40'.( )56 (4886((-47\

    J"

    6?60 '- (48/ 2,)7( )56 0,. 6H37'8'. 0,.6: '0 ./6

    6(.)%7'(/6: (.)0:)5:("

    M" ]6 ;4(. %6 ;'0:-47 ,- 3,.60.')7 (.4:60.

    ;+* 876)5 )0: 6H37'8'. 2,)7( )7(, ;6)0( 356:'8.'02 3,(('%76

    .5,4%76 (3,.( '0 76)50'02 )0: 365-,5;)086"

    T" P6('(. 7'(.'02 )77 ./6 3,(('%76 10,*7:26 )0: (1'77 2,)7(

    ./). )56 '0 )0+ *)+ 567).6: ., ./6 40'. .,3'8"

    )0:^,5 '0 C:,'02D ./6 (4%L68."

    8,0(.)0.7+ )0: )335,35').67+

    56845(K '. 8)0 -54'.-477+ %6 )(16:

    )0: 569)(16: ,?65 .';6"

    4FGF H ##LMM 7 NOP

    I?@K H Q. R( ##L NOR 7 NKR

    4FGF H ##LNOS 7 NNM

    I?@K H Q. P( ##L NKP 7 NTR

    9 #,$4*F&, %?$0 =

    (.).6( ./6 7,029.65; )88,;37'(/9

    ;60.( ./). (.4:60.( (/,47: %6

    )%76 ., 85*'./ 10,*76:26 )0:(1'77> ,0 ./6'5 ,*0"

    -5);6( F.)0:)5:( )( 7,029.65;

    365-,5;)086 )88,;37'(/;60.("

    )0(*65( ./6 U46(.',0( C]/+\D

    )0: C]/). 8)0 +,4 :, *'./ ./'(\D

    I?@K H ##L UV 7 TUW SM 7 MN

    4FGF H ##LNNV 7 NKR

  • 8/13/2019 Backwards Design in a Nutshell

    3/4

    6

    !"# %& ' ()*+,-..

    "#$%& 1( 9**&**;&4# 23+-&45&

    G#H&, 23+-&45& =

    6.8"., 5,40: ,4. ./6 )((6((;60."

    8)0 ,?657)3 ./6 365-,5;)0869%)(6: 6?':6086> ./656%+

    '0856)('02 ./6 567')%'7'.+ ,- ./6 ,?65)77 )((6((;60.

    O6(368')77+ '- ./6 365-,5;)086 .)(1 *)( :,06 %+ )

    25,43S

    8&,F?,;$45& C$*BI*J K

    )56 066:6: )( 6?':6086 ,- 40:65(.)0:'02 %68)4(6 *6

    /)?6 ., (66 '- ./6 76)5065( 8)0 )337+ ./6'5 76)50'02 .,?)5',4( '((46(> 35,%76;(> ('.4).',0(> )0: 8,0.6H.("

    '0.65356.).',0> )337'8).',0> 365(368.'?6> 6;3)./+> )0:

    (67-940:65(.)0:'02"

    6(.)%7'(/ 56)79*,57: 8,0.6H.(> :6;)0:(> ;6(('06((>

    )4:'6086(> )0: 3453,(6("

    (/,47: %6 *5'..60 '0 ./6 YPXFNF -,5;). ., ;)16

    )((6((;60. .)(1( ;,56 )4./60.'8 )0: 602)2'02"

    )56 6?)74).6: 4('02 ?)7': 85'.65') )0: '0:'8).,5(>

    ., ./6 &6('56: P6(47.( ,- F.)26 !"

    "C9D2 1

    !" A/6 -,84( '0 FAXYQ @ '( C?)7': 6?':6086D 9 ;)1'02 (456 ./). */). *6 )((6((

    )0: /,* *6 )((6(( -,77,*( 7,2'8)77+ -5,; ./6 FAXYQ ! 2,)7("

    @" X((6(('02 -,5 40:65(.)0:'02 56U4'56( 6?':6086 ,- ./6 (.4:60.[( )%'7'.+ .,

    '0('2/.-477+ 6H37)'0 ,5 '0.65356. ./6'5 76)50'02 9 ., C(/,* ./6'5 *,51D )0: .,CL4(.'-+D ,5 C(433,5.D ./6'5 365-,5;)086^35,:48. *'./ 8,;;60.)5+"

    =" X((6(('02 -,5 40:65(.)0:'02 )7(, 56U4'56( 6?':6086 ,- ./6 (.4:60.[( )%'7'.+

    ., )337+ ./6'5 76)50'02 '0 06*> ?)5'6:> )0: 56)7'(.'8 ('.4).',0( 9 .5)0(-65 9

    '0 */'8/ ./6+ ;4(. C:,D ./6 (4%L68. )( ,33,(6: ., ;6567+ )0(*65'02 3).

    U46(.',0("

    G"

    )335,35').6 )((6((;60. .)(1(B

    '0 ./6,5 ,*0 *,5:(

    ):)3.> ):L4(.> )::56(( 0,?67 '((46( _ 35,%76;(

    N65(368.'?6B ./6 (.4:60. 8)0 (66 -5,; :'--6560. 3,'0.( ,- ?'6*

    Q;3)./+B ./6 (.4:60. 8)0 *)71 '0 ./6 (/,6( ,- 36,376^8/)5)8.65(

    F67-940:65(.)0:'02B ./6 (.4:60. 8)0 (67-9)((6((> (66 ./6 7';'.( ,- ./6'5

    J" YPXFNF '( )0 )85,0+; ., /673 :6('2065( 8,0(.548. )4./60.'8 (860)5',( -,5

    365-,5;)086 .)(1(B

    X5%$B ./6 2,)7 ,5 8/)776026 (.).6;60. '0 ./6 (860)5',

    A5$!B ./6 5,76 ./6 (.4:60. 37)+( '0 ./6 (860)5',

    C:8&!'0!B ./6 )4:'6086^87'60. ./). ./6 (.4:60. ;4(. %6 8,086506: *'./ '0 :,'02

    ./6 .)(1

    Y&*:%*&5'B ./6 3)5.'847)5 (6..'02^8,0.6H. )0: '.( 8,0(.5)'0.( )0: ,33,5.40'.'6(

    J!+/5+2%'0!

    4FGF H ##LNRV 7 NSVW XACYJY ##L NSO 7 NSK

    I?@K H ##L NTP 7 NSN

    4FGF H ##LNTK 7 NRT

  • 8/13/2019 Backwards Design in a Nutshell

    4/4

    L

    !"# %& ' ()*+,-..

    "#$%& 6( 7&$,4+4% 80$4

    CH& 0&$,4+4% &3&4#* =

    (/,47: %6 :65'?6: -5,; ./6 2,)7( ,- F.)26 ! )0:

    ./6 )((6((;60.( ,- F.)26 @ ., 60(456 )7'20;60.)0: 6--68.'?606(( ,- ./6 )8.'?'.'6("

    (433,5. (.4:60./01)%+%*%2&3 4-'&%&5 4'6%&53%'878'&+9-8:

    )56 60/)086: */60 ./6 ]WQPQA` 676;60.( )56

    '0874:6:"

    C&$5H+4% K

    )335,35').6 ., ./6 2,)7( O0,. */). '( 6)('6(. ,5

    ;,(. 8,;-,5.)%76 -,5 ./6 .6)8/65S"

    (/,47: 6;37,+ 56(,4586( ;,(. )335,35').6 ., ./6

    2,)7( O0,. (';37+ ;)58/ ./5,42/ ) .6H.%,,1 ,5

    8,;;658')7 35,25);S"

    %6 56(3,0('?6 ., :'--656086( '0 76)5065([ 56):'9

    06((> '0.656(.(> )0: 356-6556: *)+( ,- 76)50'02"

    "C9D2 6

    !" A/6 -,84( '0 FAXYQ = '( ;)1'02 (456 ./). =.%**6 .6)8/ )0: .5=

    *6 .6)8/ -,77,*( 7,2'8)77+ -5,; )0: )7'20( *'./ ./6 FAXYQ ! )0:

    F.)26 @ 2,)7("

    @" A/6 76)50'02 6?60.( )56 :6('206: ., )::56(( ./566 '0.65567).6:

    2,)7(B X8U4'('.',0> a6)0'02 a)1'02> )0: A5)0(-65"

    =" A6)8/'02 -,5 40:65(.)0:'02 56U4'56( ./). (.4:60.( %6 2'?60

    04;65,4( ,33,5.40'.'6( ., :5)* '0-656086( )0: ;)16

    $0:65(.)0:'02( 8)00,. %6 (';37+ .,7:K ./6+ /)?6 ., %6 )8.'?67+

    C8,0(.548.6:D %+ ./6 76)5065"

    G" ]WQPQA` '( )0 )85,0+; -,5 8,0(':65'02 )0: (67-9)((6(('02 ./6 16+

    676;60.( )0: 7,2'8 ,- ) 76)50'02 37)0B

    ]/656B 60(45'02 ./). ./6 (.4:60. (66( ./6 %'2 3'8.456> /)( )0(*65( .,

    (,,0 )( 3,(('%76

    W,,1B ';;65('02 ./6 (.4:60. ';;6:').67+ '0 ./6 ':6)( )0: '((46( ,-

    ./6 40'.> 602)2'02 ./6 (.4:60. '0 ./,42/.935,?,1'02 6H365'6086(^

    8/)776026(^U46(.',0( ). ./6 /6)5. ,- ./6 40'.

    QU4'3 _ QH365'6086B 35,?':'02 ./6 (.4:60. *'./ ./6 .,,7(> 56(,4586(>

    (1'77> )0: '0-,5;).',0 066:6: ., )8/'6?6 ./6 :6('56: 40:65(.)0:'02(K

    )0: (4886((-477+ )88,;37'(/ ./6 365-,5;)086 .)(1(

    P6./'01B 60/)086 40:65(.)0:'02 %+ (/'-.'02 365(368.'?6> 8,0(':65'02

    :'--6560. ./6,5'6(> 8/)77602'02 35',5 )((4;3.',0(> '0.5,:48'02

    06* 6?':6086 )0: ':6)(> 6.8" X7(,B 35,?':'02 ./6 ';36.4( -,5 )0:

    ,33,5.40'.+ ., 56?'(6 35',5 *,51> ., 3,7'(/ '.

    Q?)74).6B 60(45'02 ./). (.4:60.( 26. :')20,(.'8 )0: -,5;).'?6 -66:%)81>

    )0: ,33,5.40'.'6( ., (67-9)((6(( )0: (67-9):L4(.

    4FGF H ##LKNK 7 KUSW 4BZAZE[ ##L KNT 7 KKP

    I?@K H Q.%#*!+- V > NOW 4BZAZE[ ##L NVS 7 KKK