Background to forest financing in Low Forest Cover ... · Background to forest financing in Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs) First macro-level paper Prepared by Indufor for the

Background to forest financing in Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs) First macro-level paper Prepared by Indufor for the United Nations Forum on Forests Helsinki 20 August 2010 The views presented in this document are those of the consultant and do not necessary reflect

the views of the United Nations.

DISCLAIMER

Indufor makes its best effort to provide accurate and complete information while executing the assignment. Indufor assumes no liability or responsibility for any outcome of the assignment.

Copyright © 2010 by Indufor Oy All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to, photocopying, recording or otherwise.

© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1. METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 3

1.1 Background 3

1.1.1 Sustainable forest management 3

1.1.2 Background of the assignment 4

1.2 Approach and methodology 5

2. BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY GROUP 7

3. FORESTS AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIETY 9

3.1 Forest production, industry and trade 11

3.2 Contribution of forests to national economies 11

3.3 Status of forest management 12

4. POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 14

4.1 Poverty reduction strategies 14

4.2 Forest policy framework 14

4.3 Forest policies, national forest programmes and other forest strategies 17

4.4 Institutions and organizations and level of centralization of forest administration 18

4.5 Inter-sectoral linkages 19

4.6 Key challenges for financing of SFM 20

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 Geographic and climatic conditions 22

Annex 2 Basic socioeconomic data by country 24

Annex 3 Forest land and other wooded areas 26

Annex 4 Forest processing in LFCCs 28

Annex 5 Industrial roundwood exports and imports in LFCCs 30

Annex 6 Sawnwood exports and imports in LFCCs 32

Annex 7 Other wood product exports and imports in LFCCs 34

Annex 8 Indicators of forest management sustainability 36

Annex 9 Role of forests in Poverty Reduction Strategies and national development policies and strategies 39

Annex 10 Forest sector policy framework 48

Annex 11 Key issues of national forest policies 52

Annex 12 Forest sector institutions and organizations in LFCCs 56 Annex 13 List of reference documents 72

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Approach 6

LIST OF BOXES

Box 3.1 A success story of forest development -- Uruguay 10

Box 4.1 Contribution of forests to poverty reduction in Bangladesh 16

© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010. ii

ABBREVIATIONS

AFF African Forest Forum ANONG National Association of NGOs CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAOSTAT FAO’s statistical database ForestSTAT FAO’s statistical database on forest information FRA Forest resource assessment (of FAO) GDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GM Global Mechanism ha hectare HDI Human Development Index ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests IFS Integrated Financing Strategies IIF Integrated Investment Frameworks IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests JNF Jewish National Fund JSDCBD The Jordanian Society for Desertification Control and Badia Development KKL Keren Kayemeth Le’Israel LDC Least Developed Country LFCC Low Forest Cover Country m meter m3 cubic meter MAAR Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform mm millimeter MoNP Ministry of Nature Protection n/a not available NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan NDP National Development Plan NFAP National Forestry Action Programme NFP National Forest Programme NFPF National Forest Programme Facility NGO Non-governmental Organization n.s. not significant, indicating a very small value NWFP Non-wood Forest Product PES Payment for Environmental Services PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and

maintenance of carbon stocks in forest, particularly through SFM SFM Sustainable Forest Management SIDS Small Island Developing States SLM sustainable Land Management SWAp Sector-wide Approach UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFF United Nations Forum of Forest USD United States Dollar yr year

© INDUFOR: BACKGROUND TO FOREST FINANCING IN LFCCs. First macro-level paper. 20 August 2010. 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sustainable forest management (SFM) aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental values of all types of forests now and in the future. SFM has suffered from declining financing over the last two decades. At the same time, loss of forest cover is of major global concern, increasingly so due to the linkages of forests to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Social and economic considerations drive land use and forest management decisions. The most common impetus for land use change is conversion from a less profitable option, such as forest/forestry, to more profitable one, such as agriculture or animal husbandry. The difference in profitability is real, at least in the short term, but often agricultural subsidies or other policies that favour agricultural expansion cause this profit disparity. In addition, some costs of land conversion are hidden. Environmental costs of logging, deforestation and forest degradation are not included in the real costs of forest logging and conversion. Moreover, forest values, such as non-wood forest products (NWFPs) and environmental services, are not included in the real forest value. Two effective means for reducing deforestation exist: (a) regulatory control of land use change, and (b) increasing the profitability of forestry compared to alternative land use options. The latter calls for both the elimination of agricultural subsidies in areas where the policy maker wishes to slow down the deforestation rate and more comprehensive forest valuation mechanisms, which could also generate financing for forests. This study focuses on forty-nine selected low forest cover countries (LFCCs), meaning countries with less than 10 per cent of their land under forest. Although the forest cover of LFCCs is not significant on a global scale, the forests and trees are extremely important to the well-being of the inhabitants of these countries, as forests combat against desertification and provide fuelwood, NWFPs and environmental services in watershed management. LFCCs are a heterogeneous group concerning size, population and economy. In many LFCCs, semiarid, arid or desert climates cause low forest cover. The main forest produce in nearly all LFCCs is wood fuel and charcoal; exceptions are developed countries and countries that have other easily available energy resources. Forest resources per capita in LFCCs are extremely low, and population pressure on the scarce resources is high. The main deforestation driver in LFCCs is agriculture. The rate of deforestation is alarming, especially in many of the least developed and developing LFCCs. LFCCs like Uruguay and South Africa, on the other hand, demonstrate that a favourable political and investment environment can generate substantial financing for the forest sector and can transform a low forest cover country (LFCC) into a forest-industry country. An important barrier to SFM in LFCCs is the lack of coordination among sectors. Forest policies, strategies and legislation are not sufficiently coordinated with other land-use and natural resource-related policies and legislation. This, together with common inter-sectoral competition at policy level, often causes those other sectors’ needs and liabilities to supplant forest issues. Even though forests and trees are very important from a poverty-reduction point of view as a source of energy and NWFPs, as a buffer against famine and as a provider of environmental services (e.g., erosion control, water services), they are not properly included in national politics. In the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) including forest elements, two common issues emphasized as a forest sector role in poverty reduction are energy and combating desertification and soil degradation. Over half of the LFCCs covered do not have a forest policy or strategy. In countries where a forest policy and legal framework do exist, the legislation is often outdated, and law


enforcement is insufficient or non-existent. Existing forest policies and strategies include an objective to maintain and (usually) to expand the forest area through SFM, afforestation and/or reforestation and forest conservation. Usually erosion control and energy production are the main objectives of reforestation and afforestation activities. In countries that do not have a forest policy, forests may be included in agricultural or environmental policies, strategies and legislation. Institutional, socio-economic and financial constraints hamper implementation of SFM in LFCCs. Two factors that have constrained past efforts include (a) a single-sector or project-dependent approach to the problem, unable to capture and therefore address the cross-sectoral nature of forest degradation, and (b) a lack of coordination and cooperation among different sectoral branches in the government and among development partners. Forest degradation requires longer-term engagement than what individual projects and institutions are often able to provide. Forests are not a national priority in most LFCCs where agriculture, food production and food security are of first concern. The forest sector is often seen as a backward, non-dynamic and corrupt niche sector. Also, forests are not linked effectively with other relevant sectors in policy and administrative levels; they are instead managed separately without proper coordination with other sectors. The majority of LFCCs have signed and ratified international agreements or declarations related to forestry (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – (UNFCCC) and Millennium Development Declaration). A will exists to take action in these areas in LFCCs. What is missing is financing and the national capacity to coordinate activities under and among separate programmes. Both financial and technical support are needed. One key theme for LFCCs is inter-sectoral programming and coordination. Forests, desertification, biodiversity and climate change adaptation are very much interrelated in LFCCs, but countries have not been able to generate overall integrated policies, strategies and action plans linking the concerned sectors properly. Even when integrated action plans do exist, another challenge is to create successful cooperation and coordination between authorities in plan implementation. Integrated approaches would support governments in raising and allocating funding towards these sectors and would be likely to generate more sustainable results. Countries could also benefit more from regional cooperation. Valuable lessons in developing sectoral coordination and financing could be taken from other sectoral mechanisms developed under, for example, the United Nations. The UNCCD and institutions like the Global Mechanism (GM) have worked to develop national-level Integrated Financing Strategies (IFS) and related Integrated Investment Frameworks (IIF) for leveraging national, bilateral and multilateral resources for sustainable land management (SLM). A more detailed analysis of the status of SFM financing and its linkages to other sectors is given in the macro 2 report “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low Forest Cover Countries”.


1. METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Sustainable forest management

In recent years, debate on climate change as well as on climate change mitigation and adaptation has drawn the attention of the global community towards forests and SFM. The role of forests in sustainable development is acknowledged, especially forests’ role in climate change policies. At the same time, the multitude of interests and stakeholders involved in forest management make the subject challenging to (a) find common ground concerning policies, strategies and methodologies for their management, and (b) channel financing into SFM activities. One universally agreed upon definition of SFM does not exist, but definitions of SFM supplied by various international organizations and used in regional and global processes are similar, varying mainly in their wording. The UNFF Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests describes SFM as follows: “Sustainable forest management, as a dynamic and evolving concept, aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental values of all types of forests, for the benefit of present and future generations”. Another common definition of SFM is “the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions at local, national and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems”1. In 1992, the Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forest of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also referred to as the "Forest Principles", defined a new paradigm for forest management. The set of 15 Forest Principles supports the overall objective of contributing to the management, conservation and sustainable development of forests and their multiple functions and uses. (In this regard, the concept of SFM complements the CBD ecosystem approach, because both hold sustainability as a tenet.) According to the Forest Principles definition, SFM incorporates the following key sustainability concepts: (a) stewardship; (b) enabling environment; (c) continuous flow of goods and services without undermining the resource base; (d) maintenance of ecosystem functioning and biodiversity; (e) maintenance of economic, social, and cultural functions; (f) benefit-sharing; and (g) stakeholder participation in decision-making. In short, SFM means that forest-related activities should not damage the forest to the extent that its capacity to deliver products and services - such as timber, water and biodiversity conservation - is significantly reduced. SFM should also aim to balance the needs of different forest users so that its benefits and costs are shared equitably. This study treats the forest sector in its broad sense, covering all activities related to forests and trees; this study also covers trees outside forests, agroforestry and wooded land areas. One caveat is that information on these non-conventional forest resources is limited and scattered.

1 This definition was agreed upon at the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe

in 1993.


1.1.2 Background of the assignment

In October 2009, the Member States of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) adopted a decision on means of implementation of SFM during a special session of the ninth session of UNFF. The decision launched two initiatives to catalyze funding for SFM. For the first initiative, the Forum established an intergovernmental Ad Hoc Expert Group, which analyses existing financing strategies for SFM and explores ways to improve access to funds, including the option of establishing a voluntary global forest fund. The second initiative is a “facilitative process” on forest financing to assist countries in mobilizing funding from all sources. The facilitative process addresses the special needs of countries that have faced a 20-year decline in forest financing. Specifically, these include, among others, Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs) and Small Islands Developing States (SIDS). The assignment “Facilitating Financing for Sustainable Forest Management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs): Component I – An Analysis and Assessment of Current Financing Flows and Gaps in Financing” has various complementary objectives. The assignment aims to improve the understanding of SFM and related financing policies and mechanisms for SFM in SIDS and LFCCs. With this increased understanding of country context of SFM financing, the financing gaps and opportunities as well as the necessary elements for an enabling environment can be identified. The assignment will also identify new, innovative and additional financing sources to meet the financing demands and to develop capacity and awareness among forest stakeholders. Supporting the process of “Facilitating Financing for Sustainable Forest Management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs)” continues the efforts of the United Nation´s Forum on Forests to systematically develop the SFM objectives as defined in the Global Objectives on Forests. Global forest forums (e.g., Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF), United Nations Forum of Forests (UNFF)) accept SFM as a goal in forest development. Various studies have demonstrated that unsustainable management (e.g., “cut and run” harvesting of natural forests) is much more profitable than SFM in comparable forests in the short term. Studies have further shown that, when practicing SFM in natural tropical forests, particularly in the tropics, average returns on investment remain clearly below normally expected business returns. However, well-managed fast-growing plantations can be attractive investments. Furthermore, the potential of additional income from non-traditional forest goods and services, such as income from payments for environmental services (PES) from carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation and watershed protection are not yet taken into account in forest valuation. This is despite the fact that that they can significantly increase the profitability of SFM, and thus be an important element of forest financing. The environmental costs of deforestation and degradation are neither reflected in national statistics nor linked to harvesting. Available statistical data indicates that vast majority of investment flows/financing to the forest sector, and presumably also to SFM, come from the private sector. Public sector financing has an important catalytic role, but its volume is clearly minor compared to private sector financing. The role of private sector financing in developing countries and countries in transition is expected to grow further, but this depends on incentives and policy approaches that have yet to be developed. Loss of forest cover is a major global concern, and there are various direct and indirect reasons for deforestation. Land use and forest management decisions are driven by social and economic considerations. According to many studies, the most common reason for deforestation is the land use change from a less profitable option (forest/forestry) to more profitable use, such as agriculture or animal husbandry. The difference in profitability is real, at least in the short term, but this difference is often caused by agricultural subsidies or other


policies that favour agricultural expansion. Consequently, there are at least two effective ways to reduce deforestation: (a) regulatory control of land use change and (b) increasing the profitability of forestry compared to alternative land use options. The latter includes the elimination of agricultural subsidies in areas where the policy maker wishes to slow down the deforestation rate. Currently under discussion in climate change negotiations, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries (known as the REDD+ mechanism) specifically addresses this issue by providing additional income to forest conservation and SFM, thus increasing the profitability of keeping land under forest cover. Other factors contribute to market imperfections. The externalities of forest management do not usually enter into the profitability calculations of the landowner, as global and local environmental services are not compensated to them. Another example is the distorted competition in the market place due to unscrupulous operators who do not respect regulations and thereby succeed in cutting their costs. This problem, compounded with widespread corruption related to weak forest governance in many countries, makes it difficult or even impossible for responsible operators to cover their costs of SFM. Available statistical data indicates that the vast majority of investment flows/financing to the forest sector, and presumably to SFM, come from the private sector (see macro 2 report entitled “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low Forest Cover Countries” for further details). Public sector financing plays an important catalytic role, but its volume is clearly minor compared with private sector financing. The role of private sector financing in developing countries and countries in transition is expected to grow further. 1.2 Approach and methodology

These studies thoroughly map out various existing and potential financing sources for SFM projects in LFCCs and SIDS at country- regional- and local levels. Financing patterns and modalities are observed in conjunction with three types of financing sources: foreign, domestic and innovative. Innovative financing mechanisms have been under intensive development, including PES, REDD/REDD+ SWAps, (Sector-wide Approaches) bundling, etc. At the same time, the information will be analysed using a step-wise analysis process (see Figure 1.1). This two-pronged approach of presentation and analysis provides a view of the current financing patterns and levels, the related environment, the gaps to overcome and the potential for increased mobilization of adequate and predictable financing for SFM. Additionally, as other sectors such as the agriculture, environment, energy and transport sectors greatly impact the forest sector, as and SFM financing can take place under other sectors, the inter-sectoral linkages are studied and the corresponding implications for SFM financing observed. The purpose of this first macro-level study is to collect and analyse socio-economical, institutional and policy framework characteristics. This study pays special attention to the capacity of this grouping of forty-nine LFCC countries to manage their forests sustainably, as well as to their ability to provide and attract financing for forests. The present study sets the scene and provides the background for the actual paper on forest financing paper, which will follow this study.


Figure 1.1 Approach

Data for this study have been collected mainly through Internet sources from government, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and United Nation organizations. FAO Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2005 and FAO ForestSTAT (FAO’s statistical database on forest information) have been the major sources of the statistical data to ensure that the huge volumes of data would be comparable. However, FAO FRA is based on countries’ own reporting, and resources to provide updated information vary from country to country. Forest inventories, if ever carried out, are outdated in nearly all LFCCs, and they do not cover, for instance, NWFPs, which in many cases are major products of forests. Forest-relevant information on cross-sectoral issues is particularly difficult to obtain, including forest-related statistics on agriculture, energy, transport and environment sectors. A financing survey for the countries included in this study has been conducted, but unfortunately, the response rate has been very low. Therefore, information has been collected mostly from secondary sources. The survey included a request to provide the latest policies and strategies related to the forest sector, but in the absence of responses, policies and strategies have been researched using the Internet. Additionally, four case studies have been prepared in select LFCC countries (Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Mali and Uruguay). These case studies provide better access to recent, detailed information. Detailed results of these case studies are presented in separate reports. In addition, case study information has been incorporated into the macro-level studies.


2. BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY GROUP

According to the FAO definition for low forest cover countries, LFCCs are countries with less than 10 per cent of their land under forest. Fifty-five LFCCs were reported in the FAO global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) 2005. This study covers the forty-eight independent LFCC countries that are also UN Member States. In addition, a Mali case study is included, as Mali’s forest cover decreased from 10.7 to 10.3 per cent between 2000 and 2005 according to FAO statistics. This study thus covers 49 countries. Although the forest cover of LFCCs is not significant on a global scale, the forests and trees are extremely important to the well-being of inhabitants of these countries. In many LFCCs, the rural people are highly dependent on the forest for products, such as fuelwood, and NWFPs, such as fodder. In addition, the forests and trees provide important watershed and other ecosystem services. Low rainfall is common in LFCC countries, and population pressure is high, especially in the areas with the most rainfall and forest cover; thus, the pressure on the environment and forests is great. According to current estimates, in most LFCCs, climate change will increase periodic droughts, which will affect not only the local people but also the forests on which they depend. Many of the LFCCs do not receive external support for SFM. This is in spite of the fact that the service provisions for maintaining biodiversity, protection of watersheds and adaptation to climate change are critical in most of the countries. Many LFCCs are among the developing countries, so their internal revenue generation and allocation of funds to SFM is often limited. The majority of LFCC countries are located in Africa, Central Asia and the Middle East. Only four Caribbean countries, three from South East Asia, two from the Pacific region and one each from Oceania, South America and Europe are included in the group. 15 out of 49 countries included in this study are considered among the least developed countries. As could be expected, semiarid, arid or desert climates cause low forest cover in many LFCC countries: 7 countries principally have an arid climate and 21 countries a desert one (covering the entire country or a large proportion of the land area). Despite the regularly harsh climatic conditions, arable land cover is often large in LFCCs, even in arid and desert climates. Agricultural expansion is then clearly the major cause of deforestation, especially in countries like Bangladesh, Barbados and other countries under heavy population pressure. In Bangladesh, arable land covers 55 per cent of the land area. In Barbados, Burundi, Malta and Togo, arable land cover covers over 30 per cent. Haiti and Pakistan have arable land cover of over 20 per cent. Land cover in Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Lesotho, Maldives, Niger, South Africa, Tunisia and Uzbekistan exceeds the world average of 10.8 per cent. In LFCC countries with desert climate, such as in the Syrian Arab Republic and Pakistan, the amount of arable land cover with irrigated agricultural is considerable. One LFCC sub-group comprises volcanic and coral islands, where the soil is unsuitable for agriculture (e.g., Iceland and Nauru) and arable land is minimal or non-existent. Annex 1 provides a summary of geographic and climatic conditions. LFCCs are a heterogeneous group in their size, population and economy. There are vast countries such as Iran and Pakistan; at the other end of the spectrum are tiny countries such as Kiribati, Malta, Nauru and Tonga. Singapore, the Maldives, Malta, Bahrain and Bangladesh are among the most densely populated countries of the world; among the least populated (having a population density from two to eight people per km2) are Mongolia, Iceland, Mauritania, Namibia, Libya, Kazakhstan and Chad. In the sparsely populated countries, the population is often concentrated in climatically more favourable areas and along coastline or rivers, the same areas where forests are normally located. Forest area per capita is below one


ha in all LFCCs except Mongolia and Namibia, where the area is over three ha per capita (see Annex 8). In the LFCCs of Central Asia and Africa, ethnic variation is large in general. Often the majority of the population is indigenous, but due to ethnic diversity, tensions between different groups commonly exist. For example, in Iraq, the Kurdish population has suffered serious discrimination for decades. Control over natural resources, including forests, is frequently one potential and unfortunately common cause of ethnic clashes. Political turmoil is currently taking or has recently taken place in about 12 of the 49 LFCCs studied. In many of these, the political situation is still strained, with ethnic or religious tensions factoring into the situation. Political conflicts reduce donor support to the forest sector, primarily because of security concerns but also for political reasons. In post-conflict situations, the forest sector is not commonly among the top priority sectors for receiving national budget allocations, nor for receiving post-conflict donor support (e.g., reconstruction of damaged infrastructure). The effects of political conflicts on forest financing are further analysed in the macro 2 study entitled “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low Forest Cover Countries”. LFCC countries differ widely in their placement rankings in the human development index (HDI). Fifteen countries on the list of LFCCs are classified as least developed countries, and their HDI is very low. In Afghanistan, Burundi, Chad, Mali and Niger, the index is below 0.4. LFCCs in Europe and Singapore represent the other extreme, having an index close to or above 0.95. Israel and oil producer countries of the Arabian Peninsula also have high HDIs of around 0.9. Annex 2 summarizes key socio-economic figures by country.


3. FORESTS AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIETY

Although forest cover in LFCCs is low, forest area can still be significant. Chad, Iran, Mali and Mongolia have forest areas of over 10 million hectares; South Africa over 9 million hectares. The following countries have large forest areas, the size of which is provided in parentheses: Kazakhstan (3,337,000 ha), Kenya (3,522,000 ha), Morocco (4,364,000 ha), Namibia (7,661,000 ha), Saudi Arabia (2,728,000 ha) and Turkmenistan (4,127,000). Typically, these forests are concentrated in a part of the country that has more favourable climatic conditions. Annex 3 includes the area of other wooded land in LFCCs, as such land has great significance when considering financing based on environmental services and, for example, combating desertification. Other wooded land is also an important source of fuelwood and NWFPs, as well as being important for animal husbandry. Other wooded land may have been previously classified as forest, but had later degraded to the extent that it is no longer categorized in that way. The global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 provides statistics on varying deforestation rates. According to FRA 2005, the deforestation rate in Afghanistan, Burundi, the Comoros, Mauritania, Niger, Pakistan and Togo is alarmingly high. Chad, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Mali, Mongolia and Namibia also suffer from deforestation, but with a less than 1 per cent annual rate. In several North African and Middle Eastern countries, the trend is the opposite: ambitious afforestation and reforestation programmes have increased the forested area in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates. In addition, Iceland, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Uruguay (see Box 3.1 for details) and Uzbekistan have been able to increase their forest area. FRA 2005 also provides statistics for land area increases and decreases under the category “other wooded land”. In Bangladesh, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan, the area of other wooded land has increased considerably. However, the decrease of other wooded land area in Algeria, Iraq, Lesotho, Mongolia, Niger and Tunisia has been alarming and seems to indicate an urgent need for actions to combat desertification in those countries. As previously discussed, in LFCCs the amount of arable land is high compared to the amount of forest cover, suggesting that agricultural expansion is a major driver of deforestation in LFCCs. Data on the contribution of forest (and other wooded land) to national economies are very limited. Statistics on industrial wood processing, exports and imports are available from FAO statistics, but information on other forest products and services (e.g., NWFPs and environmental services) is practically non-existent in these countries, and at best are fragmentary and inaccurate. Earlier studies conducted by various authors on NWFPs, forest-related PES, etc. have not covered LFCCs, or the authors present the data in a way that does not allow for drawing any LFCC-specific conclusions. In addition, agroforestry data and information on trees outside forests is particularly reported under the agricultural sector and is mostly impossible to extract barring a detailed, theme-specific case study.


Box 3.1 A success story of forest development -- Uruguay

Uruguay is an exceptional case among LFCCs as an example of how public funding with a supportive legislative framework may generate private funding for sustainable forestry. The country has been able to increase its forest cover in less than 20 years from 683,000 hectares to 1,722,000 hectares, or from 4 per cent to 9.5 per cent. The area of both native forest and planted forests has increased. Several favourable factors, such as good climatic conditions, low population density and pressure, a stable political environment, clear and well-organized land ownership and availability of a qualified labour force have supported the development of forestry in Uruguay. The Government of Uruguay has consistently developed policies and legislation to encourage and support afforestation activities and, later on, investments in forest industry development. The process was initiated in the late 1980s with the Forest Law, which identified and classified lands suitable for agriculture and cattle breeding or for forestry and afforestation. The initial aim was to diversify agricultural sector production and to create additional income for rural population through export-oriented wood production. Governmental subsidies supported the Forest Law: the Government granted tax-exemptions for native forest under management and financed a credit programme for afforestation activities with a World Bank loan (the programme was closed in 2001). General investment promotion legislation complemented these subsidies. During the economic crisis in early 2000, the ownership structure of the newly afforested areas changed when private owners sold their plantations to forest companies. A favourable business environment has attracted some large international investors in the country, and several large-scale forest sector investment projects have been implemented recently or are currently under development. The amount of forest products and the extent of value added have steadily increased during the last five years and will continue to increase as the plantations mature and the capacity of forest industry increases due to investments.

Forest sector orientation towards international markets has been a basis for the development of SFM practices in the country. Currently, the majority of plantation areas are under FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certification, and any new afforestation project needs to commit to following a national Code of Good Management Practices. So far, the forest development has been timber production- and industry-oriented, but currently Uruguay is also developing energy policies to increase the share of wood-based renewable energy in its energy portfolio. In addition, Uruguay is developing the National Protected Area System with the support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Uruguay has also developed a national mechanism for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, but thus far carbon credits have been generated only through the voluntary markets. Forests have been generating income and employment for the country as a whole and for its rural areas. However, the forest ownership structure has changed from the original small- holder majority, and mechanisms should be developed to increase private small holders’ opportunities to invest in and create income from SFM. An additional source of income for forest owners could be the integration of environmental services into the forest products palette, an option which should be further studied and developed.

Source: CONSUR 2010


3.1 Forest production, industry and trade

For this study, sources of information for production and processing data are FAO ForesSTAT and FRA 2005. According to FAO statistics, the annual processing figures are considerably higher than removals, using figures given in the FRA 2005. Based on comparisons and according to an analysis of the FAO2, the FAOSTAT (FAO’s statistical database) figures seem to be more realistic and reliable. FRA 2005 figures have only been used in this study for NWFPs. In FAOSTAT, figures are only available for forest products processing, not for total removals. Information on the production of goods and services from forest areas by other sectors (such as agriculture or environment sectors) is not available in existing statistical sources or in earlier studies in a form that would allow for the extraction of data for LFCCs. Specific detailed country-level studies would be required to obtain this information. The main forest produce in nearly all LFCCs is wood fuel and charcoal. Exceptions to this are developed countries (Iceland, Ireland, Malta, Singapore) and countries which have other resources of energy easily available (e.g. oil producers) combined with very small forest resources (Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi-Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates). In the Comoros, Kiribati, Lesotho, the Maldives, Namibia, Niger, Oman, Qatar, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Yemen, wood energy is virtually the only forest produce. Of the LFCC countries, 27 out of the 49 have sawn wood processing. Four produce less than 10,000 m3 annually (Chad, Egypt, Niger and Syria). Twenty countries process wood-based panels; considerable volumes of these (over 100,000 m3) are produced in Iran, Ireland, Israel, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Tunisia and Uruguay. Twenty-nine countries report pulp and paper production. Iran, Pakistan, South Africa and Uruguay produce over 1 million tons. It should be noted that the processing figures do not specify the roundwood source, and Singapore, which processes and exports significant volumes of forest products, operates completely with imported raw material. NWFPs were reported in only a few countries (FRA 2005). According to FRA 2005, at least in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Tunisia, NWFPs form an important part of forest sector products as food, fodder and raw materials. It is obvious that especially in the least developed countries, the NWFPs are an essential part of forest produce in addition to wood fuel, but data and information on their volumes and values is difficult to collect on a national scale. Annex 5 contains a summary table on processing by country. As could be expected, the majority of LFCCs are net importers of forest products, and their trade balance is negative in large margins. Exceptions are Uruguay and South Africa. Uruguay is a net exporter of all forest products. South Africa is a net exporter of industrial roundwood and pulp and paper, but a net importer of sawn wood. Afghanistan and Togo are also sawn wood net exporters, though the volumes are minor (see Annex 6). 3.2 Contribution of forests to national economies

The contribution of forests to the national economies is not generally readily available in national accounts or in other public domain statistics. This is because the sector is considered marginal in LFCCs and is usually included under agricultural sector statistics, where forest specific information cannot be disaggregated. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is often the main productive sector in the least developed LFCCs. Agriculture competes for scarce land (and water) resources with forestry. However, in a number of LFCCs, the contribution of forests to national economies can be indirectly significant; i.e., through watershed protection, tourism, windbreak and other services. However, such information is not available in statistics, and only qualitative information can be provided from the case study

2 FAO 2006. FAO FRA 2005 and FAOSTAT – Comparing Estimates on Wood Removals.


countries. As an example, forests provide significant inputs for animal husbandry (fodder, shade) and also agriculture (wind breaks and reduction of sand movements). Among developing and especially the least developed LFCCs, fuel wood is often the main source of energy available to the majority of population (see Annex 4 for fuel wood and charcoal processing). Gross domestic products (GDPs) do not include many of the forest products, and even those products that are recognized are often produced and traded in the informal sector and are therefore not included in official statistics. NWFPs are one such group of products lacking information. South Africa and Uruguay are two exceptions among LFCCs: both countries have developed their forest sector and forest industry in a systematic manner based on forest plantations. In South Africa, forestry is considered to be one of the key growth sectors. Plantations cover about 1.3 million ha of South Africa’s land surface, and production from these plantations amounted in 2006 to more than 22 million m3 of commercial roundwood. The forest sector employs close to 170,000 people and contributes over USD 2 billion to the South African economy. The role of plantations in providing wood-based products and services is likely to increase in the future as their management sustainability is easier to achieve in economic terms. As a caveat, this can occur only if the social and environmental aspects are first properly taken into account in the establishment phase and also in the management, a critical point for LFCCs with limited land resources and growing population. In Uruguay, the work accomplished for forestry development in the last 20 years is now beginning to bear fruit, as the plantations are maturing. Uruguay has nearly 1 million hectares of planted forests, and in a rather small economy, the significance of the forest sector as an employer is increasing (currently there are nearly 12,000 employees in forest management), being especially important in rural areas. Thus far, the sector contribution in national economy has been reported under agricultural sector, but the exports of forest products have increased in recent years considerably from USD 100 000 in 2003 to USD 950 000 in 2008. 3.3 Status of forest management

A majority of the LFCCs have over 50 per cent of their forests under state ownership (Togo, Uruguay and Yemen are exceptions). However, the management responsibility is unclear in many cases. In developing countries, the governments rarely have sufficient resources to provide technical support and monitor forest management when the management responsibility is given or contracted out to a community or a private entity. Although forest policies and legal frameworks exist in many countries, the legislation is often outdated, and law enforcement is insufficient or non-existent. The change in growing stock is not reported for all LFCCs. However, in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Chad, the Comoros, Haiti. Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan and Tajikistan, the growing stock is decreasing rapidly – the most alarming decreases are in Mongolia and Pakistan. In the sub-group with high deforestation, a major challenge is harsh environmental and climate conditions combined with high population pressure and dependence on wood-based energy. Forest resources per capita are typically very small in all LFCCs. In countries where cattle grazing relies on natural pastures, overgrazing often hinders the natural regeneration of forests. These factors, together with the lacking expertise and resources, make it very difficult to stop deforestation. Due to scarce water resources and the climatic conditions, the reforestation of already deforested or degraded areas is challenging. As already mentioned in chapter 3, many North African and Middle Eastern countries have been able to increase their forest area in recent years. This is visible in their growing stock, which has been especially increasing in Algeria, Iran and Morocco (see Annex 8).


Information on the status of biodiversity conservation of forests in LFCCs is difficult to obtain. However, FRA 2005 statistics show the proportion of protection and conservation of forest areas as a percentage of total forest area per country (see Annex 8). This ratio of protection/conservation to total forested area can be used as a rough proxy for understanding the level of forest biodiversity conservation, though one problem is that protection and conservation areas in developing LFCCs often suffer from encroachment and other illegal practices. According to FAO FRA 2005, the designated purpose of forest in many countries is to be multifunctional, covering production, protection and social services. However, the role of forests in watershed management and erosion control is predominant, because when the majority of LFCCs reported their designated forest function, more forest area was reported under protection and conservation (thus requiring the use of forests in watershed management and erosion control) than under productive functions. Another proxy for the status of SFM in production forests is the amount of certified forest areas. Certified forest areas are found only in countries that have export-oriented forest processing. South Africa and Uruguay have approximately 1 million ha of certified forests, and Ireland, Kenya and Morocco each have a few thousand hectares of certified forests. Information on national codes of forest management practices and similar guidelines is scattered, but at least Iran, Ireland, Lesotho, Mauritania, Niger and Uruguay have national SFM guidelines.


4. POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS

4.1 Poverty reduction strategies

The PRSPs of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burundi, the Comoros, Djibouti, Haiti, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, the Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia and Niger have clear elements concerning the role of forests in the Poverty Reduction Strategy (see Annex 9). Chad, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Yemen either have minor references to forestry, or have not mentioned the forest sector at all in their PRSPs. Two common issues emphasized in the forest sector role in poverty reduction are energy and combating desertification and soil degradation. PRSPs tend to generally cover watershed management, and the main theme is “integrated watershed management”. Several countries (including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burundi, Kyrgyzstan and Mali) also recognize forest sector potential for income generation directly through forest sector employment, or through small-scale industry development and community forestry. The Comoros, Haiti, the Maldives and Mali emphasize the indirect contribution of the forest sector to ensuring productivity in other sectors, such as the agriculture sector, with agroforestry. Mongolia and Niger (with its Arabic gum) highlight the potential of the NWFPs and NWFP processing. Togo is the only country that has recognized forest and climate change financing potential in its PRSP. For the countries that do not have a PRSP, other national strategies have been analysed when available. Iceland, Ireland, Namibia, Tonga and Turkmenistan include forests in their national development strategies, listing afforestation and reforestation as activities for erosion control and watershed management, and also as part of their climate change strategy. Barbados, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Malta, Nauru, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay do not mention forests in their national development or macroeconomic strategies. This is particularly surprising in the case of Uruguay, but one explanation could be the general macroeconomic focus of their economic strategy. Generally, forests are included in national development strategies in only the few LFCCs that already have some tradition of forest sector activities (afforestation and reforestation). Even though the financial contribution of forests is marginal, the environmental and social benefits that forests contribute to national well-being are too often dismissed in national development contexts. 4.2 Forest policy framework

Twenty-two of the LFCCs included in this study have a forest policy document (Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Burundi, Iceland, Ireland, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, South Africa, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uruguay and Uzbekistan). In four countries, a policy is under preparation or undergoing the consultation process (Iraq, the Maldives, Tonga and Yemen). In the case of Chad, Djibouti and Togo, recent information has been unavailable. Generally, countries that have a forest policy document have also established a strategy for the policy implementation. Only Syria and Turkmenistan have thus far not established a clear strategy for policy implementation. Saudi Arabia has several programmes that combined together could be considered a forest strategy, but a clear policy that guides the general forest sector development is missing. Fourteen African and Asian countries (Burundi, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, South Africa, Tunisia, Uzbekistan and Yemen) have received or are currently receiving support for their national forest programme (NFP) preparation and/or implementation from the FAO National Forest Programme Facility (NFPF). In addition, Ireland has a completed NFP, and Iraq is in the process of developing its NFP. Forest legislation is in force in twenty-two countries in this study (Bangladesh, Burundi, Haiti, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia,


Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syria, Tajikistan, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uruguay and Uzbekistan). In the majority of these countries, the legislation was passed in the 1990s or in the first half of the 2000s decade. Afghanistan and Algeria are in the process of developing and approving new forest legislation. In Libya’s case, no up-to-date information has been available. Haiti, Iraq, Mauritania and Saudi Arabia have forest legislation, but none of these countries has a clear forest policy or strategy. Annex 10 presents a summary of forest policies, strategies and legislation in LFCC countries. In the twenty-two LFCCs that do have forest legislation, the problem often lies in law enforcement, as most of the developing and least developed LFCCs suffer from insufficient capacity to monitor the forest sector. Another issue is the lack of coordination between sectors: forest policies, strategies and legislation are not sufficiently coordinated with other land use- and natural resource-related policies and legislation. This, together with common inter-sectoral competition at the policy level, often causes those other sectors’ needs and liabilities to supplant forest issues. In the countries that do not have a forest policy and/or legislation, forests may be included in other relevant sectoral policies and legislation, but unfortunately the scope of and resources for this study do not allow for analysis of other sectors’ legislation. However, the same problem of insufficient law enforcement capacity prevails regardless of the sectoral legislation. Forests and forests as an environmental issue are a niche in LFCCs, and scarce country resources are instead targeted to address more urgent needs in poverty reduction and agriculture.


Box 4.1 Contribution of forests to poverty reduction in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the LFCCs where forests are well integrated into the poverty reduction and development strategies of the country.

The national PRSP of Bangladesh acknowledges the role of forests in the poverty reduction potential of the country. Forestry is presented as one of the critical sectors for pro-poor economic growth.

The forest development programme aims at large-scale afforestation, conservation of forests, increase in timber supplies, and conservation of biodiversity and wildlife. The main objectives of the twenty-year Forestry Master Plan (1995-2015) and the National Forestry Policy are to promote production-oriented and participatory forest development, so that at least 20 per cent of the country’s land is covered under the afforestation programme through the coordinated efforts of the Government, NGOs, the private sector and the local people. The main areas of intervention include expansion of forests in depleted hills and khas3 land, tree plantation in rural areas on private land and along the roadsides, railway tracks, embankment slopes and courtyards of rural organizations, the last item to be achieved with the help of community participation of the poor.

Forests are also included in the strategy for nature conservation. Two issues garner forest-related attention: (a) biodiversity and (b) afforestation and tree plantation.

Bangladesh has identified the main causes of forest depletion to be (a) lack of a conservation approach, (b) low priority accorded to biodiversity conservation, (c) encroachment by outsiders, (d) inadequate participation of people and civil society, (e) lack of law and order and inadequate legal support, (f) corruption and pressure from the local elites,

(g) poor management and administration, (h) lack of proper monitoring and accountability, and (i) absence of incentives for Forest Department employees.The integration of environmental issues across all policies, including macroeconomic policies, is striven for in order to address environmental issues relevant to the conservation of nature.

Strategic goals identified in the PRSP include the following:

• Reducing the rate of deforestation • Conserving biodiversity of the country, for example with the development of a co-management

model on afforestation • Ensuring the full participation of women in economic activities • Ensuring the sustainable livelihood of the poor, for example by establishing clear property

rights of ownership and by implementing licensing systems for the use of water bodies or for the harvesting of forests

Although forestry accounts for barely 2 per cent of Bangladesh GDP, its importance is increasing: it has grown at around 4 per cent annually over the 1990s. Officially, forestry covers about 2.5 million hectares or 17 per cent of the total land area. However, if one considers the encroachment into reserved forest areas, clearing of forestland for cultivation and felling of trees, the actual area under forestry is far less than the official estimates. Fortunately, growth in social and community forestry as a result of a vigorous campaign for tree plantation has already made a significant contribution. A very concrete improvement has been the availability of fuelwood: the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is only 0.01 m3 and 0.07 m3 respectively -- perhaps one of the lowest levels of consumption in the world. The supply is inadequate even to meet the low level of consumption. In 2002, the per capita demand for timber and fuel wood was calculated to be 3.2 and 8.7 million m3, thus yielding an estimated deficit of 62 per cent and 60 per cent respectively. Afforestation campaigns have already improved the availability of fuelwood. Trees outside forests have become increasingly important in providing wood and NWFPs.

3 Public land


4.3 Forest policies, national forest programmes and other forest strategies

Forest policies, NFPs and forest strategy papers available for the countries included in this study were analysed in detail to find the main commonalities and diversity of policies and strategies. In some cases, a policy document was not available, so the analysis is based on secondary sources. The FAO NFPF is an important source of support to the LFCCs in their NFP development and implementation, as 15 countries are receiving support from the Facility. Annex 11 lists the major themes in LFCC forest policies by country. All forest policies and strategies include an objective to maintain and usually to expand the forest area through SFM, afforestation and/or reforestation and forest conservation. Frequently erosion control and energy production are the main objectives of reforestation and afforestation activities. Uruguay, South Africa and (in part) Mali are focusing on industrial wood production. Forest fire prevention is an important element of SFM and forest protection in many LFCCs. Institutional reforms are also commonly found among the forest policy objectives, and these reform goals usually strive for decentralization of forest administration and management. An essential part of all the institutional reform processes is increasing the role of local communities and the private sector in forest management. Legal reforms or amendments are listed as policy objectives in Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Kenya, Mali and Uzbekistan. Legislative reforms for forestry have already been carried out in Mongolia and Namibia. Increasing the role of local communities and the private sector is a policy objective requiring capacity building both at the grassroots level and among forest professionals and administration. This is reflected in the forest policies of Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Burundi, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Mongolia, Namibia, Pakistan, South Africa, Tunisia and Uzbekistan. In Uruguay and South Africa (in part), capacity building focuses on research and technology development. Although information on LFCC forest resources is mostly outdated, and recent inventory information is not available at national level, improved forest sector information management is among the policy objectives only in Kyrgyzstan, Mali, South Africa and Uruguay. Burundi, Kyrgyzstan, South Africa, Bangladesh and Ireland have included improved communication in their policies in the form of awareness raising campaigns. Very few policies describe investment programmes, but both Kenya and Mongolia aim to implement incentive programmes: Kenya for SFM and Mongolia for reforestation and afforestation. In Kyrgyzstan, the policy does not include actual investment programmes; rather it aims to improve the efficiency of the forest financing system. In Mali, the focus is on creating an enabling environment for forest investments. In Ireland, the policy aim is to enhance private sector forestry and forest production. Mali also recognizes the potential of the donor community in providing financial support for forests. The level of integration of other sector policies into forest policies and vice versa varies among the countries. Agriculture is the non-forest sector most often mentioned in forest policies. For example, in Bangladesh, Burundi, Morocco and Tunisia, there are strong linkages between forestry and agriculture in the form of agroforestry, silvopastoral systems and maintenance of agricultural land productivity. Analysis of other sector policies and how forests are included could not be made due to the low response rate in the survey and limited time for this study. The forest policies and strategies of Namibia, Bangladesh and Uruguay raise the potential for tourism and recreation. The forest policies and strategies of Least Developed Country (LDC) LFCCs often mention energy, as wood fuel is usually the main source of household energy. Uruguay is currently integrating the forest industry into energy policies to increase the share of wood-based energy in its energy portfolio.


Related policies and strategies (including those for environment, biodiversity, agriculture, desertification, climate change, infrastructure, energy, transport and tourism) would be important to review in more detail to analyse further inter-sectoral linkages. However, due to the low response rate of the survey carried out to collect information and documents on these policies, and due to the limited time and resources of the present study, a detailed analysis of other policies and strategies could not be included. The majority of LFCCs in this study have signed, and many have also ratified, the UNCCD. Through this convention and National Action Plans developed for the mechanism, LFCCs have analysed the role of forests and forestry in combating desertification and evaluated the significance of forest degradation and deforestation as drivers for desertification and soil degradation. Similarly, in their national communications and adaptation strategies for the UNFCCC, countries have evaluated the role of forests in the context of climate change, and in the case of LFCCs, particularly the role of forests in climate change adaptation. National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) developed under the CBD should be included in further studies, as forests are a key ecosystem in biodiversity conservation. In the macro 2 study, financing generated with the support of these conventions is included in the sustainable forest financing analysis. 4.4 Institutions and organizations and level of centralization of forest administration

The subordinate nature of forests and the forest sector to agriculture is visible also in the organization of forest administration in many LFCCs. The ministry responsible for forests is usually the one responsible for agriculture or environment. In most cases there is, under the ministry, a forest department or directorate that is responsible for policy implementation. In some cases, production forestry and conservation are under different departments or even ministries (e.g. Israel, the Maldives and Uruguay). However, ministries and departments responsible for forests should have excellent communication and a cooperative relationship with the other authorities responsible for sectors linked to forests (agriculture, environment, water, irrigation, energy, land administration, tourism and transport), but this is not the case in many countries. For example, in the case study countries, it seems to be common that instead of cooperation and coordination, ministries are unfortunately competing against each other, especially if the available resources are very limited. Synergies that could be gained through inter-sectoral cooperation in the quest for finance and the organization of activities are lost. Extension services are often organized through separate programmes and are not available on a regular basis. Of the case study countries, only Uruguay has good coordination and communication between different line ministries. In Kyrgyzstan and Mali, coordination is poor or non-existent, not only among ministries, but also among different departments under the same ministry. NGOs are major actors in forest management and protection in many LFCCs, often serving to link forests with other sectors (agriculture, rural development, watershed management, biodiversity, energy). NGOs in LFCCs rarely have forests as their primary pursuit, but forests are often linked to another primary target. For example, there have been, until very recently, no forest NGOs in Jordan except the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, to which the government has given a mandate to establish and manage protected areas, including protected forest areas. However, there are several well-organized NGOs focusing on the environment, nature conservation and combating desertification, and they have a good working relationship with governmental organizations. In Mali, local and international NGOs are implementing internationally funded development projects and programmes with linkages to forests. In Kyrgyzstan, a total of over 11,000 NGOs includes a large number of environmentally-orientated NGOs active in forest issues. The Uruguayan Non-governmental organization (NGO) sector is rather weak and fragmented: some national environmental NGOs exist, and they have also participated in the preparation of the criteria and indicators for


SFM, but they do not contribute to forest financing. In Uruguay, the NGOs are organized under the National Association of NGOs (ANONG). In most countries, there are research organizations conducting research in forests and forestry. Often these institutes focus on agriculture or the environment, but many countries also have organizations specialized only in forests. Data on the resources and financing of these forest-focused organizations is unfortunately not available. Similarly, forestry training up to the university level is available in most LFCCs, although the most advanced training is often obtained abroad. In addition to national research organizations, international organizations are doing research in LFCCs, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) being two examples of this (see Annex 12). The private sector role varies among countries. Of the case study countries, in Mali, the decentralization process has transferred administration and management responsibility to the local level and village organizations. Fuel wood and charcoal represent over 90 per cent of country’s household energy supply. Otherwise, forest production activities are few: village organizations are allowed to collect wood and process charcoal, and there are a few pit sawyers and artisanal furniture manufactures. In Uruguay, the private sector is well organized and plays a key role in providing funding and resources to the forest sector (see the macro 2 study and Uruguay case study for further details). In Kyrgyzstan, long-term leases of public forest land to families or the private sector are important in forest management and provide a major source of funding for forest administration. Forests are still owned by the state in the majority of LFCCs (see Annex 8 for ownership). Forest administration has been centralized, but forest authorities’ resources to carry out their duties have been limited. The recent trend has been towards more decentralized forest administration and management. Forest policies commonly state as an aim local community involvement in forest management through joint forest management, community forestry schemes or forest land leases (see the Kyrgyzstan case study for an example of this). Also, overall government decentralization programmes have supported development towards local-level administration. Institutional, socio-economic, and financial constraints hamper implementation of SFM in LFCCs. Some of the factors that have hindered past efforts include a single-sector or project-dependent approach to the problem, which has resulted in (a) an inability to capture and therefore address the cross-sectoral nature of forest degradation, and (b) a lack of coordination and cooperation among different sectoral branches in the government and among development partners. Forest degradation requires a longer-term engagement than individual projects and institutions are often able to provide. 4.5 Inter-sectoral linkages

SFM recognizes the multidimensional role of forests in society. Other sectors outside the forest sector with major impacts on forests and the forest sector are agriculture, environment, water, energy, mining, climate change, public infrastructure and transport sectors, and these should be coordinated with forest policies, strategies and activities. However, this is not the case in many LFCCs, as, for example, institutional barriers prevent communication and coordination between sectors. The forest sector as such does not exist politically or economically; in LFCCs, the most important sector is usually agriculture, or in a forest context, sometimes the environment. Food production and food security are national priorities; thus, agriculture often competes with forests over scarce land resources. On the other hand, forests are a prerequisite for sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry, as they protect agricultural lands from erosion and desertification and provide fodder and shelter for cattle. Agroforestry is a practice often mentioned in national poverty reduction and development strategies as a means of increasing and diversifying agricultural production and income base as well as conserving soil from degradation (see section 4.1). In LFCCs, trees outside forests,


such as those in agroforestry systems and other wooded lands are particularly important in providing wood, NWFPs and environmental services. Another key sector interconnected with forests is energy, because in many LFCCs (except countries with hydrocarbon resources), wood energy is the main source of household energy. All these important aspects could be controlled with efficient land use policies and legislation, but an effective cross-sectoral approach is lacking in most cases, especially in developing LFCCs. Of the case study countries, Uruguay has been able to allocate lands and resources to forest development without compromising agricultural sector activities, by implementing policy and legislation guiding land use. As another example, Namibia is also aiming towards integrated SLM through a pilot partnership that involves all relevant ministries. Finally, an integrated Livelihood Approach has been tested in Namibia and Kenya in natural resource management at project and programme levels. PRSPs are important documents in developing LFCCs, as they reflect national priorities. Considering the significance of forests in watershed management, and considering the climatic conditions in LFCCs, surprisingly few countries mention forest in the context of watershed management in their PRSPs. In addition, environmental and biodiversity issues linked to forests are absent in many PRSPs and national strategies. This could again reflect a lack of inter-sectoral coordination. Forests in LFCCs cannot contribute much to climate change mitigation on a global scale, but they are of uttermost importance in national-level climate change adaptation strategies. Also, climate change seems to be viewed too much as an independent phenomenon in most LFCCs, although climate change will inevitably affect the poorest population dependent on natural resources and agriculture the most. Despite this, climate change strategies are not linked to poverty reduction virtually at all. One reason is of course that climate change strategies are recent documents in many LFCCs or still under development, yet it could be expected that climate change would be at least mentioned in the PRSPs (see Annex 9). All the aforementioned themes are important from the poverty reduction point of view, and forests serve in many ways the poorest population in particular, who oftentimes rely on forest services and products. However, lack of political attention has resulted in forests’ not being integrated into national policymaking and strategy formulation. This is also reflected at a grassroots level. 4.6 Key challenges for financing of SFM

The second macro-level paper “Financing for sustainable forest management in LFCCs” will discuss in more detail the current status and challenges for the financing of SFM, but in order to provide background information, certain critical barriers can already be identified. LFCCs are a heterogeneous group politically, geographically and economically. Forests are not a national priority in the LFCCs in which agriculture, food production and food security are most urgent. The forest sector is often viewed as a backward, non-dynamic and corrupted niche sector, and forests are not linked effectively with other relevant sectors in policy and administration. Only half of the LFCCs in this study have a forest policy or strategy, and the public sector capacity to develop and implement forest policies, strategies and legislation is often extremely limited. Forest policies are often sectorally restricted with no clear connections to other relevant policies. In many LFCCs, people view forests mainly as protecting the environment, but their role is not fully understood, for example, in an agricultural context. Forest activities are mainly implemented through projects or programmes, often as a by-product of agricultural projects and activities that have no institutional or economical sustainability after the project ends.


The majority of LFCCs have signed and ratified international agreements or declarations related to forestry, including the UNCCD, CBD, UNFCCC and Millennium Development Declaration. There is a will to take action in LFCCs, but what is missing is financing and national capacity to coordinate activities within one or among separate programmes. Both financial and technical supports are needed, and one key theme is inter-sectoral programming and coordination. Forests, desertification, biodiversity and climate change adaptation are very much interconnected in LFCCs, but countries have not been able to generate overall integrated policies, strategies and action plans linking these sectors properly. Even when integrated actions plans do exist, another challenge is to create successful cooperation and coordination between authorities in implementation. Integrated approaches would support governments in raising and allocating funding for these sectors and would be likely to generate more sustainable results. Countries could also benefit more from regional cooperation. A good example of a new regional cooperation effort is the African Forest Forum (AFF)4, which although it is not an LFCC-specific entity, it covers many LFCCs. Valuable lessons in advancing sectoral coordination and financing could be learned from other sectoral mechanisms developed under organizations such as the UN. The UNCCD and its subsidiary body, the GM, have worked to develop national-level integrated financing strategies (IFS) and related IIF for leveraging national, bilateral and multilateral resources for SLM. The IFS is a process for mobilizing a mix of financial resources to fund country-specified priority programmes and projects related to SLM. The GM is supporting UNCCD country Parties by means of the IFS, which include a) direct country interactions based on a technical cooperation project and b) supportive interventions such as the organization of the Knowledge Exchange and Capacitating Workshops at sub-regional and national levels. To this aim, the GM is working closely with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) at all levels as well as with other organizations such as the World Bank, FAO, the United Nations Environment Programme and bilateral agencies at the country level. Similar to forests and forest management, SLM involves various sectors. The basic definition of an integrated investment framework of the Global Mechanism derives from the multi-sectoral and cross-cutting nature of SLM, which includes agriculture and forestry in any form (subsistence, small and large scale, industrial plantations, etc.) and rural development as a whole. Traditionally SFM and SLM have been viewed mainly as environmental issues, but they should be discussed in a wider context of socio-economic development. A more detailed analysis of the status of SFM financing and its linkages to other sectors is provided in the macro 2 report “Financing forests and sustainable forest management in Low Forest Cover Countries”.

4 NGO established in 2006.

Annex 1


Annex 1 Geographic and climatic conditions

Country LDC Geographic

region Climatic region

Ave. annual precipitation

(mm)

Arable land cover

(%)

Afghanistan Yes Asia Arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

50-700 12.00

Algeria Africa Arid to semiarid 250-800 3.20 Bahrain Asia Arid; mild 76 2.80 Bangladesh Yes Asia Tropical 1 270-1 520 55.00 Barbados Caribbean Tropical; rainy season 1 413 37.00

Burundi Yes Africa Equatorial; considerable variation due to altitude

1 500 36.00

Chad Yes Africa Tropical in south, desert in north 700 2.80 Comoros Yes Africa Tropical marine; rainy season 2 562 36.00

Djibouti Yes Africa Desert; torrid, dry/semiarid, hot and dry

130 0.04

Egypt Africa Desert 200 (coastal

area) 2.90

Haiti Yes Caribbean Tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

1 400-2 000 28.00

Iceland Europe Cool temperate maritime 600-4 000 0.07 Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Asia Mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

100-2 000 9.78

Iraq Asia Mostly desert 100-180 13.10 Ireland Europe Temperate maritime 750-1 250 16.80

Israel Asia Temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

493 15.50

Jordan Asia Mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

273 3.30

Kazakhstan Asia Continental, arid and semiarid 581 8.30

Kenya Africa Varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

925 8.00

Kiribati Yes Oceania Tropical; marine 2 501 2.70 Kuwait Asia Dry desert 96 0.80

Kyrgyzstan Asia

Dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

230-500 6.60

Lesotho Yes Africa Temperate 600-1 200 10.90

Libya Africa Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

251 1.00

Maldives Yes Asia Tropical 1 780-2 280 13.00 Mali Yes Africa Subtropical to arid 1 098.5 4.00 Malta Europe Mediterranean 599 31.30 Mauritania Yes Africa Desert 157 0.20 Mongolia Asia Desert; continental 209 0.80

Morocco Africa Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

423 19.00

Namibia Africa Desert 370 1.00 Nauru Pacific Tropical with a monsoonal pattern 1 472 0.00 Niger Yes Africa Desert, tropical in extreme south 585 11.40

Oman Asia Dry desert; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

99 0.10

Pakistan Asia Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

489 24.40

Qatar Asia Arid 80 1.60

Saudi Arabia Asia Harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

106.5 1.70

Singapore Asia Tropical 2 370 1.50

Annex 1


Country LDC Geographic

region Climatic region

Ave. annual precipitation

(mm)

Arable land cover

(%)

South Africa Africa Mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast

629 12.10

Syrian Arab Republic

Asia Mostly desert 234 24.80

Tajikistan Asia Midlatitude continental, semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

700-1 600 6.50

Togo Yes Africa Tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

949 44.20

Tonga Pacific Tropical; modified by trade winds 1 680 20.00 Tunisia Africa Temperate in north, desert in south 468 17.10 Turkmenistan Asia Subtropical desert 210 4.50 United Arab Emirates

Asia Desert; cooler in eastern mountains 25-925 0.80

Uruguay South America Warm temperate 1 015 7.80

Uzbekistan Asia Mostly midlatitude desert, semiarid grassland in east

417 10.50

Yemen Yes Asia Mostly desert 39 2.90 Least developed countries

7.90

(FAO)

World 10.80 (FAO)

Annex 2


Annex 2 Basic socioeconomic data by country

Country Population 2009 est.

Ethnic and indigenous groups Popula-tion

density

GDP/capita (USD) 2009

est. HDI 1000 ha

Afghanistan 28 395 716 Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%

44 800 0.352 65 209

Algeria 34 178 188 Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

14 7 100 0.754 238 174

Bahrain 728 709 Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% 1 026 38 400 0.895 71

Bangladesh 156 050 883 Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims)

1 084 1 600 0.543 14 400

Barbados 284 589 Black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%

662 18 500 0.903 43

Burundi 9 511 330 Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%

342 300 0.394 2 783

Chad 10 329 208

Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3%

8 1 500 0.392 128 400

Comoros 752 438 Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

405 1 000 0.576 186

Djibouti 724 622 Somali or Issas 60%, Afar 35%, other 5%

31 2 800 0.52 2 320

Egypt 78 866 635 Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% 79 6 000 0.703 100 145 Haiti 9 035 536 Black 95%, mulatto and white 5% 328 1 300 0.532 2 756

Iceland 306 694 Homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%, population of foreign origin 6%

3 39 600 0.969 10 300

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

66 429 284

Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

40 12 900 0.782 164 820

Iraq 28 945 569 Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5%

66 3 600 n/a 43 832

Ireland 4 203 200 Irish 87.4%, other white 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, unspecified 1.6%

60 42 200 0.965 7 027

Israel 7 233 701 Jewish 76.4%, non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly Arab) (2004)

343 28 400 0.935 2 106

Jordan 6 269 285 Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

70 5 300 0.770 8 921

Kazakhstan 15 399 437

Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uyghur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

6 11 800 0.804 272 490

Kenya 39 002 772

Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African 1%

67 1 600 0.541 58 037

Kiribati 112 850 Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% 155 5 300 n/a 73

Kuwait 2 692 526 Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%

151 54 100 0.916 1 782

Kyrgyzstan 5 431 747 Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian 1%, Uyghur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

27 2 100 0.710 19 990

Lesotho 2 130 819 Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

70 1 700 0.514 3 035

Libya 6 324 357 Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% 4 15 200 0.847 175 954 Maldives 396 334 South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs 1 321 4 200 0.771 30

Annex 2


Country Population 2009 est.

Ethnic and indigenous groups Popula-tion

density

GDP/capita (USD) 2009

est. HDI 1000 ha

Mali 13 443 225

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

11 1 200 0.371 124 019

Malta 405 165 Maltese 1 266 23 800 0.902 32

Mauritania 3 129 486 Mixed Moor/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

3 2 100 0.52 102 552

Mongolia 3 041 142 Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other 0.1% (2000)

2 3 200 0.727 156 650

Morocco 31 285 174 Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

70 4 600 0.654 44 655

Namibia 2 108 665

Ovambo 50%, Kavangos 9%, 7% Herero, 7% Damara, 5% Nama, 4% Caprivian, 3% Bushmen, 2% Baster, 0.5% Tswana

3 6 400 0.686 82 429

Nauru 14 019 Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%

701 5 000 n/a 2

Niger 15 306 252 Haoussa 55.4%, Djerma Sonrai 21%, Tuareg 9.3%, Peuhl 8.5%, Kanouri Manga 4.7%, other 1.2%

12 700 0.34 126 700

Oman 3 418 085 Arab, Baluchi, South Asian, African 11 23 900 0.846 30 950

Pakistan 174 578 558

Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%

219 2 600 0.572 79 610

Qatar 833 285 Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

72 121 700 0.91 1 159

Saudi Arabia 28 686 633 Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% 13 20 400 0.843 214 969

Singapore 4 657 542 Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

6 952 50 300 0.944 67

South Africa 49 052 489 Black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/asian 2.5%

40 10 100 0.683 121 909


21 762 978 Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

118 4 600 0.742 18 518

Tajikistan 7 349 145 Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)

52 1 800 0.688 14 255

Togo 6 031 808

African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

106 900 0.499 5 679

Tonga 120 898 Polynesian, Europeans 168 4 600 0.768 72

Tunisia 10 486 339 Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

64 8 000 0.769 16 361

Turkmenistan 4 884 887 Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

10 6 900 0.739 48 810

United Arab Emirates

4 798 491 Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates 8%

57 42 000 0.903 8 360

Uruguay 3 494 382 White 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)

20 12 700 0.865 17 622

Uzbekistan 27 606 007 Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5%

62 2 800 0.71 44 740

Yemen 22 858 238 Predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

43 2 500 0.575 52 797

Annex 3


Annex 3 Forest land and other wooded areas

Forest land area Plantations Annual change rate of forest cover

Annual change rate of other wooded land

Forest Other wooded land

5

Other land with tree cover

1990-2000

2000-2005

1990-2000

2000-2005

Productive

plantation

Protective

plantation

Country

1 000 ha % of land area

1 000 ha % 1 000 ha

Afghanistan 867 1.3 - - -2.5 -3.1 - -

Algeria 2 277 1.0 1 595 - 1.8 1.2 -10 -4 12 742

Bahrain n.s.6 0.6 0 - 5.6 3.8 - n.s.

Bangladesh 871 6.7 58 343 n.s. -0.3 20 9 195 84

Barbados 2 4.0 - - 0 0 - -

Burundi 152 5.9 722 - -3.7 -5.2 0 0 86 0

Chad 11 921 9.5 9 152 - -0.6 -0.7 -6 -3 - 15

Comoros 5 2.9 - - -4.0 -7.4 1 -

Djibouti 6 0.2 220 - 0 0 0 0 - -

Egypt 67 0.1 20 - 3.0 2.6 0 0 1 66

Haiti 105 3.8 - - -0.6 -0.7 24 -

Iceland 46 0.5 104 8 4.3 3.9 0 0 17 12 Iran (Islamic Republic of)

11 075 6.8 5 340 83 0 0 0 0 616 -

Iraq 822 1.9 927 70 0.2 0.1 -17 -10 0 13

Ireland 669 9.7 41 - 3.3 1.9 3 0 579 0

Israel 171 8.3 85 - 0.6 0.8 288 37 - 101

Jordan 83 0.9 52 222 0 0 -2 -4 0 40

Kazakhstan 3 337 1.2 15 622 3 -0.2 -0.2 13 6 0 970

Kenya 3 522 6.2 34 920 10,320 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 202 -

Kiribati 2 3.0 - 17 0 0 - -

Kuwait 6 0.3 0 - 3.5 2.7 - 6

Kyrgyzstan 869 4.5 313 - 0.3 0.3 7 3 24 42

Lesotho 8 0.3 31 - 3.4 2.7 -47 -44 7 - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

217 0.1 330 - 0 0 0 0 - 217

Maldives 1 3.0 0 - 0 0 - -

Mali 12 572 10.3 16 532 - -0.7 -0.8 0 0 - -

Malta n.s. 1.1 0 - 0 0 0 n.s.

Mauritania 267 0.3 3 110 - -2.7 -3.4 0 0 - -

Mongolia 10 252 6.5 2 388 - -0.7 -0.8 -52 -21 112 13

Morocco 4 364 9.8 406 - 0.1 0.2 0 0 563 -

5 Land with either (a) a tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5-10 per cent of trees able to

reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ or (b) a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 per cent of trees unable to reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ (e.g., dwarf or stunted trees) and shrub or bush cover. Excludes: Areas having the tree, shrub or bush cover specified above but of less than 0.5 ha and width of 20 m, which are classed under "other land" (land predominantly used for agricultural practices)

6 n.s.= not significant, indicating a very small value

Annex 3


Forest land area Plantations Annual change rate of forest cover

Annual change rate of other wooded land

Forest Other wooded land

5

Other land with tree cover

1990-2000

2000-2005

1990-2000

2000-2005

Productive

plantation

Protective

plantation

Country

1 000 ha % of land area

1 000 ha % 1 000 ha

Namibia 7 661 9.3 8 473 - -0.9 -0.9 -4 -2 - -

Nauru 0 0 0 - 0 0 - -

Niger 1 266 1.0 3 740 8,000 -3.7 -1.0 -13 -7 - 110

Oman 2 n.s. 1 303 50 0 0 0 0 - 2

Pakistan 1 902 2.5 1 389 - -1.8 -2.1 11 5 318 -

Qatar n.s. n.s. n.s. - 0 0 - - Saudi Arabia 2 728 1.3 34 155 0 0 0 0 0 - -

Singapore 2 3.4 0 0 0 0 0 0

South Africa 9 203 7.6 21 409 - 0 0 0 0 1 426 - Syrian Arab Republic 461 2.5 35 231 1.5 1.3 0 0 - 264

Tajikistan 410 2.9 142 102 n.s. 0 0 0 22 166

Togo 386 7.1 1 246 - -3.4 -4.5 0 0 30 8

Tonga 4 5.0 1 - 0 0 0 0 n.s. -

Tunisia 1 056 6.8 170 2,207 4.1 1.9 -46 -4 150 348 Turkmenistan 4 127 8.8 0 - 0 0 0 - United Arab Emirates 312 3.7 4 195 2.4 0.1 0 0 0 312

Uruguay 1 506 8.6 4 13 4.5 1.3 0 0 751 15

Uzbekistan 3 295 8.0 904 - 0.5 0.5 5 56

Yemen 549 1.0 1 406 42 0 0 0 0 - - Total world 3 952 025 30.3 1 375 829 75,779 -0.22 -0.18

Annex 4


Annex 4 Forest processing in LFCCs

Fuelwood & charcoal

Wood fuel Wood

charcoal

Sawnwood Wood-based

panels

Pulp, paper and

paperboard Country

m³ tons m³ m³ tons

Afghanistan 1 563 634 400 000 1 400 0

Algeria 7 968 439 656 358 12 800 48 200 147 500

Bahrain 6 419 1 035 0 0 30 000

Bangladesh 27 432 955 317 536 388 000 9 300 142 000

Barbados 5 100 300 0 0 5 000

Burundi 8 965 300 297 200 83 300 0 0

Chad 6 830 300 382 800 2 400 0 0

Comoros 0 37 500 0 0 0

Djibouti 0 46 100 0 0 0

Egypt 17 283 000 1 328 000 2 000 56 300 1 660 000

Haiti 2 024 400 30 300 13 800 0 0

Iceland 0 0 0 0 20 310

Iran, Islamic Republic of

67 000 1 000 50 000 797 000 1 364 000

Iraq 59 500 44 600 12 000 5 000 75 000

Ireland 52 000 0 697 000 829 000 592 000

Israel 2 043 18 800 0 181 000 583 000

Jordan 285 500 37 700 0 0 121 700

Kazakhstan 49 600 1 111 000 4 258 599 000

Kenya 21 140 900 17 700 142 000 83 000 908 000

Kiribati 2 800 300 0 0 0

Kuwait 0 2 700 0 0 167 000

Kyrgyzstan 18 000 8 500 60 000 0 171

Lesotho 2 076 100 92 800 0 0 0

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

926 200 101 100 31 000 0 12 000

Maldives 0 700 0 0 0

Mali 5 202 900 124 900 12 800 0 0

Malta 0 0 0 0 5 000

Mauritania 1 747 100 173 900 14 000 2 000 3 300

Mongolia 633 800 15 300 300 000 1 600 0

Morocco 425 000 103 300 83 000 34 900 745 000

Namibia 0 54 600 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0

Niger 9 431 900 550 600 4 000 0 0

Oman 0 5 400 0 0 0

Pakistan 29 660 000 75 000 1 381 000 547 000 3 458 000

Qatar 4 900 700 0 0 0

Saudi Arabia 0 38 300 0 0 713 000

Singapore 0 33 800 25 000 355 000 449 000

South Africa 19 560 400 701 500 2 091 100 786 100 12 006 000


26 300 31 300 9 000 26 700 150 000

Tajikistan 90 000 0 0 0

Togo 5 927 000 216 300 15 000 1 000 0

Annex 4


Fuelwood & charcoal

Wood fuel Wood

charcoal

Sawnwood Wood-based

panels

Pulp, paper and

paperboard Country

m³ tons m³ m³ tons

Tonga 2 100 300 2 009 0 0

Tunisia 2 170 000 210 000 20 400 104 000 288 600

Turkmenistan 10 000 0 0 0


0 2 500 0 0 198 000

Uruguay 2 210 000 118 300 284 000 176 300 2 149 000

Uzbekistan 23 000 0 0 22 000

Yemen 409 500 49 900 0 0 2 200

Grand Total 174 293 090 5 928 930 6 246 609 4 049 058 26 615 781

Developing countries

1 692 525 099 47 241 052 134 345 005 130 296 490 512 200 265

World 1 891 957 509 49 351 844 404 253 914 266 650 975 1 505 468 227

Annex 5


Annex 5 Industrial roundwood exports and imports in LFCCs

Industrial roundwood

Exports 2008 Imports 2008 Balance Country

m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000

Afghanistan 2 505 2 820 2 191 164 314 2 656 Algeria 944 85 36 732 7 070 -35 788 -6 985 Bahrain 742 85 2 968 534 -2 226 -449 Bangladesh 667 116 28 454 1 787 -27 787 -1 671 Barbados 3 2 2 222 405 -2 219 -403 Burundi 2 860 409 44 3 2 816 406 Chad 0 0 1 160 93 -1 160 -93 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 3 198 233 -3 198 -233 Egypt 0 0 116 000 14 788 -116 000 -14 788 Haiti 0 0 600 51 -600 -51 Iceland 0 0 7 185 1 781 -7 185 -1 781 Iran, Islamic Republic of 87 43 106 695 6 636 -106 608 -6 593 Iraq 0 0 1 857 485 -1 857 -485 Ireland 320 770 23 220 376 820 77 768 -56 050 -54 548 Israel 16 452 479 148 973 12 395 -132 521 -11 916 Jordan 1 889 123 5 260 439 -3 371 -316 Kazakhstan 0 0 98 316 9 132 -98 316 -9 132 Kenya 1 541 764 15 075 2 283 -13 534 -1 519 Kiribati 0 0 6 2 -6 -2 Kuwait 94 6 1 046 701 -952 -695 Kyrgyzstan 300 341 4 000 368 -3 700 -27 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya 0 0 8 280 618 -8 280 -618 Maldives 30 1 0 0 30 1 Mali 481 50 518 171 -37 -121 Malta 0 0 15 418 844 -15 418 -844 Mauritania 314 103 657 395 -343 -292 Mongolia 1 255 68 4 254 293 -2 999 -225 Morocco 3 109 329 406 977 73 691 -403 868 -73 362 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nauru 0 0 3 1 -3 -1 Niger 134 22 634 52 -500 -30 Oman 63 3 59 247 3 828 -59 184 -3 825 Pakistan 0 0 283 000 34 764 -283 000 -34 764 Qatar 2 203 177 14 448 12 048 -12 245 -11 871 Saudi Arabia 0 0 85 199 8 585 -85 199 -8 585 Singapore 39 300 14 662 40 300 17 992 -1 000 -3 330 South Africa 3 559 182 333 344 61 281 6 466 3 497 901 326 878 Syrian Arab Republic 3 320 192 15 394 1 128 -12 074 -936 Tajikistan 0 0 12 1 -12 -1 Togo 23 367 36 966 1 400 225 21 967 36 741 Tonga 1 185 69 1 027 78 158 -9 Tunisia 2 024 1 643 17 675 6 208 -15 651 -4 565 Turkmenistan 0 46 14 76 -14 -30 United Arab Emirates 20 748 3 827 662 606 53 757 -641 858 -49 930 Uruguay 6 101 000 343 211 6 000 952 6 095 000 342 259 Uzbekistan 4 553 438 134 022 30 179 -129 469 -29 741

Annex 5


Industrial roundwood


m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000

Yemen 0 0 15 730 3 199 -15 730 -3 199

Grand Total 10 111 122 763 644 2 792 898 392 669 7 318 224 370 975

Developing countries 42 041 068 4 541 704 50 554 402 9 492 158 -8 513 334 -4 950 454 World 178 564 187 17 241 689 180 249 305 23 476 498

Annex 6


Annex 6 Sawnwood exports and imports in LFCCs

Sawnwood


m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000

Afghanistan 1 073 1 393 130 021 40 819 -128 948 -39 426 Algeria 163 39 801 999 363 642 -801 836 -363 603 Bahrain 19 34 15 459 9 760 -15 440 -9 726 Bangladesh 108 75 1 252 740 -1 144 -665 Barbados 100 130 10 836 11 189 -10 736 -11 059 Burundi 91 39 22 4 69 35 Chad 16 19 79 62 -63 -43 Comoros 0 0 500 105 -500 -105 Djibouti 51 30 1 304 662 -1 253 -632 Egypt 0 0 1 911 200 686 173 -1 911 200 -686 173 Haiti 79 24 23 800 4 823 -23 721 -4 799 Iceland 1 026 65 85 889 29 385 -84 863 -29 320 Iran, Islamic Republic of 14 000 4 386 909 246 161 869 -895 246 -157 483 Iraq 1 1 52 045 24 569 -52 044 -24 568 Ireland 389 201 79 650 411 893 207 249 -22 692 -127 599 Israel 138 52 454 425 126 386 -454 287 -126 334 Jordan 3 677 4 583 279 040 13 272 -275 363 -8 689 Kazakhstan 0 0 758 386 92 484 -758 386 -92 484 Kenya 434 386 13 592 1 466 -13 158 -1 080 Kiribati 0 0 2 195 639 -2 195 -639 Kuwait 4 1 122 740 61 146 -122 736 -61 145 Kyrgyzstan 2 012 207 106 900 11 467 -104 888 -11 260 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya 224 68 201 596 91 784 -201 372 -91 716 Maldives 0 0 11 2 -11 -2 Mali 1 377 214 22 370 4 657 -20 993 -4 443 Malta 325 371 21 428 30 233 -21 103 -29 862 Mauritania 4 4 2 403 709 -2 399 -705 Mongolia 84 187 776 306 -692 -119 Morocco 216 303 517 872 225 025 -517 656 -224 722 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nauru 16 23 403 147 -387 -124 Niger 35 49 7 539 2 395 -7 504 -2 346 Oman 490 149 90 000 45 583 -89 510 -45 434 Pakistan 0 0 129 000 26 018 -129 000 -26 018 Qatar 266 183 62 859 37 965 -62 593 -37 782 Saudi Arabia 0 0 865 000 674 000 -865 000 -674 000 Singapore 195 100 76 019 224 200 62 549 -29 100 13 470 South Africa 55 323 11 964 487 690 130 703 -432 367 -118 739 Syrian Arab Republic 3 752 2 499 279 821 104 427 -276 069 -101 928 Tajikistan 29 8 109 000 19 000 -108 971 -18 992 Togo 1 215 1 285 102 92 1 113 1 193 Tonga 44 12 10 887 1 895 -10 843 -1 883 Tunisia 446 695 278 267 158 092 -277 821 -157 397 Turkmenistan 44 5 23 803 1 877 -23 759 -1 872 United Arab Emirates 108 647 58 762 609 656 339 176 -501 009 -280 414 Uruguay 109 000 29 446 27 000 11 754 82 000 17 692 Uzbekistan 52 4 1 128 496 -1 076 -492

Annex 6


Sawnwood


m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000 m³ USD 1000

Yemen 2 1 159 834 39 006 -159 832 -39 005

Grand Total 888 884 273 365 10 225 468 3 855 802 -9 336 584 -3 582 437

Developing countries 17 074 415 5 741 983 25 470 671 7 461 856 -8 396 256 -1 719 873

World 111 979 608 30 560 806 102 909 710 31 082 469

Annex 7


Annex 7 Other wood product exports and imports in LFCCs

Other (wood-based panels, pulp, paper and paperboard)

Exports Imports Balance Country

tonnes m³ USD 1000 tonnes m³ USD 1000 tonnes m³ USD 1000

Afghanistan 424 557 1 240 7 817 19 757 25 531 -7 393 -19 200 -24 291 Algeria 10 598 395 7 614 682 253 75 618 766 742 -671 655 -75 223 -759 128 Bahrain 2 045 291 1 537 98 670 30 319 94 328 -96 625 -30 028 -92 791 Bangladesh 552 2 951 2 029 543 729 18 999 410 882 -543 177 -16 048 -408 853 Barbados 2 324 46 1 542 21 916 13 710 47 362 -19 592 -13 664 -45 820 Burundi 285 140 254 4 593 1 429 6 955 -4 308 -1 289 -6 701 Chad 557 23 430 1 150 940 1 851 -593 -917 -1 421 Comoros 0 0 0 0 150 80 0 -150 -80 Djibouti 246 29 345 38 088 3 863 25 621 -37 842 -3 834 -25 276 Egypt 86 023 1 025 143 405 2 515 008 276 200 1 894 226 -2 428 985 -275 175 -1 750 821 Haiti 0 0 0 36 454 9 716 31 910 -36 454 -9 716 -31 910 Iceland 21 834 9 1 628 106 215 17 414 74 394 -84 381 -17 405 -72 766


13 781 6 815 6 540 1 368 528 573 553 1 117 585 -1 354 747 -566 738 -1 111 045

Iraq 491 85 470 26 941 35 942 57 703 -26 450 -35 857 -57 233 Ireland 662 730 613 878 634 726 1 167 091 263 343 1 977 260 -504 361 350 535 -1 342 534 Israel 73 818 13 211 69 300 1 529 674 288 636 1 140 715 -1 455 856 -275 425 -1 071 415 Jordan 95 115 7 067 140 752 618 193 143 137 664 208 -523 078 -136 070 -523 456 Kazakhstan 27 674 170 18 697 416 700 646 856 739 108 -389 026 -646 686 -720 411 Kenya 55 384 15 990 66 520 388 029 17 430 397 395 -332 645 -1 440 -330 875 Kiribati 0 0 0 48 56 122 -48 -56 -122 Kuwait 40 670 304 24 568 324 757 75 546 333 286 -284 087 -75 242 -308 718 Kyrgyzstan 1 133 61 394 40 632 34 446 40 545 -39 499 -34 385 -40 151 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya 12 762 0 2 154 105 654 52 114 176 192 -92 892 -52 114 -174 038 Maldives 0 10 13 1 279 3 932 4 781 -1 279 -3 922 -4 768 Mali 421 392 663 17 393 3 916 30 448 -16 972 -3 524 -29 785 Malta 5 374 326 10 141 68 878 32 475 403 616 -63 504 -32 149 -393 475

Annex 7


Other (wood-based panels, pulp, paper and paperboard)

Exports Imports Balance Country

tonnes m³ USD 1000 tonnes m³ USD 1000 tonnes m³ USD 1000

Mauritania 388 159 219 8 407 959 12 734 -8 019 -800 -12 515 Mongolia 3 137 134 392 28 521 8 036 20 502 -25 384 -7 902 -20 110 Morocco 160 949 19 457 156 897 567 761 38 733 541 973 -406 812 -19 276 -385 076 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nauru 0 0 0 34 44 57 -34 -44 -57 Niger 2 017 26 1 867 10 065 6 009 9 851 -8 048 -5 983 -7 984 Oman 11 115 272 5 191 195 482 106 528 190 267 -184 367 -106 256 -185 076 Pakistan 4 000 234 9 502 1 247 054 288 200 901 935 -1 243 054 -287 966 -892 433 Qatar 23 297 319 12 577 87 475 129 155 209 259 -64 178 -128 836 -196 682 Saudi Arabia 272 190 19 500 98 167 4 053 293 926 800 3 489 698 -3 781 103 -907 300 -3 391 531 Singapore 727 700 147 300 644 418 1 836 200 314 000 884 057 -1 108 500 -166 700 -239 639 South Africa 2 740 008 41 868 2 260 947 1 493 266 129 888 1 833 424 1 246 742 -88 020 427 523


7 525 298 18 598 667 975 102 938 516 543 -660 450 -102 640 -497 945

Tajikistan 22 0 72 2 314 0 2 601 -2 292 0 -2 529 Togo 2 757 4 138 6 020 20 656 3 559 20 106 -17 899 579 -14 086 Tonga 26 0 6 528 678 1 260 -502 -678 -1 254 Tunisia 69 856 6 384 109 944 749 016 64 879 754 462 -679 160 -58 495 -644 518 Turkmenistan 50 939 470 1 155 2 924 2 262 -1 105 -1 985 -1 792


153 107 209 201 269 956 1 569 242 788 213 1 983 616 -1 416 135 -579 012 -1 713 660

Uruguay 1 255 300 137 000 988 157 231 087 55 000 232 135 1 024 213 82 000 756 022 Uzbekistan 15 475 3 100 9 491 106 900 417 058 227 814 -91 425 -413 958 -218 323 Yemen 6 942 5 958 213 260 167 004 220 893 -206 318 -166 999 -219 935

Grand Total 6 570 102 1 254 109 5 728 811 23 219 381 6 190 102 22 518 295 -16 649 279 -4 935 993 -16 789 484

Developing countries 61 611 841 32 126 547 63 120 349 140 573 965 15 129 598 100 240 646 -78 962 124 16 996 949 -37 120 297

World 347.2E+6 81.4E+6 352.1E+6 397.5E+6 71.4E+6 357.6E+6

Annex 8


Annex 8 Indicators of forest management sustainability

Country Publicly owned

forests,%

Privately owned

forests,%

Forest area,

1000 ha

Forest area (ha) per capita

Protection forests % of total forest

area

Conservation forests % of total forest

area

Certified forest area,

ha

Number of chain-of-custody

certificates

Annual change in growing stock 2000-

2005, 1000 m³/yr

Afghanistan 100 0 867 0.03 n/a n/a 0 0 -464

Algeria 84 16 2,277 0.06 63 4 0 0 2 031

Bahrain 100 0 0 0.00 100 n/a 0 0 -

Bangladesh 98 2 871 0.01 7.8 20.9 0 0 -240

Barbados 4 96 2 0.01 n/a 17.6 0 0 -

Burundi n/a n/a 152 0.02 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Chad 100 0 11,921 1.04 0,1 9.6 0 0 -1 400

Comoros 100 0 5 0.01 73.4 0 0 0 -153

Djibouti n/a n/a 6 0.01 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Egypt 50 50 67 0.00 50 0 0 2 192

Haiti n/a n/a 105 0.01 0 4.1 0 0 -44

Iceland 47 53 46 0.14 10.4 0 0 0 60 Iran (Islamic Republic of)

100 0 11,075 0.15 n/a 1.4 0 0 2 000

Iraq 100 0 822 0.03 80 20 0 0 -

Ireland 64 36 669 0.15 0 0.9 3 282 106 1 120

Israel n/a n/a 171 0.02 12.9 4.1 0 5 50

Jordan 86 0 83 0.01 6 1.2 0 2 0

Kazakhstan 100 0 3,337 0.21 0 15.9 0 0 38

Kenya 98 2 3,522 0.09 100 n/a 2 438 2 -1 256

Kiribati 0 100 2 0.02 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Annex 8



forests,%

Privately owned

forests,%

Forest area,

1000 ha



area


area


ha


certificates


2005, 1000 m³/yr

Kuwait 100 0 6 0.00 100 n/a 0 0 -

Kyrgyzstan 100 0 869 0.16 78 7.4 0 0 536

Lesotho 100 0 8 0.00 n/a n/a 0 0 - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

84 16 217 0.03 100 n/a 0 0 0

Maldives n/a n/a 1 0.00 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Mali 100 0 12 572 0.94 69 23 0 0 -1 557

Malta 100 0 0 0.00 n/a n/a 0 4 0

Mauritania 98 3 267 0.08 n/a n/a 0 0 -200

Mongolia 100 0 10 252 3.80 44 46.2 0 0 -10 800

Morocco 97 1 4 364 0.13 n/a n/a 20 270 1 2 000

Namibia n/a n/a 7 661 3.46 n/a 35.9 306 489 3 -1 800

Nauru n/a n/a 0 0.00 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Niger 100 0 1 266 0.08 0.2 17.4 0 0 -109

Oman n/a n/a 2 0.00 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Pakistan 66 34 1 902 0.01 n/a 11.4 0 0 -5 200

Qatar n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0 -

Saudi Arabia 99 1 2 728 0.10 n/a n/a 0 1 0

Singapore 100 0 2 0.00 n/a 100 0 72 -

South Africa 66 34 9 203 0.18 n/a 10.3 1 567 811 83 0 Syrian Arab Republic

100 n/a 461 0.02 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Tajikistan 88 0 410 0.06 10.7 83.9 0 0 -40

Annex 8



forests,%

Privately owned

forests,%

Forest area,

1000 ha



area


area


ha


certificates


2005, 1000 m³/yr

Togo 27 73 386 0.06 16 16 0 0 -

Tonga 100 n/a 4 0.04 n/a n/a 0 0 -

Tunisia 94 6 1 056 0.10 42 3.7 0 5 400

Turkmenistan 100 0 4 127 0.80 97.5 2.5 0 0 100 United Arab Emirates

100 0 312 0.07 n/a n/a 0 13 13

Uruguay 3 97 1 506 0.45 23 17.2 1 118 050 31 -

Uzbekistan 100 0 3 295 0.12 91.5 83 0 0 1 130

Yemen 5 80 549 0.02 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Annex 9


Annex 9 Role of forests in poverty reduction strategies and national development policies and strategies

Role of forests in PRSP

Forest sector linkages to strategies

Country PRS/PRSP (Yes/No)

Other similar document

e.g. National Development

Strategy

Forests included in the PRSP

Income generation /poverty reduction

Conservation/ biodiversity

Watershed management

Desertification Energy Others,

comments

Afghanistan Yes (2008) Yes Yes – public works programme, skills development

Yes Yes Yes

Algeria No La stratégie de développement rural - document not available

Bahrain No National Development Strategy

No - - - - - Some afforestation activities exist to support agricultural production.

Bangladesh Yes (2005) Yes Yes – critical sector for pro-poor growth. Community/ social forestry

Yes, linked to watershed management

Yes Agricultural land degradation

Yes The focus is on afforestation and reforestation activities. Trees outside forests & silvopastoral systems are important.

Barbados No The National Strategic Plan 2005-2025

No - - - - - -

Burundi Yes (2006) Yes Environmentally sustainable and labour-intensive public works programme for reforestation

Improvement and management of existing forests, reforestation

Yes - catchment reforestation

No Promote and distribute improved, fuel-efficient fireplaces and ovens.

Develop natural resources management plans. Support and assist local communities in

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

managing natural resources.

Chad Yes (2003) Low importance

Rural income – wood based energy

Promotion of modern renewable energy would decrease deforestation.

Comoros Yes (2005) Yes Core strategy 6: Promote a healthy environment and guarantee that development is sustainable.

- Maintain soil quality, restore the quality of degraded soils, and ensure sustainable development of forestry resources.

Agricultural land degradation is of concern.

The country is heavily dependent on wood fuel (78% of the need); consequently, there are massive deforestation and erosion.

Forests and forestry are strongly linked to energy and agricultural issues.

Djibouti Yes (2009) Yes - Conservation area management

Yes Yes - Forestry is linked to agriculture, especially to animal husbandry.

Egypt No National Development Strategy – document not available

Haiti Yes (2008) PRSP Progress Report

Yes Deforestation and erosion are recognized as causes for accelerated decline of rural environment and poverty.

Combat soil degradation and seek sustainable management of biodiversity.

Integrated management of water resources in the watersheds and coastal areas – e.g., a specific objective is the

Promote energy and carbon sequestration forests and preparation of a Forestry Action Plan.

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

Reduced environmental vulnerability of the poor and adaptation to climate change are goals. The environment is a focal point for attracting investment and providing business opportunities to the poor.

reforestation of areas around springs. A specific objective is to establish the National Agency for Protected Areas and Forests.

Reforestation aims to restore equilibrium between the supply of and demand for wood/charcoal energy.

Iceland Welfare for the Future - National Development Strategy for 2002-2020

Yes - - - Yes – soil erosion (overgrazing)

- Completed afforestation projects encouraged - multipurpose forests


No Vision 2025 – complete document is not available.

Iraq No National Development Strategy 2005-2007

No

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

Ireland No Making Ireland’s Development Sustainable (2002) Revised version 2008 n/a

- Reforestation, afforestation

Forests are mentioned only as a source of pollutants.

- - The document includes part of Ireland’s climate change strategy.

Israel No Information not available

Jordan No National Agenda – the Jordan we strive for (2006-2015)

No Yes – generally, not forest related

Yes – not linked to forestry

Kazakhstan No Strategy ”Kazakhstan 2030”

No The emphasis is on more general environmental sustainability.

Kenya (Yes 2003-2007)

Yes This PRS promotes private sector participation in afforestation and management of forest plantations.

Yes Afforestation for watershed management

- Yes – sustainable management of the resource and efficient harvesting and end-use technologies are mentioned.

Kiribati No National Development Plan 2008-2011

No - - - - - -

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

Kuwait Information not available

Kyrgyzstan Yes (2002) Yes Micro processing industry development

Yes No Yes Yes - substitution of wood based energy

State Forest Programme for reforestation

Lesotho Yes (2006) Yes Agroforestry for increased productivity

Yes - - Yes


Information not available

Maldives Yes (2006-2010)

National Development Plan (NDP) 2006-2010

Yes NDP: Implement a forestry and natural resource management framework to promote sustainable agriculture development.

Only brief mentioning in the PRSP – The objective is to assess forest resources and improve data management for better planning.

- - Biofuels development is also mentioned as an objective.

The PRSP sets a target to develop a framework for forestry development.

Mali Yes (2008) Yes Promote agroforestry for economic growth and food security, employment for rural youth in forestry activities.

Yes - Yes – no direct link to forestry

Energy policy for the renewal of wood resources

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

Malta No A Sustainable Development Strategy for Maltese Islands 2006-2016

No - Yes – not linked to forestry

Yes - but not linked to forestry

Soil degradation, erosion – not linked to forestry

Nothing forest related

-

Mauritania Yes (2006-2010)

Yes The forest sector has untapped potential for income generation.

Yes No No The Master Plan for wood and charcoal supply in major cities includes reforestation.

Mongolia Yes (2003) Yes Utilize and process NWFP for income generation and increase forest sector employment .

Yes Yes – green zones, reforestation

Yes No Prevention of forest fires is mentioned.

Morocco No National Economic and Social Development Plan - document not available

Namibia Vision 2030, National Development Plan (NDP)

Yes Increase community and stakeholder participation in SFM, and increase

Yes Integrated watershed management

Yes Not directly – improved energy efficiency, promotion of renewable

Conduct forest resources assessment; control illegal logging, build capacity.

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

benefits from forest resources, including with invader bush utilisation.

energy

Nauru No National Sustainable Development Strategy 2005-2025

No - - - - - -

Niger Yes (2008-2012)

Yes NWFP (arabic gum) and agroforestry; create employment in forestry

Yes Integrated water resources management

Yes (reforestation)

Energy efficiency and alternative energy sources

-

Oman No Vision 2020 No - - - - - - Pakistan Yes (2004) No - - - - - - Qatar No Qatar National

Vision 2030 No - - - - - -

Saudi Arabia Information not available

Singapore No Sustainable Singapore (2009)

Of very low importance

- Maintain protected areas.

- - - -

South Africa No No – under development (National Planning Commission)

Annex 9







Strategy






comments


No Information not available

Tajikistan Yes (2010-2012)

Yes - - Yes Yes – erosion control

- -

Togo (Yes 2009-2011)

Yes - Promote private and community-based forestry. Develop eco-tourism.

Yes Integrated water resources management

Yes - Reduction of green house gas emissions is stated in the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources - National Environmental Policy.

Tonga No Strategic Development Plan Eight (2006-2009)

Yes Promotion of sustained private sector-led growth in agriculture and forestry (agro-forestry) and promotion of production of high value tree specifies for export are in the plan.

Natural forest reserves are protected and developed.

The focus is on agroforestry.

Tunisia No 11th Development Plan – available only in Arabic

Annex 9







Strategy






comments

Turkmenistan

No The National Programme on the Strategy of Economic, Political and Cultural Development of Turkmenistan until 2020 – complete document not available

- Yes – forests are mainly considered in the contexts of biodiversity and desertification.

- Yes – forests are mainly considered in the context of biodiversity and desertification.

- -


No National Development Strategy (2007)

No

Uruguay No Plan de Gobierno del Frente Amplio

No – the plan is of macroeconomic nature.

Uzbekistan Yes (2008) Of very low importance

- - - - - -

Yemen Yes (2008) Of very low importance

- Yes - Yes - -

Annex 10


Annex 10 Forest sector policy framework

Country NFP Forest policy

Forest strategy/Forestry master plan

Forest legislation Comments

Afghanistan No Yes Yes To be approved Documents n/a

Algeria Yes (2007) Yes

Very fragmentary (1984) – since 1996, new forest legislation is under development

Bahrain No No No No

Bangladesh No Yes (1994) Forestry Master Plan 1995-2015

Yes (1927 and amendments)

Barbados No No No No

Burundi In the NFP Facility

Yes

Gnrofoun, T. 1990. Plan D Action Forestier Tropical, Republique du Burundi

Yes (1985)

Chad No information available Comoros No No No No Djibouti No information available Egypt No Yes Yes No Haiti No No No Yes (1926, 1963) Iceland No Yes Yes Yes (1907,2006)


No No No No The Vision 2025 on Natural Resources Development and Watershed Management; Natural Resources Laws of Iran

Iraq Process on-going

No No Yes (1995)

Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes (1946) In addition, in 2000, the Forest Service launched the Irish National Forest Standard and the related Code of Best Forest Practice.

Israel No No No No

Jordan No No No No A draft policy document was formulated in 2007 but it was neither officially adopted nor submitted for

Annex 10





discussion and comment by the stakeholders; there is a relevant section in agricultural and environmental legislation.

Kazakhstan No No No Yes (2003) Part of environmental policies

Kenya In the NFP Facility

Yes (2007) Yes Yes (2005)

Kiribati No No No No Part of agricultural sector Kuwait No No No No

Kyrgyzstan Yes, in the NFP Facility

Yes (2004) Yes (2006-2010) Yes (1999) Considerable support is provided to the forest sector from the Swiss government.

Lesotho In the NFP Facility

Yes No up-to-date information is available.

Yes (1998)


No No No No information is available.

Maldives No

No, a draft is under the consultation process.

No No A Draft Forest Policy was prepared under support of FAO in 2007.

Mali Yes (1995), in the NFP Facility

Yes Yes Yes (1986)

Malta No No No No Mauritania No No No Yes (1997)

Mongolia In the NFP Facility

Yes No Yes (1995)

Morocco

Yes (1998) - not active in the NFP Facility

Yes Yes Yes (1994) According to the policy, the legislation will be revised and redirected.

Namibia Yes, in the NFP Facility

Yes Yes Yes (2001)

Nauru No No No No At present, there is no separate policy or legislation on

Annex 10





forestry; however, the Government, through its representatives, has expressed keen interest in working on key areas, such as conservation of indigenous tree species and biodiversity.

Niger

Yes, National NFAP under revision with FAO NFP Facility

Yes Yes, under revision Yes

Oman No No No No

Pakistan Yes, in the NFP Facility

Yes (2001) Yes Yes (1927) In addition, Pakistan has developed the ‘National Vision 2030 for Forest and Biodiversity Conservation’.

Qatar No No No No Part of environmental and combat desertification strategies

Saudi Arabia No No Several programmes; not a coherent strategy

Yes (The Forest and Range Act)

Biodiversity strategy includes also forests.

Singapore No No No No Singapore National Biodiversity and Action Plan South Africa Yes (1997) Yes Yes Yes (1998)


No Yes (not officially endorsed)

No Yes (1994) A High Commission for Afforestation has existed since 1977.

Tajikistan No Yes N/A Yes (1993) Togo National Forestry Action Plan – no recent information available

Tonga No (Draft 2008)

No (Draft 2008)

Yes Yes (1961) National forestry objectives are outlined in the government’s five-year development plan.

Tunisia Yes, in the NFP Facility

Yes Yes Yes (1988)

Turkmenistan No Yes No Yes (1993) United Arab Emirates

No No No No

Uruguay No Yes Yes Yes Uzbekistan Yes, in the Yes Yes Yes (1999)

Annex 10





NFP Facility

Yemen

Under preparation with the NFP Facility support

Under preparation

Under preparation No (draft, not enforced?)

Annex 11


Annex 11 Key issues of national forest policies

Country Phase: complete/in progress

Institutional reform

Legal reforms

Physical realizations (e.g., afforestation,

forest management, protection)

Capacity building

Information manage-ment

Communica-tion

Investment programmes

Other

Countries supported by the NFP Facility

Burundi Complete Yes, protection, restoration, reforestation, agroforestry

Yes Awareness raising and information campaigns

Involve community in forest resource management.

Kenya Complete Yes Yes Ecosystem approach in forest management planning; restoration, reforestation, conservation

Incentive programmes for SFM

Involve forest adjacent communities and other stakeholders in forest management and conservation.

Kyrgyzstan Complete Yes, State Forest Service and state forest enterprises

SFM, reforestation/afforestation, conservation

Yes, research and education

Yes To lift the profile of the State Forest Service

Enhanced efficiency of the forest financing system

Increase the role of the private sector (e.g. outsourcing) and local communities (joint forest management)-

Lesotho Complete (document not available)

Yes Decentralize and involve communities in forest management.

Mali Complete Yes - decentralization, restructuring

Yes Yes – SFM, reforestation, conservation

Yes, at all levels

Yes Enabling environment for investments

Increase private sector and donor cooperation in forest sector.

Mongolia Complete Yes Already done

Yes, reforestation, afforestation, conservation, forest fire protection

Yes Yes, in reforestation/afforestation

The emphasis is on poverty reduction and creating employment/ small-scale business.

Morocco Complete Natural forest Combat forest fires and

Annex 11




Legal reforms



Capacity building


Communica-tion


Other

regeneration, reforestation, pasture management

desertification.

Namibia Complete Yes, decentralization

Yes, complete

Yes, reforestation/afforestation, conservation

Yes Increase community involvement in forest resource management, farm forestry, industry development programme. Promote linkages to tourism development.

Niger Under revision (complete document not available)

Yes, reforestation, agroforestry, soil conservation, SFM

Work on rural poverty reduction and linkages to energy sector.

Pakistan Complete Yes, including decentralization

SFM, conservation, plantations

Yes, for local government/ stakeholder participation

Energy and trees outside forests are mentioned in the nfp.

South Africa Complete Yes, SFM, afforestation encouraging small holder forestry in addition to industrial scale forestry

Yes Yes, research, monitoring capacity

Yes Empower community in the forest sector to create income and employment. Monitor and prevent forest fires.

Togo No recent information available

Annex 11




Legal reforms



Capacity building


Communica-tion


Other

Tunisia Complete Afforestation, reforestation, conservation, fire prevention

Yes (particularly in community forestry approach)

Linkages to agricultural sector and animal husbandry (silvopastoral systems) as well as to tourism are provided. Social functions of forests are well recognized.

Uzbekistan Complete (document not available)

Yes, decentralization

Yes SFM Yes Involve community in forest management.

Yemen

Other countries with forest policy/strategy

Afghanistan Policy complete, NFP under processing, document not available

Yes Yes Yes Involve community in forest management.

Algeria Complete (2007)

Yes Yes Yes Communities participate in management and conservation.

Bangladesh Complete Yes Yes, including implementation of international agreements

Yes, afforestation, conservation

Yes Awareness raising

More efficient law enforcement is required. There are linkages to the agricultural sector and possibly to tourism.

Iceland Complete Conservation, afforestation

Ireland Complete Afforestation, Yes Awareness Private

Annex 11




Legal reforms



Capacity building


Communica-tion


Other

woodland improvement, conservation

campaigns and capacity building for farmers and communities

sector forestry development and production enhancement


Not officially endorsed (document not available)

Conservation, protection, reforestation/afforestation

Multipurpose trees and fire prevention are mentioned.

Tajikistan Complete? (Document not available)

Reforestation/afforestation, protection, conservation, erosion control

Energy and tourism sector linkages are mentioned.

Uruguay Complete Afforestation, SFM (including improved techniques and practices), forest protection

Yes Research, improved knowledge of resources

Improved infrastructure, previously subsidies for plantation establishment, currently tax incentives for investments

There is currently a strong focus on energy production, NWFPs, carbon sequestration, and recreation. There is also integration of forestry activities with other agricultural-sector activities.

Annex 12


Annex 12 Forest sector institutions and organizations in LFCCs

Country Ministry/Ministries

responsible for forest sector

Gov. department responsible for

forestry/forest conservation

State forest enterprises/Companies

Extension services Research & educational

institutions

Afghanistan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock

Department of Forestry, under the auspices of General Department (GD) for Natural Resources

No permanent services established so far; extension services come through programmes.

No information available

Algeria The Ministry of Agriculture

The General Forestry Directorate

n/a n/a

Institut National de la Recherche Forestière (The National Institute for Forest Research (INRF), under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture) Institut des sciences de la nature – Annab, Algeria Institut national agronomique - El Harrach, Algeria Institut national de formation superieure agricole Institut national de la recherche agronomique,

Bahrain

Afforestation activities are carried out by the Ministry of Works and Agriculture, the Ministry of Housing, Municipalities and Environment as well as by the Royal Prince Bureau.

The main body concerned with protected area administration and management is the Environmental Protection Committee supported by the Environmental Protection Technical Secretariat.

- -

Annex 12








institutions

Bangladesh The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF)

Forest Department The Department of Environment

n/a

Yes (social forestry programmes) Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC).

The Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI) University of Chittagong Forest colleges (under the Forest Department) and schools in Chittagong, Sylhet and Rajshahi and Kaptai The Institute of Forestry, Chittagong University.

Barbados

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development/Ministry of Energy and Environment

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Burundi

Ministère de l’Eau, de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Urbanisme (Ministry of Water, Environment, Land Management and Urbanization)

n/a n/a Yes n/a

Chad

Ministère d’Environnement et des Ressources Halieutiques (Ministère d’Agriculture et de l’Irrigation also has a minor role)

Division des Forets et Reboisement (outdated information)

n/a n/a

Centre de formation agro-sylvo-pastoral (CFAP)

Comoros

Ministere de l'Agriculture, de la Peche, et de l'Environnement (MAPE)

Direction de l’environnement et des forêts

- - The University of the Comoros

Annex 12








institutions

Djibouti

Ministere de l'Habitat, de l'Urbanisme, del'Environnement et de l'Amenagement du Territoire

n/a n/a n/a

Djibouti Studies and Research Centre(CERD) National Education, Research, Information, and Production Centre(CRIPEN)

Egypt Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR)

Undersecretariat for Afforestation and Environment

n/a Yes, MALR extension services

University of Alexandria, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology Faculties of Agriculture in different universities are responsible for graduating agronomists specialized in the fields of forestry and horticulture. The Agricultural Research Centre, affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture, is responsible for qualifying and training the agronomists, specialists, technicians and professionals of various vocations. The Agricultural Secondary and Preparatory Schools RESEARCH Alexandria University, Forestry Division (dept.) The Agricultural Research Centre, Timber Trees & Forestry Dept. The Desert Research Centre

Annex 12








institutions

Haiti

Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpment Rural (MANDR)

Natural Resources Division - Service des Forêts Environmental Protection Service- ISPAN (Institute pour la Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National) Agency for tourism and the Ministry of Planning and Cooperation.

n/a Yes n/a

Iceland

Ministry of the Environment is in charge of Regional Afforestation Projects. This Ministry also has partial control over Iceland Forest Service research funding under the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture.

The Iceland Forest Service (IFS) comprises seven divisions and four advisers located around the country

- Under the IFS

A forest research station is in Mógilsá. Iceland participates in Nordic Cooperation in Forest Research (SNS), the Nordic Forest Seed and Plant Commission (NSFP), the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) and EU research programmes. Forestry education is at the Agricultural University of Iceland.


Ministry of Agriculture

Forestry and Range Organization Department of the Environment

n/a n/a

University of Teheran, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources Research is conducted in ministries and universities. Almost all ministries in Iran have their own research institutes and centres. The University of Tehran Faculty of Natural Resources includes the Departments of Forestry and Forest

Annex 12








institutions

Economics. Research Institute of Rangelands Higher Education Centre For Desertification Control Higher Education Centre of Kelarabad University of Mazandaran, College of Agricultural Sciences University of Tehran Department of Natural Resources

Iraq Ministry of Agriculture.

The Forestry Service is currently part of the State Company for Horticulture and Forestry, under the Ministry of Agriculture. As part of the State Company for Horticulture and Forestry, the Forestry Service is self-financed.

State Company for Horticulture and Forestry

Yes

Mosul University, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forestry Nineveh Forestry Research Station Mosul University, State Board for Agricultural Research

Ireland Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

The Forest Service - Yes

University College Dublin, School of Biological and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Food Science Centre University College Dublin, Information Resource Management Coillte Teoranta Coillte Teo, Research and Technology Division National Council for Forest

Annex 12








institutions

Research and Development (COFORD)

Israel Ministry of the Environment

The majority of Israel’s forest lands fall under the jurisdiction of two agencies: the Keren Kayemeth Le’Israel (KKL) or Jewish National Fund (JNF) – an NGO) responsible for all planted forests and a portion of natural forests, and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) responsible for natural forests designated as nature reserves and/or national parks.

n/a Yes – for agriculture

Agricultural Research Organization, Department of Agronomy & Natural Resources Forest Department of the KKL, Land Development Authority

Jordan Ministry of Agriculture Directorate of Forests in the Department of Forestry and Agricultural Resources

n/a n/a

The Jordanian Society for Desertification Control and Badia Development (JSDCBD) was established in 1990 with the objectives of studying the mechanism and extent of desertification in order to formulate scientific solutions to halt desertification processes. Besides research, JSDCBD focuses on raising public awareness of the threats of desertification, the use of areas around treated waste plants for afforestation programmes and the rehabilitation of waste disposal sites.

Kazakhstan Ministry of Agriculture The State Committee on Forestry

Government forest enterprises (e.g., leshozes, a type of FMU)

n/a Several scientific and higher educational institutions

Annex 12








institutions

Kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

Kenya Forest Service n/a

Kenya Forest Service Funds have been a lacking for extension services.

Kenya Forestry Research Institute World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) African Academy of Sciences Agricultural Research Foundation Bukura Agricultural College College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences KEFRI Forest Products Research Centre Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Kenya Institute of Organic Farming Moi University Pan African START Secretariat World Agroforestry Centre N.B. Three research institutions, KARI, KETRI and KEVEVAPI, have merged.

Kiribati Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development

The Department of Agriculture - n/a -

Kuwait Information not available

Annex 12








institutions

Kyrgyzstan The State Agency for Environment Protection and Forestry

State Department of Forestry State Agency for Environmental Protection and Forestry

State Forestry Service Yes

National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic Institute of Biosphere

Lesotho Ministry of Forestry and Soil Conservation

Forestry Division The Government is currently in the process of negotiating and arranging for the proper transfer of management of the existing forest reserves to the local communities.

n/a Forestry Division

Lesotho College of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Research Department of Conservation, Forestry and Land use Planning; Forestry Division


The Secretary for Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation currently deals with forestry issues.

- - - -

Maldives

Production - The Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources (MoFAMR) Protection – The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (MoEEW)

No Forestry Unit, lack of qualified staff

n/a n/a n/a

Mali Ministry of Environment and Sanitation

National Directorate of Water and Forests

None Yes Institut d'Economie Rurale du Mali

Malta Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs

n/a - - n/a

Mauritania Ministry of Rural Development (forest conservation)

The Nature Protection Directorate (conservation)

n/a n/a n/a

Annex 12








institutions

Mongolia

The Ministry of Nature and Environment is responsible for the management of the forest resources, while the Ministry of Trade and Industry is responsible for coordinating the forest industries.

Environment, Forest and Water Resource Authority is under the direct supervision of the Minister of Nature and Environment. It is a government implementation agency for the National Forestry Programme

n/a n/a

Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geo-Ecology National University of Mongolia, Faculty of Biology NGOs active in forest and forestry development include the Mongolian Forest Forum and the North Asia Forestry Forum (with headquarters in Seoul, Republic of Korea). Green Gobi Centre NGO

Morocco

Secretariat general du haut comissariat aux eaux et forets et a la lutte contre la desertification

Département des Eaux et Forêts

n/a Département des Eaux et Forêts

Division de Recherche et d'Experimentation Forestière Institut technique royale des eaux et forets École Nationale Forestière d'Ingenieurs Institut agronomique et veterinaire hassan II Ecole nationale forestiere d’ingenieurs

Namibia Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry

Directorate of Forestry n/a Directorate of Forestry

Ogongo Agriculture College Directorate of forestry The Desert research foundation of Namibia

Annex 12








institutions

Nauru

The Ministry of Public Works has some responsibility in promoting and protecting forest and tree resources.

n/a None None

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Forestry has provided some assistance to Nauru in nursery development and management. This is to raise selected tree species for interested landowners and for the Nauru Phosphate Corporation to do rehabilitation work on the mined-out phosphate fields.

Niger Ministere de l'Agriculture et de l'Environnement

Environmental Directorate n/a n/a

Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger Faculte d’agronomie, Universite de Niamey Institut national de la recherche agronomique du Niger International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Centre Sahélien

Oman Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Range Resources Department n/a n/a n/a

Pakistan Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock

Inspector General of Forest n/a n/a

Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI) Govt. Jehanzeb college, Swat Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) Punjab Forestry Research Institute (PFRI)

Qatar Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Annex 12








institutions

Saudi Arabia Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)

The Range and Forests Administration (RFA)

n/a The Range and Forests Administration (RFA)

King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)

Singapore Ministry of Environment and Water Resources

- None None n/a

South Africa

Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)7

The Chief Directorate for Forestry, within the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)

None Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Division of Water Environment and Forestry Technology CSIR, Information Centre CSIR Environmentek University of Stellenbosch Private companies (research)


Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (MAAR)

Forestry and Afforestation Directorate The General Commission for Environmental Affairs, established in 1991 and working under the Chairmanship of the Minister for Environmental Affairs, is a coordination and advisory committee on matters related to forests and natural resources conservation.

n/a

The Extension Department of MAAR (in close cooperation and coordination with the Forestry and Afforestation Directorate)

The Department of Forest Research has recently been created to work towards the development and improvement of forests.

7 The National Forestry Advisory Council, established according to the terms of the National Forests Act provides advice directly to the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry

The council has two permanent committees: the Committee on Sustainable Forest Management and the Committee for Forest Access.

Annex 12








institutions

Tajikistan The Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection

State Committee for Environmental Protection and Forestry of the Republic of Tajikistan (SKEPF RT)

The state forestry bodies in the Republic of Tajikistan are the Forestry Production Association of the Republic of Tajikistan (FIA “Tajikles”) and its local bodies.

Tajik Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) Forestry Production Centre Tajikles

Togo

Ministère de l'environnement et des ressources forestières (The Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources)

La direction des eaux et forêts

n/a n/a

Togolese Agricultural Research Institute Direction des Productions Forestieres

Tonga Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)

Forestry Division n/a Yes (but minimal human resources)

Forestry Division and regional (district) offices

Tunisia Forestry Directorates, Ministry of Agriculture

Forestry Directorates, Ministry of Agriculture

National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering, Water and Forests Institute for Arid Regions Institute National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forets

Turkmenistan Ministry of Nature Protection (MoNP).

The Forestry Organization, “Gok Gushak” (Green Belt) Joint Stock Company, implements and coordinates all actions in the sphere of forestry.

Gok Gushak (Green Belt) Joint Stock Company

Gok Gushak

Under the Ministry of Nature Protection (MoNP) are a Research and Production Centre of Ecological Monitoring and five regional Departments of Natural Protection.


Ministry of Agriculture The Forest Department n/a n/a n/a

Uruguay Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries

The General Directorate of Forests

None

Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria (National Institute for Agricultural Research) The University of the Republic

Annex 12








institutions

Tthe Uruguayan Technological Laboratory The private sector Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento Producción Forestal y Tecnología de la Madera

Uzbekistan Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources

Main Forestry Department (MFD)

97 local departments and forestry enterprises The State Forestry Fund (SFF)

Through projects only

Yemen Ministry of Agriculture Directorate General of Forestry and Rangelands (DGFR)

n/a n/a

Annex 13


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Annex 13


Convention on Biological Diversity 2010a. http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile.shtml?country=mt#status

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Direction de l’environnement et des forêts 2008. Appui au Programme forestier national. TCP/COI/3201 (D). Union des Comores.

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El Senado Y La Camara De Representantes De La Republica Oriental Del Uruguay, Reunidos En Asamblea General 1987. “Ley Forestal. Poder Legislativo. Ley Nº. 15.939.”

Emadi, M.H. 2007. “Pro-poor Development Policy” and “Natural Resource Management” in Post Conflict Afghanistan; Changes and Challenges. Poverty Reduction and Forests: Tenure, Market and Policy Reforms. Bangkok.

European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument undated. Algeria Strategy Paper 2007–2013 & National Indicative Programme 2007–2010.

Eysteinsson T. 2009. Forestry in a Treeless Land. http://www.skogur.is/english/forestry-in-a-treeless-land/

FAO 1995. Forest Law of Mongolia. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8302e/w8302e07.htm

FAO 2000. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6900e/x6900e00.htm#Contents

FAO 2010a. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1797e/y1797e22.htm

FAO 2010b. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Reports Afghanistan. FRA2010/001 Rome, 2010.

FAO 2010c. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x6804f/X6804F00.htm#TOC

FAO 2010d. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ab590f/AB590F03.htm

FAO 2010e. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6832F/X6832F03.htm

FAO 2010f. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AB587F/AB587F03.htm

Annex 13


FAO 2010g. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Algeria. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/dza/

FAO 2010h. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Bahrain. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/bhr/

FAO 2010i. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Bangladesh. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/bgd/

FAO 2010j. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Egypt. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/egy/

FAO 2010k. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Haiti. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/hti/

FAO 2010l. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Iceland. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/isl/

FAO 2010m. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Iran. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/irn/

FAO 2010n. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Iraq. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/irq/

FAO 2010o. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Ireland. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/irl/

FAO 2010p. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Jordan. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/jor/

FAO 2010q. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Kazakhstan. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/kaz/

FAO 2010r. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Kiribati. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/kir/

FAO 2010s. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Lesotho. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/lso/

FAO 2010t. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Libya. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/lby/

FAO 2010u. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Maldives. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/mdv/

FAO 2010v. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Mali. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/mli/

FAO 2010w. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Mauritania. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/mrt/

FAO 2010x. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Mongolia. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/mng/

FAO 2010y. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Morocco. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/mar/

FAO 2010z. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Nauru. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/nru/

FAO 2010å. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Niger. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/ner/

Annex 13


FAO 2010ä. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; United Arab Emirates. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/are/

FAO 2010ö. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Uruguay. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/ury/

FAO 2010aa. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; South Africa. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/zaf/

FAO 2010bb. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Syria. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/syr/

FAO 2010cc. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Togo. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/tgo/

FAO 2010dd. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Tonga. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/ton/

FAO 2010ee. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Tonga. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/tun/

FAO 2010ff. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Oman. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/omn/

FAO 2010gg. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Pakistan. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/pak/

FAO 2010hh. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Qatar. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/qat/

FAO 2010ii. Forestry Policies, Institutions and Programmes; Saudi Arabia. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/sau/

FAO FRA 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Progress towards sustainable forest management.

FAOSTAT 2010. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx

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Forest and Range Organization Ministry of Construction Jihad (Rural Development) 2000. National Report of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Islamic Republic of Iran.

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General Secretariat for Development Planning (GSDP) 2008. Qatar National Vision 2030. Doha, Qatar.

Government of Mongolia 2003. Economic Growth Support and Poverty Reduction Strategy. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Government of Nauru – European Community EDF 10. Country Strategy Paper & National Indicative Programme (For the Period 2008-2013).

Government of Pakistan & Ministry of Environment 2005. National Environmental Policy.

Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Environment & Local Government and Rural Development 2001. National Forest Policy 2001 of Pakistan.

Government of Tajikistan 2007. Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2007-2009.

Annex 13


Indufor Oy 2008. “6189 CIS study report.”

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International Monetary Fund 2008c. Mali: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. IMF Country Report No. 08/121.

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Journal Officiel de la Republique Tunisienne 1988. Code Forestier 1988.

Annex 13


Kingdom of Lesotho undated. Poverty Reduction Strategy 2004/2005-2006/2007.

Kingdom of Tonga & The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) 2009. Joint Country Strategy 2009–2013 in Support of Tonga’s Strategic Development Plan 9 2009–2013. Noumea, New Caledonia.

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Kyrgyz Republic 2004. National Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003-2005 (NPRS). Progress Report.

Legislative Assembly of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic 1999. Forest Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

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Annex 13


Ministry of Economy and Planning undated. The Eighth Development Plan 2005-2009. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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Nature Protection 2010. “National Forest Code of Turkmenistan 1993.” http://www.natureprotection.gov.tm/laws_ru.html

Annex 13


National Commission for Sustainable Development (NCSD) 2006. A Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands 2006 -2016. Third Draft.

National Environmental Protection Agency of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan &United Nations Environment Programme 2008. Afghanistan’s Environment 2008.

Nauru Government, Development Planning and Policy Division & Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning undated. Nauru: National Sustainable Development Strategy 2005-2025.

Nazarbayev N. 2003. The Forest Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. No.477-II.

NBSAP Secretariat 2005. Third National Report for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.

NEMA & UNDP 2009. Fourth National Report to the Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Kenia.

Parliament of Lesotho 1998. Forestry Act 1998.

Policy and Planning Division, Department of Landscape and Biodiversity, Ministry of Environmental Protection 2010. Israel's National Biodiversity Plan.

Presidence De La Republique Togolaise 2008. Loi N° 2008-09. Portant Code Forestier.

Prime Minister’s Office, Poverty Reduction Strategy Permanent Secretariat 2007. “Combating Poverty, a Challenge for All.” Accelerated Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2008–2012. Republic of Niger.

Rahman, L.M. 2000. The Forest Act, 1927, (Act No. XVI of 1927).

Republic of Burundi 2006. Burundi: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

Republic of Iraq, Iraq Strategic Review Board & Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation 2005. National Development Strategy 2005-2007.

Republic of Kenya 2004. Investment Programme for the Economic Recovery Strategy for wealth And Employment Creation 2003-2007.

Republic of Nauru 2009. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2005-2025.

Republic of Nauru undated: National Assessment Report. Ten Year Review of the Barbados Programme of Action.

Republic of Pakistan undated. The Forest Act, 1927.

Republic of Tajikistan 2010. Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2010–2012. Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan.

Republic of Togo, Council of Ministers 2008. Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy. Official Version.

Republic of Uzbekistan 1999. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Forest.

Republic of Uzbekistan 2007. Welfare Improvement Strategy of Uzbekistan. Full Strategy Paper for 2008-2010. Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan.

Republic of Yemen 2002. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) 2003-2005.

République Algérienne Démocratique Et Populaire, Ministère De L’Agriculture Et Du Développement Rural & Direction Générale Des Forêts 2007. Politique Forestière Nationale Et Stratégie D’aménagement Et De Développement Durable Des Ressources Forestières Et Alfatières. (Document Provisoire). Alger.

Republique Du Niger 1992. “Ordonnance N° 92-037/ du 21 Août 1992.”

Saba, D.S. 2010. Afghanistan: Environmental degradation in a fragile ecological setting. http://www.mindfully.org/Heritage/Afghanistan-Environmental-Degradation-Saba.htm

Annex 13


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Annex 13


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Annex 13


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