Back to Basics | 2014 Policy Guide

7/22/2019 Back to Basics | 2014 Policy Guide

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Xmiftnji jg Xjfg omr ay Ajnl tm Ajsfns XJN, XM Amx 77?, Justf`, Wx 252?2

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc

18:7 Ajnl tm Ajsfns XJN

Wec f`omrkjtfm` f` tefs pmifny bufgc ejs acc` nmkpficg ormk `ukcrmus f`gfvfgujis tejt jrc cxpcrts f`

icbfsijtfvc j`g pmifny rcscjrne. Ajnl tm Ajsfns wmuig iflc tm rcnmb`fzc j`g tej`l tec omiimwf`b f`gfvfgujis

omr tecfr wmrl4 Dmscpe Njrims Kjggc`, Dc``y Njscy, Djniy` Srcstf, Qjeui rcc`fvjsj`, J`jifcsc Lmr`ciy,

Kjrtf` Bmij`gm, Gjvfg Cgkm`sm`, Nmif` Kccej`, Nrjfb Jgjfr, Iufs Ofbcrmj j`g Wyicr Djkcs.


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Wjaic mo Nm`tc`ts

^tjtc mo tec ^tjtc .. :

Wcxjs Gckmbrjpefns>

Cgunjtfm`. 6

Xuaifn Cgunjtfm`.. ::

Efbecr Cgunjtfm`

. :2

Ecjite j`g Eukj` ^crvfncs .. 1:

Wcxjs miutfm` tm Ecjitenjrc.. 1>

Rmkc`sEcjite Xrmbrjk16

Jamrtfm`>3

F`stftutfm`ji Ojfiurcs mo Wcxjs Eukj` crvfncs . >6

Wcxjs Augbct j`g Wjxcs 3:

Augbct Xrfkcr .. 3>

Wjx Xrfkcr?:

Wjx Immpemics.. ?2

Qjf`y Gjy Ou`g2:

Wcxjs F`orjstrunturc

23Wrj`spmrtjtfm` Mvcrvfcw . 22

Wrj`spmrtjtfm` Gcat 5:

Wmii Qmjgs 56

Rjtcr. 6>

C`crby j`g C`vfrm`kc`t. :83

Wcxjs C`crby . :82

Qc`cwjaic C`crby. ::>

Eygrjuifn Orjnturc Grfiif`b ::2

CXJ ukkjry :1:

Wcxjs Rmrlomrnc j`g Cnm`mky .. :13

Wcxjs Kfrjnic

.. :12Cnm`mkfn Gcvcimpkc`t Ou`gs.. :>:

Wcxjs Rmrlcrs .. :73

Kf`fkuk Rjbc.. :76

Cquji Xjy. :33

F`surj`nc:?:

Emkcmw`crs F`surj`nc :?>

WRFJ :?2

Nrfkf`ji Dustfnc :2:

Nrfkf`ji Dustfnc . :2>

Grfvcr Qcspm`sfafifty Xrmbrjk .. :5:

Fkkfbrjtfm` j`g tec Amrgcr .. :52

Fkkfbrjtfm` j`g Amrgcr ^cnurfty

:56

Eukj` Wrjoofnlf`b. 18:


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Wcxjs Gckmbrjpefns F`trmguntfm`

Wecsc gckmbrjpefn stjtfstfns jrc tfcg tm smnfmcnm`mkfn nejrjntcrfstfns, tfcg tm tec rcsmurncs tejt pcmpic

ejvc tm auy bmmgs j`g scrvfncs f` tec prfvjtc scntmr< tecy jrc tfcg tm tec rcsmurncs tejt pcmpic ejvc tm

pjy tjxcs f` tec puaifn scntmr.:-Omrkcr ^tjtc Gckmbrjpecr tcvc Kurgmnl

Wcxjs brcw ay 7.> kfiifm` pcmpic actwcc` 1888 j`g 18:8, kmrc tej` j`y mtecr stjtc f` tec S^ mvcr tejt

pcrfmg. Kmst mo tejt pmpuijtfm` brmwte mnnurrcg f fts ijrbc nftfcs, wfte 53% mnnurrf`b f` tec 3 ijrbcst

kctrmpmiftj` stjtfstfnji jrcjs (K^Js). 56 pcrnc`t mo tejt f`nrcjsc wjs guc tm f`nrcjscs f` Wcxjs rjnfji

kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s, wfte ?3% ormk brmwte f` tec Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm` jim`c.

Gjtj j`g rcscjrne f`gfnjtc tejt js tecsc gckmbrjpefn sefots mnnur f` Wcxjs, fo wc gm `mt nej`bc tec

nurrc`t smnfmcnm`mkfn nejrjntcrfstfns mo tec brmwf`b pmpuijtfm`s, tec cnm`mkfn ajsc mo Wcxjs (j`g tec

S`ftcg tjtcs) wfii sefot grjstfnjiiy.1

Wcxjs ojrcs wmrsc tej` tec jtfm`ji icvcis mo imw-cgunjtfm`ji jttjf`kc`t, rj`lf`b ijst f` 18:8, :6.>%,

j`g `cxt tm ijst f` 18::, :6.?%, f` tec pcrnc`tjbc mo jguits mvcr 13 tejt ijnl j efbe snemmi gfpimkj mr

BCG nmkpjrcg tm :7.7% `jtfm`jiiy.>

Fkprmvf`b cgunjtfm` jttjf`kc`t omr kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s wfii rcqufrc kmrc coomrt ormk tec stjtc tm

prmgunc j` cgunjtfm` systck tejt kccts tec `ccgs mo fts nej`bf`b pmpuijtfm` tm nrcjtc j kmrc slfiicg

pmpuijtfm`.

Nm`tf`uf`b tm fb`mrc tec rcjiftfcs mo mur stjtc wfii icjvc us f` 1838 wfte imwcr pcr njpftj f`nmkc, imwcr

emuscemig f`nmkc, imwcr nm`sukcr spc`gf`b, cvc` efbecr pmvcrty, wfte stjtc tjx rcvc`ucs serf`lf`b

rcijtfvc tm tec pmpuijtfm`.7

:ettp4//www.tcxjstrfau`c.mrb/18:8/8>/::/omrkcr-nc`sus-gfrcntmr-tjils-gckmbrjpefn-sefot/

1Wcxjs f` 18384 Ft's Jii Mvcr omr tec J`bims," ajscg m` Gr. Kurgmnl qumtc

>Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty urvcy, 18:1, Wjaic ^:38:

7Xmpuijtfm` Nej`bc f` Wcxjs4 Fkpifnjtfm`s omr Cgunjtfm` j`g tec ^mnfmcnm`mkfn Outurc mo Wcxjs, prcsc`tjtfm` ay

Gr. tcvc Kurgmnl tm Wcxjs Wrfau`c j`g SWCX ykpmsfuk m` Gckmbrjpefn Nej`bc, Ocarujry 12, 18:7, ifgc #65-

:87.

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc:


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Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc1


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Wcxjs Gckmbrjpefns

F`trmguntfm`

Qcnc`tiy, gfsnussfm` m` gckmbrjpefn sefots f` Wcxjs ejs omnuscg m` wec` Wcxjs wfii stjrt

cicntf`b Gckmnrjts stjtcwfgc. Wecsc gckmbrjpefn sefots wfii jism ejvc rcji fkpjnt m` tec

outurc mo tec stjtc, gcpc`gf`b emw wc jggrcss teck. Js omrkcr stjtc gckmbrjpecr ^tcvc

Kurgmnl `mtcg rcnc`tiy, Wecsc gckmbrjpefn stjtfstfns jrc tfcg tm smnfmcnm`mkfn

nejrjntcrfstfns, tfcg tm tec rcsmurncs tejt pcmpic ejvc tm auy bmmgs j`g scrvfncs f` tec prfvjtc

scntmr, tecy jrc tfcg tm tec rcsmurncs tejt pcmpic ejvc tm pjy tjxcs f` tec puaifn scntmr.:

Wec gjtj nmkpifcg j`g j`jiyzcg ay c`tftfcs iflc tec stjtc gckmbrjpecrs moofnc, Gr. Kurgmnl

j`g efs tcjk jt Qfnc, tec Nc`sus Aurcju, j`g vjrfmus ocgcrji jbc`nfcs u`fomrkiy pmf`t tm tec

ojnt tejt tec outurc mo mur stjtc j`g nmu`try fs tfcg tfbetiy tm tec icvci mo sunncss cxpcrfc`ncg ay

kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s.

Brmwte mo Wcxjs j`g fts Nej`bf`b Cte`fn Nmkpmsftfm`Wcxjs brcw ay 7.> kfiifm` pcmpic actwcc` 1888 j`g 18:8, kmrc tej` j`y mtecr stjtc f` te c S^

mvcr tejt pcrfmg. Kmst mo tejt pmpuijtfm` brmwte mnnurrcg f` fts ijrbc nftfcs, wfte 53%

mnnurrf`b f` tec 3 ijrbcst kctrmpmiftj` stjtfstfnji jrcjs (K^Js). Wec tmp omur jrcjs nmkprfsc tec

Wcxjs Wrfj`bic, (Emustm`-Wec Rmmgij`gs-ûbjrij`g, Gjiijs-Omrt Rmrte-Jrif`btm`, Justf`-

Qmu`g Qmnl, j`g ^j` J`tm`fm-@cw Arjuòcis), wfte tec 3teijrbcst f`nrcjsc acf`b f` tec

KnJiic`-Cgfàurb-Kfssfm` K^J.

Wec kmrc fkpmrtj`t jspcnt mo tejt 7.> kfiifm` pcrsm` f`nrcjsc wjs tejt 56% mo ft wjs guc tm

f`nrcjscs f` Wcxjs rjnfji kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s, wfte ?3% ormk brmwte f` tec Efspj`fn

pmpuijtfm` jim`c.

1

Wecrc wjs j kjrlcg sefot f` tec cte`fn nmkpmsftfm` mo Wcxjs u`gcr :5 pmpuijtfm` mvcr tec

sjkc 1888-18:8 tfkc pcrfmg. Gcspftc j` jntuji gcnrcjsc mo :57,888 `m`-Efspj`fn (@E) weftc

kf`mrs, Wcxjs u`gcr :5 pmpuijtfm` f`nrcjscg ay `cjriy : kfiifm`, wfte 63.:% mo tejt brmwte

grfvc` ay ymu`b Efspj`fn Wcxj`s.>

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc>


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Wcxjs gmcs if`c up wfte j kmrc bc`crji jtfm`ji trc`g mo kf`mrfty-grfvc` pmpuijtfm` brmwte

(61% `jtfm`jiiy, 56% f` WU), aut fts brmwte fs grfvc` tm j brcjtcr gcbrcc tej` `jtfm`jiiy ay

Efspj`fns (?3% f` WU vs 33% `jtfm`jiiy).7 Aut Wcxjs gfoocrs f` tejt ft fs jircjgy m`c mo m`iy 7

kjdmrfty-kf`mrfty stjtcs f` tec nmu`try, wfte j Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm` cxpcntcg tm mvcrtjlc tec @E

weftc pmpuijtfm` f` tec `cxt :3 ycjrs.3?

Rfte uraj` jrcjs cxpcrfc`nf`b tec kmst pmpuijtfm` brmwte j`g kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s grfvf`b

tejt brmwte, ft omiimwcg tejt tec pcrnc`tjbc mo @E weftc pmpuijtfm` gcnrcjscg f` tec 7 tmp

K^Js (?8.2 tm 37.2 f` Justf`, 36.> tm 38.3 f` GOR, 75.: tm >6.? f` Emustm`, j`g 78.2 tm >?.: f`

^J), wfte tec sjkc trc`gs mnnurrf`b f` tec u`gcr :5 pmpuijtfm s f` tec sjkc jrcjs.2

Rey jrc tecsc nej`bcs `mtcwmrtey=

Gjtj j`g rcscjrne f`gfnjtc tejt js tecsc gckmbrjpefn sefots mnnur f` Wcxjs, fo wc gm `mt nej`bc

tec nurrc`t smnfmcnm`mkfn nejrjntcrfstfns mo tec brmwf`b pmpuijtfm`s, tec cnm`mkfn ajsc mo

Wcxjs (j`g tec S`ftcg ^tjtcs) wfii sefot grjstfnjiiy. 5

F`nmkc Icvcis j`g Xmvcrty

Wec jvcrjbc Jkcrfnj` emuscemig wjs pmmrcr f` 18:8 tej` f` :666.6 Wefs trc`g ecig truc wftef`

tec tmp 7 cte`fn njtcbmrfcs (@E Reftc, Efsp, @E Aijnl, j`g @E Jsfj`).:8 Xmvcrty rjtcs f`nrcjscg

jnrmss tec nmu`try js wcii, wfte @E Aijnl j`g Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm`s cxpcrfc`nf`b pmvcrty jt

rjtcs :38 j`g :>8 pcrnc`t rcspcntfvciy jamvc tec @E Reftc pmpuijtfm`. ::

^fkfijr kcgfj` f`nmkc trc`gs wcrc mascrvcg f` Wcxjs, cxncpt Wcxjss @E weftc emuscemigs stfii

ejg efbecr kcgfj` f`nmkc tej` tecfr `jtfm`ji @E Reftc nmemrt, wefic tec kcgfj` f`nmkc omr

Wcxjs Efspj`fns ijbbcg sfb`fofnj`tiy acef`g tecfr `jtfm`ji brmup.:1 Wcxjs mvcrjii pmvcrty rjtcs

f`nrcjscg mvcr tec sjkc tfkc j`g wcrc efbecr tej` tec `jtfm`ji jvcrjbc f` amte :666 j`g

18:8. :> Wcxjss @E Aijnl j`g Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm` cxpcrfc`nc pmvcrty jt rjtcs :?8 j`g :51pcrnc`t jamvc tec stjtcs @E weftc pmpuijtfm`.

:7

Cgunjtfm` Jttjf`kc`t

Wcxjs ojrcs wmrsc tej` tec `jtfm`ji icvcis mo imw-cgunjtfm`ji jttjf`kc`t, rj`lf`b ijst f` 18:8

(:6.>%) j`g `cxt tm ijst f` 18:: (:6.?%) f` tec pcrnc`tjbc mo jguits mvcr 13 tejt ijnl j efbe

snemmi gfpimkj mr BCG nmkpjrcg tm :7.7% jtfm`jiiy.:3 Jkm`b Efspj`fn jguits mvcr 13 f`

Wcxjs, tefs rjtc fs j` jstm`fsef`b 78.7%, jism efbecr tej` tec >2.5% rjtc `jtfm`jiiy.:? Jkm`b

Wcxjs ijrbcst K^Js, ^j` J`tm`fm, f` amte tec nfty j`g K^J, semws j efbecr rjtc (jiacft stfii pmmr

rcijtfvc tm mtecr cte`fnftfcs) mo Efspj`fn jguits mvcr 13 wfte jt icjst j efbe snemmi cqufvjic`t

cgunjtfm`.

:2

Gr. Kurgmnl acifcvcg tefs kjy ac guc tm tec im`bcr tcrk cstjaifsekc`t j`gcvmiutfm` mo tec Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm` f` tec nfty. :5

Xrmdcntfm`sCte`fn Nmkpmsftfm` ^efots, Cvc` f` Migcr Xmpuijtfm`s

Ajscg m` 18:1 Nc`sus prmdcntfm`s, kf`mrftfcs wfii nm`stftutc ::?% mo S^ pmpuijtfm` brmwte

actwcc` 18:8 j`g 18?8.:6 Efspj fns wfii nm`stftutc 28% mo tejt pmpuijtfm` brmwte, wefic tec

prmdcntcg gcnrcjsc f` @E Reftc pmpuijtfm` rcprcsc`ts j -:?% scntfm` mo tec brmwte. 18



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Ecrc f` Wcxjs, usf`b tec nm`scrvjtfvc zcrm `ct kfbrjtfm` snc`jrfm, wecrc jii pmpuijtfm` brmwte

fs ormk pcmpic jircjgy ifvf`b ecrc, Efspj`fns wfii ac tec kjdmrfty pmpuijtfm` f` Wcxjs 1838. 1:

Rec` jssukf`b tec brmwte j`g `ct kfbrjtfm` trc`gs mascrvcg ormk 1888-:8, Efspj`fns

acnmkc tec kjdmrfty pmpuijtfm` f` tec kfg tm ijtc 18>8s. 11 F` tec ijttcr snc`jrfm jssukf`b

rcnc`t `ct kfbrjtfm` trc`gs, tec Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm` jim`c wfii ùkacr nimsc tm >: kfiifm` mo

Wcxjs 33 kfiifm` pcmpic f` 1838! 1>

F` gfsnussfm`s rcijtcg tm Kcgfnjrc j`g ^mnfji ^cnurfty, tec f`cvftjaic jbf`b mo tec S.^.

pmpuijtfm` fs motc` armubet up. Xrcsc`tiy, f` Wcxjs j`g jnrmss tec nmu`try, tejt jbf`b

pmpuijtfm` fs kmstiy Reftc, wfte tec kcgfj` jbc mo kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s acf`b ymu`bcr tej`

Reftc pmpuijtfm`s. Ay 1838 f` Wcxjs, tec Efspj fn pmpuijtfm` wfii stfii ac ymu`bcr tej` tec @E

Reftc j`g mtecr kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s, aut tecy wfii rcprcsc`t tec ijrbcst cte`fn brmup jkm`b

pcmpic mvcr tec jbc mo ?3.17

Ecjite Njrc Nmvcrjbc

Wec ijtcst Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty urvcy ormk 18:1 semwcg tejt Wcxjs nm`tfùcs tm icjg tec S.^.

f` tec sejrc mo pcmpic wem ijnl ecjite f`surj`nc wfte 17.?%, mr `cjriy : f` 7, mo jii Wcxj`s

wftemut ecjite njrc nmvcrjbc. Wec 18:1 JN^ jism semwcg tejt Wcxjs jism ejs 531,888 nefigrc`

wftemut ecjite f`surj`nc, bmmg omr tec ijrbcst ùkacr f` nmu`try jecjg mo Njifomr`fj wefne ejs

1.1 kfiifm` kmrc lfgs tej` Wcxjs.

Wm tmp ft moo, Wcxjs jism ejs tec efbecst rjtc mo pmmr jguits wftemut ecjite f`surj`nc, wfte 33%

mo jguits acimw tec :>5% ocgcrji pmvcrty if`c wftemut nmvcrjbc. Wefs fs tec pmpuijtfm` tejt

wmuig ac scrvcg ay tec cxpj`sfm` mo Kcgfnjfg f` Wcxjs.

Jggftfm`jiiy, JN^ gjtj semws tejt cvc` wftef` Wcxjs efbe rjtc mo u`f`surcg, tecrc fs sfb`fofnj`t

vjrfj`nc jkm`b Wcxjs nmkku`ftfcs. Omr cxjkpic, Lfiicc WckpicOmrt Emmg mìy ejg :3.6%wftemut nmvcrjbc, wecrcjs Ijrcgm, KnJiic`-Cgfàurb-Kfssfm`, j`g Armw`svfiic-Ejrif`bc` ejg

tec wmrst u`f`surcg rjtcs f` mo jii S.^. kctrmpmiftj` jrcjs f` 18:8 (>?.7, >3.6, j`g >3.? pcrnc`t,

rcspcntfvciy). Wecsc > kctrmpmiftj` jrcjs mo imw ecjite nmvcrjbc jism ejvc smkc mo tec efbecst

pmvcrty rjtcs j`g imwcst kcgfj` f`nmkcs f` tec nmu`try.

Kmst jguits mvcr ?7 f` Wcxjs ejvc ecjite nmvcrjbc guc tm Kcgfnjrc, wefne f` tj`gck wfte

^mnfji ^cnurfty, nmkaf`cs tm gfkf`fse pmvcrty rjtcs wftef` tec mvcr-?3 pmpuijtfm`. Emwcvcr,

wec` j`jiyzf`b gjtj ay rjnc, >7.7% mo Efspj`fn Wcxj`s gm `mt ejvc ecjite nmvcrjbc.

Kurgmnl4 Cgunjtfm` fs tec sf`bic acst prcgfntmr mo emw m`c gmcs smnfmcnm`mkfnjiiyAurcju mo Ijamr stjtfstfns ormk 18:: semw tejt temsc wfte jssmnfjtcs gcbrcc j`g efbecr ejg

imwcr u`ckpimykc`t rjtcs tej` temsc wftemut gcbrccs. 13 Jggftfm`jiiy, js cxpcntcg, efbecr

cgunjtfm`ji icvcis nmrrcijtcg wfte efbecr kcgfj` wccliy sjijrfcs. 1?

S`fomrkiy, efbecr cgunjtfm` icvcis trj`sijtc tm brcjtcr cjr`f`bs jnrmss rjncs j`g jii

f`gustrfcs.12 Emwcvcr, tecrc jrc sfb`fofnj`t j`g jijrkf`b gfspjrftfcs f` jvcrjbc f`nmkc

actwcc` rjncs wftef` sfkfijr f`gustrfcs wfte sfkfijr cgunjtfm`ji ajnlbrmu`gs. 15



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Efbe snemmi brjgujtfm` rjtcs jkm`b jguits mvcr 13 ejvc fkprmvcg f` Wcxjs sf`nc :668 jkm`b

jii rjncs.16 Aut, js f`gfnjtcg cjrifcr, Wcxjs nm`tfùcs tm ijb acef`g tec nmu`try f` tefs kcjsurc

mo cgunjtfm`ji jttjf`kc`t, wfte kf`mrftfcs pcromrkf`b wmrsc tej` tecfr @E weftc nmemrts. >8

Wcxjs nmiicbc gcbrcc emigcrs mvcr 13 f`nrcjscg mvcr tec sjkc :668-18:8 pcrfmg, aut tec @E

Reftc pmpuijtfm` stfii brjgujtcs jt jikmst twfnc j`g tercc tfkcs tec rjtc mo @E Aijnl j`gEfspj`fn pmpuijtfm`s, rcspcntfvciy.>:

Rfte rcspcnt tm efbecr cgunjtfm`, prmdcntfm`s semw Efspj`fn stugc`ts kjlf`b up 38.:% mo tmtji

puaifn nmiicbc j`g u`fvcrsfty c`rmiikc`t f` 1838, j rjtc ojr semrt mo tecfr ?7.1% f` L-:1 jt tec

tfkc.>1

Ourtecr nmkpifnjtf`b tef`bs, pcr stugc`t stjtc cxpc`gfturcs omr Wcxjs puaifn nmiicbc j`g

u`fvcrsftfcs gcnrcjscg ay 15.:% actwcc` 1888 j`g 18:8, guc f` ijrbc pjrt tm tuftfm`

gcrcbuijtfm` wefne f` tur` spflcg tuftfm` j`g occs omr Wcxjs nmiicbc stugc`ts. >> Ft semuig nmkc

js ifttic surprfsc tejt of`j`nfji jfg pcr stugc`t fs nurrc`tiy jt fts efbecst icvci cvcr f` Wcxjs. >7

Wec pcrnc`tjbc mo stugc`ts `ccgf`b of`j`nfji jfg fs cxpcntcg tm f`nrcjsc kmrc, mutstrfppf`b tec

cxpcntcg c`rmiikc`t brmwte mvcr tec `cxt 38 ycjrs.>3

Kmvf`b Omrwjrg

Wec vjrfmus gjtj kcjsurcs nicjriy spcii mut j pfnturc f` wefne mur stjtc kust kjlc coomrts tm

nimsc tec vjrfmus smnfmcnm`mkfn bjps omr mur brmwf`b kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s, wfte ckpejsfs m`

tec outurc kjdmrfty Efspj`fn pmpuijtfm`. Js rcscjrne ejs semw`, fkprmvf`b cgunjtfm`

jttjf`kc`t fs tec tmp wjy tm nimsc tecsc smnfmcnm`mkfn bjps.

Fkprmvf`b cgunjtfm` jttjf`kc`t omr kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s wfii rcqufrc kmrc coomrt ormk tec

stjtc tm prmgunc j` cgunjtfm` systck tejt kccts tec `ccgs mo fts nej`bf`b pmpuijtfm` tm nrcjtcj kmrc slfiicg pmpuijtfm`. Wec stjtc wfii `ccg tm fkprmvc tecfr coomrts, termube f`nrcjscg

of`j`nfji jfg tm stugc`ts, j`g f`nrcjscg stjtc cxpc`gfturcs tm efbecr cgunjtfm` f`stftutfm`s tm

fkprmvc jnncss tm efbecr cgunjtfm`.

Xrmdcntfm`s ormk tec Emaay Nc`tcr omr tec ^tugy mo Wcxjs semw tejt rcstf`b m` mur ijurcis jt

prcsc`t icvcis wfii icjvc mur stjtc f` 1838 wfte imwcr pcr njpftj f`nmkc, imwcr emuscemig

f`nmkc, imwcr nm`sukcr spc`gf`b, cvc` efbecr pmvcrty, wfte stjtc tjx rcvcùcs serf`lf`b

rcijtfvc tm tec pmpuijtfm`.>? Nm`vcrsciy, fo mur stjtc kjlcs tec pmifny nej`bcs `cncssjry tm

arf`b kf`mrfty pmpuijtfm`s up tm tec smnfmcnm`mkfn icvcis mo tec Reftc pmpuijtfm`, prmdcntfm`s

semw tejt pcr njpftj f`nmkc j`g jvcrjbc emuscemig f`nmkc wmuig gmuaic, nm`sukcr spc`gf`b`cjriy gmuaic, pmvcrty rjtcs rcguncg ay j tefrg, wfte j` coocntfvc gmuaif`b mo tec mur stjtcs tjx

rcvcùc pcr njpftj.

Ft wfii jism ac fkpmrtj`t tm kjf`tjf` tec pmifnfcs tejt ejvc coocntfvciy rcguncg pmvcrty omr tec

cigcriy sune js ^mnfji ^cnurfty j`g Kcgfnjrc. J` fkpmrtj`t pjrt mo serf`lf`b tejt

smnfmcnm`mkfn bjp wfii jism f`vmivc jbbrcssfvc j`g nmkpictc fkpickc`tjtfm` mo tec JNJ,

f`niugf`b bcttf`b kmrc cifbfaic Wcxj`s c`rmiicg f` tec cxnej`bcs j`g fkpickc`tf`b Kcgfnjfg

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc?


13/210

cxpj`sfm`. Joomrgjaic ecjite nmvcrjbc wfii kftfbjtc tec of`j`nfji gjkjbc njuscg ay tec nmst mo

ecjite njrc, j`g jiimw pmmr j`g `cjr-pmmr ojkfifcs tm spc`g km`cy ciscwecrc.

Wcxjs Ojnts4

1`g f` Wmtji tugc`t C`rmiikc`t \7.6 kfiifm` stugc`ts (18:8-::)[>2

:st f` Wmtji ^tugc`t C`rmiikc`t Brmwte \:665-66 tm 1885-86 (58?,25:)[>5

:st f` Efspj`fn tugc`t C`rmiikc`t Brmwte \:665-66 tm 1885-86 (231,121)[>6

>6tef` F`struntfm` j`g F`struntfm`-Qcijtcg Cxpc`gfturcs pcr Xupfi ($3,??:)78

7>rgf` Wmtji Xcr Xupfi Cxpc`gfturcs ($5,?53)17:

15te f` Xupfis pcr Wcjnecr (:7.2)71

15te f` Jvcrjbc Orcsekj` Brjgujtfm` Qjtcs omr puaifn scnm`gjry snemmis, 1885-86 (23.7%)7>

Qj`lcg Ijst f` tec Xcrnc`t mo Xcmpic 13 ycjrs j`g mvcr Rem ejvc Nmkpictcg Efbe ^nemmi

\5:.7% (f`niugf`b Cqufvjic`ny)[77

>:st f` Xcrnc`t mo Xcmpic 13 Vcjrs j`g Mvcr Rem Ejvc Nmkpictcg j Ajnecimrs Gcbrcc

(1?.2%)73

:1te f` Xcrnc`t mo Xcmpic acimw Xmvcrty Icvci f` tec Xjst :1 Km`tes (:5.3%)7?

:8te f` Xcrnc`t mo Nefigrc` acimw Xmvcrty Icvci f` tec Xjst :1 km`tes (1?.?%)72

7:st f` Xcrnc`t mo :5- tm 17- Vcjr Migs c`rmiicg f` Nmiicbcs j`g S`fvcrsftfcs (>6.?%)75

7?te f` tec Xcrnc`t mo Xuaifn Efbe ^nemmi Wcjnecrs Wcjnef`b wfte j Kjdmr f`tecfr Kjf`

Jssfb`kc`ts (2:.6%)76

Actwcc` 1888 j`g 18:8, Wcxjs ^tugc`t Jbc Xmpuijtfm` (Jbcs 3-:2) Brcw ay j ?2,311 Xcmpic

Xcr Vcjr (mr ?23,118 actwcc` 1888-:8)38

F` 18:8, 7,6>2,>3: nefigrc` wcrc mo snemmi jbc (Jbc 3-:2), up ormk 7,1?1,:>: (j :3.5%

f`nrcjsc)3:

: ettp4//www.tcxjstrfau`c.mrb/18:8/8>/::/omrkcr-nc`sus-gfrcntmr-tjils-gckmbrjpefn-

sefot/1Xmpuijtfm` Nej`bc f` Wcxjs4 Fkpifnjtfm`s omr Cgunjtfm` j`g tec ^mnfmcnm`mkfn Outurc mo

Wcxjs, prcsc`tjtfm` ay Gr. ^tcvc Kurgmnl tm Wcxjs Wrfau`c j`g SWCX ^ykpmsfuk m`

Gckmbrjpefn Nej`bc, Ocarujry 12, 18:7, îfgc #:8>Fgjt îfgc :17Fg jt îfgc :8 j`g :23fg jt îfgc 36.?Wcxjs f` 18384 Ft's Jii Mvcr omr tec J`bims," prcsc`tjtfm` ay ^tcvc Kurgmnl, ^cptckacr

15, 18:7, ajscg m` qumtc ormk Gr. Kurgmnl2Xmpuijtfm` Nej`bc f` Wcxjs. . . jt sifgcs 11->:5Wcxjs f` 18384 Ft's Jii Mvcr omr tec J`bims," ajscg m` Gr. Kurgmnl qumtc6Xmpuijtfm` Nej`bc f` Wcxjs. . . jt sifgc >>:8Fg.::Fg.:1Fg.jt îfgc >7.:>Fg.



14/210

:7Fg.:3Fg jt sifgc 78< Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty ûrvcy, 18:1, Wjaic ^:38:

:?Fg.:2

Fg jt sifgc 72-75:5Wcxjs f` 18384 Ft's Jii Mvcr omr tec J`bims," ajscg m` Gr. Kurgmnl qumtc:6S.^. Nc`sus Aurcju, 18:8 Nc`sus j`g 18:1 @jtfm`ji Xrmdcntfm`s18Fg.1:Xmpuijtfm` Nej`bc f` Wcxjs. . . jt sifgc 3511Fg.1>Fg jt îfgcs 35-3617Fg. jt îfgc ?:.13Fg jt îfgc 2?1?Fg.12Fg jt 22.

15Fg.16Fg.>8Fg.< Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty ûrvcy, 18:1, Wjaic ^:38:>:Fg jt 25.>1Fg jt îfgc 5> j`g 53.>>Fg jt 26.>7 Wcxjs f` 18384 Ft's Jii Mvcr omr tec J`bims," ajscg m` Gr. Kurgmnl qumtc>3Xmpuijtfm` Nej`bc f` Wcxjs. . . jt sifgcs 52-55.>?Fg jt îfgc 65-:87.>2@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, Wec Nm`gftfm` mo Cgunjtfm`, 18:1>5@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, Wec Nm`gftfm` mo Cgunjtfm`, 18:1

>6@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, Wec Nm`gftfm` mo Cgunjtfm`, 18:178@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, Nmkkm` Nmrc mo Gjtj (NNG), @jtfm`ji Xuaifn

Cgunjtfm` Of`j`nfji ûrvcy, OV 18::.7:@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, Nmkkm` Nmrc mo Gjtj (NNG), @jtfm`ji Xuaifn

Cgunjtfm` Of`j`nfji ûrvcy, OV 18::.71@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, Wec Nm`gftfm` mo Cgunjtfm`, 18:17>@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, 1885-86 Nmrc mo Nmkkm` Gjtj (NNG)77Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty ûrvcy, 18:1, Wjaic ^:38:73Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty ûrvcy, 18:1, Wjaic ^:38:7?Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty ûrvcy, 18::, Wjaic BNW :28:72Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`fty ûrvcy, 18::, Wjaic BNW :28775S`ftcg ^tjtcs Cgunjtfm` Gjseamjrg, Gjtj Gcrfvcg ormk 188?-85 Jkcrfnj` Nmkku`ftyûrvcy Xuaifn Ssc Kfnrmgjtj ^jkpic (XSK^) gjtj76@jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns, ^nemmis j`g ^tjoof`b ûrvcy, 1882-8538S. ^. Nc`sus Aurcju, 1888 & 18:8 Gcnc``fji Nc`sus3:S. ^. Nc`sus Aurcju, 1888 & 18:8 Gcnc``fji Nc`sus



15/210

F`trmguntfm` tm Cgunjtfm`

Xrmvfgf`b j` cgunjtfm` omr cvcry nefig fs tec kmst fkpmrtj`t tef`b wc nj` gm tm c`surc j sjoc, scnurc,

j`g prmspcrmus outurc. Emwcvcr, Qcpuaifnj` icbfsijtmrs ejvc nm`tf`ucg tm fb`mrc rcjifty ay kjf`tjf`f`b

ijrbc augbct nuts f` puaifn j`g efbecr cgunjtfm`. 18:: wjs tec ofrst tfkc f` tec efstmry mo tec stjtc mo

Wcxjs tejt Efspj`fns kjgc up tec kjdmrfty mo puaifn snemmi stugc`ts. Ft wjs jism tec ofrst tfkc f` tec

efstmry mo tec stjtc mo Wcxjs tejt ou`gf`b omr puaifn snemmis wjs nut j`g c`rmiikc`t brmwte wjs `mt

ou`gcg.:Wcxjs kust pij` omr tec outurc j`g aufig j` cgunjtfm` systck tm lccp us nmkpctftfvc f` j 1:

st

nc`tury bimaji cnm`mky.

Xuaifn Cgunjtfm`

Wcxjs puaifn cgunjtfm` systck fs jt j nrmssrmjgs4 wfte gfvcrsc scts mo stugc`ts, jgvj`ncs f` tcne`mimby

j`g j bimaji cnm`mky, wc kust wmrl tm kjlc mur puaifn snemmis j kmgci omr tec outurc.

Wec snemmi of`j`nc systck aufit ay Qcpuaifnj`s nj``mt lccp up wfte tec `ccgs mo snemmi gfstrfnts f` Wcxjs.

Rc kust fkprmvc tcjnecr pjy j`g wmrlf`b nm`gftfm`s tm jttrjnt j`g rctjf` tec qujifofcg tcjnecrs murnefigrc` gcscrvc.

_munecrs jrc `mt tec j`swcr. Rc nj``mt joomrg tm tjlc tjx gmiijrs ormk puaifn snemmis tm pjy omr j snemmi

vmunecr prmbrjk tm jiimw j scicnt ocw tm jttc`g prfvjtc snemmis.

Efbecr Cgunjtfm`

^f`nc gcrcbuijtfm` f` 188>, tuftfm` rjtcs jt Wcxjs u`fvcrsftfcs ejvc slyrmnlctcg. Kfggic f`nmkc ojkfifcs

acjr tec aru`t mo tecsc nmsts, js tecy jrc omrncg tm tjlc mut prfvjtc stugc`t imj`s. Js j rcsuit, temusj`gs

mo stugc`ts brjgujtc j`g bm f`tm tec wmrlomrnc aurgc`cg ay kmu`tjf`s mo gcat.

Cvcry Wcxjs stugc`t wem wmrls ejrg c`mube tm cxnci f` efbe snemmi semuig ac bujrj`tccg jnncss tm tec

vcry acst nmiicbc cgunjtfm` f` Wcxjs jt joomrgjaic prfncs.

Ft fs ejrgcr tm prcpjrc mur nefigrc` omr tec efbecr cgunjtfm` mppmrtu`ftfcs mo tmkmrrmw fo wc js j stjtc

nj``mt kcct tec nejiic`bcs mo tmgjy.

Wec tercc lcys tm j sunncssoui stjtc efbecr cgunjtfm` pmifny jrc jnncss, joomrgjafifty, j`g qujifty. Ojfiurc

tm prmvfgc ymu`b Wcxj`s jnncss tm j` joomrgjaic, qujifty nmiicbc cgunjtfm` cqujtcs tm bfvf`b up m` mur

outurc.

^lyrmnlctf`b tuftfm` rjtcs jkmu`t tm j trckc`gmus tjx eflc m` kfggic-f`nmkc ojkfifcs wem cjr` tmm

kune tm qujifoy omr of`j`nfji jfg aut gm `mt cjr` c`mube tm ouiiy of`j`nc tecfr nefig's cgunjtfm`. Wefs icjgs

ojkfifcs tm jbm`fzc jamut emw tecy wfii ac jaic tm joomrg sc`gf`b tecfr nefigrc` tm nmiicbc. Jnncss tm j

qujifty nmiicbc cgunjtfm` semuig `mt ac gctcrkf`cg ay ojkfiy f`nmkc mr wectecr j efbe snemmi brjgujtc

ifvcs f` j rurji jrcj, j suaura, mr tec f``cr nfty.

:ettp4//www.tcxjstrfau`c.mrb/18:1/85/>:/smkc-snemmis-tcxjs-gckmbrjpefn-outurc-ecrc-`mw/



16/210

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc:8


17/210

Xuaifn Cgunjtfm`

Jnnmrgf`b tm tec Wcxjs Icbfsijtfvc ^tugy Brmups Wcxjs m` tec Arf`l,:Wcxjs rj`ls4

1`gmo 38 stjtcs f` puaifn snemmi c`rmiikc`t 1

71

`g

mo 38 f` nurrc`t cxpc`gfturcs pcr stugc`t ajscg m` jvcrjbc gjfiy jttc`gj`nc

>

72temo 38 f` jvcrjbc JW snmrcs7 77temo 38 f` efbe snemmi brjgujtfm` rjtc3 >8temo 38 f` pcrnc`tjbc mo jguits wfte jt icjst j Ajnecimrs Gcbrcc? 38temo 38 f` tec pcrnc`tjbc mo tec pmpuijtfm` tejt ejs brjgujtcg ormk efbe snemmi2

Xrmvfgf`b j` cgunjtfm` omr cvcry nefig fs tec kmst fkpmrtj`t tef`b wc nj` gm tm c`surc j sjoc,

scnurc, j`g prmspcrmus outurc. Wcxjs puaifn cgunjtfm` systck fs jt j nrmssrmjgs4 wfte gfvcrsc

scts mo stugc`ts, jgvj`ncs f` tcne`mimby j`g j bimaji cnm`mky, wc kust wmrl tm kjlc mur

puaifn snemmis j kmgci omr tec outurc. Wec snemmi of`j`nc systck aufit ay Qcpuaifnj`s nj``mt

lccp up wfte tec `ccgs mo snemmi gfstrfnts f` Wcxjs. Rc kust fkprmvc tcjnecr pjy j`g wmrlf`b

nm`gftfm`s tm jttrjnt j`g rctjf` tec qujifofcg tcjnecrs mur nefigrc` gcscrvc. Rc nj``mt joomrgtm tjlc tjx gmiijrs ormk puaifn snemmis tm pjy omr j snemmi vmunecr prmbrjk tm jiimw j scicnt ocw

tm jttc`g prfvjtc snemmis.

^nemmi Of`j`nc

Qjtecr tej` kjlf`b tec ejrg nemfncs tm nrcjtc j rcji snemmi of`j`nc pij` tejt f`vcsts f` mur

nefigrc`s outurc, tec Icbfsijturc nrcjtcg j ojfif`b pij` tejt bujrj`tccs `m `cw gmiijrs cvcr

nj` ac uscg tm fkprmvc cgunjtfm`. Jggftfm`jiiy, Qcpuaifnj`s aufit f` j strunturji gcofnft tejt

c`surcs tejt stjtc Bc`crji Qcvc`uc gmiijrs jrc uscg tm ofii f` tec kjssfvc semrtojii, f`stcjg mo

bmf`b tm tecfr f`tc`gcg jrcjs sune js c`crby, trj`spmrtjtfm`, puaifn sjocty, j`g mtecr stjtc

prfmrftfcs.

@cjriy 3 kfiifm` Wcxjs stugc`ts jttc`g nijsscs f` :,8>8 f`gcpc`gc`t snemmi gfstrfnts tejt jrc

ou`gcg wfte j nmkaf`jtfm` mo imnji prmpcrty tjxcs, stjtc ou`gs tejt jrc gfstrfautcg termube

vjrfmus omrkuijs, j`g tjrbctcg ocgcrji ou`gf`b.

Imnji gfstrfnts vjry trckc`gmusiy amte f` tcrks mo stugc`t pmpuijtfm` j`g tec gfstrfnts prmpcrty

wcjite, ojntmrs tejt ejvc sejpcg Wcxjs snemmi of`j`nc gcajtcs omr gcnjgcs. Emwcvcr, ay 188?

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc::


18/210

tec stjtc sejrc mo cgunjtfm` ou`gf`b ejg ojiic` sm grjkjtfnjiiy tejt amte rfne j`g pmmr gfstrfnts

nejiic`bcg tec stjtc systck f` nmurt acnjusc prmpcrty tjx rjtcs ejg rcjnecg tecfr icbji ifkft,

wefne rcsuitcg f` j Wcxjs ûprckc Nmurt ruif`b j`g j `cw kctemg mo of`j`nf`b mur snemmis.

F` Wcxjs, puaifn snemmis jrc of`j`ncg ay prmpcrty tjxcs, kjtnef`b ocgcrji j`g stjtc gmiijrs, j`g

mtecr bc`crji rcvcùc gmiijrs tec stjtc nmkkfts tm puaifn snemmis.

Xrfmr tm tec 188? snemmi of`j`nc pij`, cjne snemmi gfstrfnt rcncfvcg km`cy ajscg m` tec

prmpcrty tjx rjtc mo tec gfstrfnt. ^nemmis rcncfvcg j ncrtjf` rjtc mo km`cy pcr $:88 f` tjxjaic

prmpcrty vjiuc. Omr cxjkpic, j pcrsm` wem mw`cg j emkc wfte $:88,888 f` tjxjaic prmpcrty

vjiuc j`g wem ifvcg f` j` jrcj wecrc tec prmpcrty tjx rjtc wjs $:.88 wmuig pjy $:,888 tm tec

snemmi gfstrfnt f` wefne efs mr ecr emkc wjs imnjtcg.

^nemmi gfstrfnts j`g imnji bmvcr`kc`ts ejg rjfscg tec prmpcrty tjx rjtcs up tm $:.38 tm

kjxfkfzc tec jkmu`t mo km`cy snemmis nmuig rcncfvc. Rec` jikmst cvcry snemmi gfstrfnt ejg

rcjnecg tefs stjtcwfgc $:.38 njp, ft tec` acnjkc j gc-ojntm stjtcwfgc prmpcrty tjx, wefne fs

fiicbji u`gcr tec Wcxjs nm`stftutfm`. Wecrcomrc, tec Icbfsijturc wjs nejrbcg wfte nmkf`b up

wfte j `cw wjy tm of`j`nc mur puaifn snemmis.

F` 188? j snemmi of`j`nc pij` pjsscg tejt rjfscg tjxcs m` 68% mo Wcxjs ojkfifcs f` mrgcr tm nut

tjxcs omr tec wcjitefcst :8% mo Wcxj`sj`g `cvcr jntujiiy put jggftfm`ji ou`gs f`tm jggrcssf`b

tec afbbcst fssuc4 emw tm jgcqujtciy f`vcst f` puaifn cgunjtfm`.

F` mrgcr tm kcct tec ûprckc Nmurt ruif`b tejt tec coocntfvc stjtcwfgc prmpcrty tjx wjs fiicbji,

Wcxjs ejg tm rcvjkp tec wjy ft of`j`ncg snemmis. Qcpuaifnj`s njkc up wfte j `cw sct mo tjxcs

tejt amubet gmw` prmpcrty tjxcs aut put `m `cw km`cy f`tm mur puaifn snemmis. Wec ou`gs

wcrc gcrfvcg ormk tec omiimwf`b smurncs4

Emusc Afii > (@cw Ausf`css Wjx, jism njiicg kjrbf`s mr orj`nefsc tjx)

+ Emusc Afii 7 (Kmtmr vcefnic tjx wefne jkmu`tcg tm vcry ifttic rcvcùc)

+ Emusc Afii 3 (@cw nfbjrcttc tjx, wefne rjfscg tec prfnc mo nfbjrcttcs ay $:.88)

; Wec 188? Xcrry Wjx Xij` cw rcvcùc bc`crjtcg tejt ojficg tm moosct prmpcrty tjx nuts

Jii mo tecsc `cw tjx gmiijrs (nmiicntcg ormk temsc tercc afiis) tec` wc`t f`tm j `cw ou`g njiicg

tec Xrmpcrty Wjx Qcifco Ou`g. Ecrc, tecsc gmiijrs wmuig ac uscg tm auy gmw` prmpcrty tjxcs

tm $:.88 f` 1882 j`g acym`g.

@m `cw gmiijrs bc`crjtcg ay tecsc `cw tjxcs wc`t tm f`nrcjsc pjykc`ts omr cgunjtfm`, tecy

mìy wc`t tm tjx nuts.

Acnjusc tec Icbfsijturc gfg `mt nej`bc tec omrkuij omr ou`gf`b snemmis tecy dust swjppcg mut

gmiijrsWcxjs puaifn snemmis jrc ojnf`b rfsf`b nmsts f` trj`spmrtjtfm`, utfiftfcs, j`g tec bc`crji

f`nrcjscs tejt nmkc ormk j` cvcr-cxpj`gf`b stugc`t pmpuijtfm`.



19/210

Wec tjx swjp tur`cg mut tm `mt ac j swjp rcvcùcs bc`crjtcg ay tec cw tjxcs ojfi tm

moosct tec gcnrcjsc f` tec stjtc prmpcrty tjx njp. Afiifm`s mo gmiijrs ormk tec stjtcs Bc`crji

Qcvcùc ou`g jrc `ccgcg tm ajnlofii tejt bjp, kcj`f`b Wcxjs ejs j strunturji gcofnft, mr j

augbct gcofnft tejt fs `mt tec rcsuit mo nej`bcs f` tec cnm`mkfn nynic. Wec strunturji gcofnft wfii

cxfst cvc` wec` tec cnm`mky fs mt f` rcncssfm`.

Qcpuaifnj` Augbct Nuts tm Xuaifn Cgunjtfm`

F` 18::, tec stjtc ojncg j kuitfafiifm` gmiijr augbct semrtojii. F`stcjg mo tjppf`b tec Qjf`y Gjy

Ou`g mr of`gf`b jggftfm`ji smurncs mo rcvcùc, tec stjtc nemsc tm nut $3.7 afiifm` ormk puaifn

snemmis. Wefs icg tm jikmst 1:,888 ocwcr tcjnecrs j`g stjoo f` mur nijssrmmks, tercc tfkcs js

kj`y mvcr-nrmwgcg nijssrmmks f` 18::-:1 js f` tec prfmr ycjr, j`g sfx ijwsufts oficg jbjf`st tec

stjtc ay pjrc`ts, gfstrfnts j`g cgunjtfm` jgvmnjtcs.5

Mo temsc $3.7 afiifm` f` nuts, pcr-pupfi omrkuij ou`gf`b wjs nut ay $7 afiifm` j`g gfsnrctfm`jry

brj`ts tm snemmi gfstrfnts ay $:.7 afiifm`. F` 18:>, cvc` wfte j augbct surpius j`g j ouii Qjf`y

Gjy Ou`g, tec Icbfsijturc ojficg tm ouiiy rcstmrc tec nuts j`g ou`g c`rmiikc`t brmwte f` snemmis.

Omrkuij ou`gf`b wjs pjrtfjiiy rcstmrcg aut icot jvcrjbc pcr-pupfi ou`gf`b kmrc tej` $388 semrt

mo tec icvci rcjnecg acomrc tec 18:: augbct nuts. Wemube smkc brj`t ou`gf`b wjs rcstmrcg,

kune mo tec nuts wfii nm`tfùc omr vjiujaic prmbrjks sune js ouii-gjy prc-l j`g tec ^tugc`t

ûnncss F`ftfjtfvc, wefne ecips stugc`ts strubbif`b tm pjss stjtc cxjks.

Ft nmsts jamut $:.3 afiifm` cvcry twm ycjrs tm ou`g c`rmiikc`t brmwte j`g tec rfsf`b nmsts mo

nurrc`t scrvfncs. Wm ouiiy rcstmrc puaifn snemmis tm tec prc-rcncssfm` ou`gf`b icvci mo 1885

rcqufrcs $3.6 afiifm` pcr afc``fuk f` jggftfm`ji ou`gf`b.

^nemmi Of`j`nc ^ystck f` Nmurt

Guc tm tec Qcpuaifnj` augbct nuts j`g tec ojfiurcs f` tec snemmi of`j`nc systck, mvcr twmtefrgs mo tec snemmis gfstrfnts f` Wcxjs sucg tec stjtc mo Wcxjs. J tmtji mo sfx gfoocrc`t sufts

armubet ay snemmi gfstrfnts, pjrc`ts, ausf`css brmups j`g nejrtcr snemmis wcrc nmkaf`cg f`

Justf`. Wec snemmi gfstrfnts ejvc sucg tec stjtc m` tercc gfoocrc`t brmu`gs4 coofnfc`ny, jgcqujny

j`g kcj`f`boui gfsnrctfm`. Wec Wcxjs Nm`stftutfm` rcqufrcs tejt tec stjtc prmvfgc coofnfc`t j`g

jgcqujtc ou`gf`b omr puaifn snemmis. Ft jism sjys tejt snemmi gfstrfnts kust ejvc tec jafifty tm

nemmsc emw tecy spc`g km`cy tecy arf`b f` ormk prmpcrty tjxcs.6

Wec snemmi of`j`nc systck aufit ay Qcpuaifnj`s nj``mt lccp up wfte tec `ccgs mo snemmi

gfstrfnts f` Wcxjs. Wec Wcxjs Wrfau`c arcjls gmw` tec gctjfis mo tec sufts4

Coofnfc`ny4 Wercc gfoocrc`t pijf`tfoos jrc usf`b tefs ij`bujbc tm jsl omr tercc gfoocrc`t

mutnmkcs. Wec Cqufty Nc`tcr ijwsuft fs usf`b "coofnfc`ny" tm jrbuc tejt tec f`cqufty f`

tec snemmi of`j`nc systck fs u`nm`stftutfm`ji. Nijfks ormk tec Kcxfnj` Jkcrfnj` Icbji

Gcoc`sc j`g Cgunjtfm`ji Ou`g j`g tec Omrt Ac`g F^G brmup jism tmune m` tefs jrbukc t.

Nejrtcr snemmis tjlc j sifbetiy gfoocrc`t jpprmjne. Wecy jrbuc tec njp m` nejrtcr

nm`trjnts j`g j ijnl mo ojnfiftfcs ou`gf`b fkpcgc tecfr brmwte, wefne tecy acifcvc kjlcs

tec systck u`nm`stftutfm`ji. J`mtecr pjrty, Wcxj`s omr Qcji Coofnfc`ny j`g Cqufty f`

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc:>


20/210

Cgunjtfm`, sjys tejt acnjusc tec stjtc gmcs`t l`mw emw kune ft nmsts tm cgunjtc j

nefig, tecrcs `m wjy tec systck fs coofnfc`t.

Jgcqujny4 Wec jgcqujny jrbukc`t fs ajscg m` tec nejrbc tejt tec stjtc ejs ojficg tm

gcgfnjtc c`mube km`cy tm puaifn cgunjtfm` omr snemmis tm kcct f`nrcjsf`biy rfbmrmus

stj`gjrgs. Njsc f` pmf`t= Wec 18:: Icbfsijturc nut rmubeiy $3.7 afiifm` ormk puaifncgunjtfm` j`g gfg`'t ou`g j` fòiux mo 58,888 `cw stugc`ts jkfg tec rmiimut mo j `cw

jnnmu`tjafifty systck ajscg m` tec ^WJJQ cxjks. Jii mo tec ijwsufts, cxncpt temsc

armubet ay WQCC j`g tec nejrtcr snemmi jssmnfjtfm`, arf`b up tefs jrbukc`t.

Kcj`f`boui Gfsnrctfm`4 F` u`gcrou`gf`b puaifn snemmis, smkc pijf`tfoos jrbuc, tec stjtc

ejs `mt bfvc` imnji gfstrfnts c`mube nemfnc f` scttf`b tecfr mw` prmpcrty tjxcs f`

coocnt, f`stftutf`b j` u`nm`stftutfm`ji stjtcwfgc prmpcrty tjx. Jii mo tec brmups cxncpt

omr tec nejrtcr snemmis j`g WQCC, wefne grmppcg tefs pjrt mo tecfr nmkpijf`t f` rcspm`sc

tm j kmtfm` ormk KJIGCO, kjlc tefs jrbukc`t.:8

F` 18:>, Justf` Gfstrfnt Nmurt Dugbc Dme` Gfctz ruicg f` ojvmr mo tec snemmi gfstrfnts acnjusc tec

Icbfsijturc nut $3.7 afiifm` ormk puaifn snemmis wefic sfkuitj`cmusiy rjfsf`b jnnmu`tjafifty j`g

jsscsskc`t stj`gjrgs.::Wec Icbfsijturc rcspm`gcg ay mìy pjrtfjiiy rcstmrf`b tec nuts wefic

kjlf`b nej`bcs tm nejrtcr snemmi pmifny, efbe snemmi nurrfnuiuk j`g brjgujtfm` j`g tcstf`b

rcqufrckc`ts. Acnjusc mo tecsc nej`bcs, tec dugbc rcmpc`cg tec njsc f` Djùjry tm ecjr

jggftfm`ji tcstfkm`y. ^nemmi gfstrfnts rcspm`gcg ay `mtf`b tejt tec rcstmrcg ou`gs wcrc

f`jgcqujtc j`g tejt tec prmaicks fècrc`t f` tec snemmi of`j`nc systck wcrc stfii njusf`b ejrk

tm tec gfstrfnts j`g fts stugc`ts.

Wec trfji c`gcg m` Ocarujry 2te, j`g j ruif`b fs cxpcntcg smkctfkc tefs sukkcr. Wec njsc wfii

iflciy prmnccg tm tec Wcxjs uprckc Nmurt, wfte jrbukc`ts f` ojii 18:7 j`g j pmssfaic of`jigcnfsfm` f` cjriy 18:3. Wefs kcj`s tec Icbfsijturc wfii kmst iflciy ac tjslcg wfte rcvfsftf`b tec

snemmi of`j`nc fssuc f` tec cxt Icbfsijtfvc cssfm` tm nmkpiy wfte tec gcnfsfm` mo tec uprckc

Nmurt.:1

Wcjnecr Xjy

Wcxjs ijbs tec `jtfm`ji jvcrjbc f` tcjnecr sjijrfcs ay $5,12> jnnmrgf`b tm tec @jtfm`ji

Cgunjtfm` Jssmnfjtfm`:>. J`g, tec jvcrjbc tcjnecr sjijry f` Wcxjs ejs gcnrcjscg ay $315 j ycjr

sf`nc 18:8-::, pjrtiy acnjusc cxpcrfc`ncg tcjnecrs (smkc termube augbct-f`guncg cjriy

rctfrckc`ts) ejvc icot tec prmocssfm` j`g acc` rcpijncg ay `cw tcjnecrs. Wejt nej`bc ejs acc`

nmupicg wfte sjijry orcczcs f` kj`y gfstrfnts j`g kf`fkji f`nrcjscs f` mtecrs :7.

Wec Wcxjs ^tjtc Wcjnecrs Jssmnfjtfm` survcys fts kckacrs pcrfmgfnjiiy tm jsl teck jamut

nmkpc`sjtfm`, njrccr cxpc`gfturcs, j`g suppickc`tji f`nmkcs. Ormk tec 18:> W^WJ Xrcss

Qcicjsc:34

Wec jvcrjbc sjijry mo tcjnecrs pjrtfnfpjtf`b f` tec ijtcst survcy wjs $38,6?2 j ycjr, j`g

tecfr jvcrjbc nijssrmmk cxpcrfc`nc wjs :?.6 ycjrs. mkc ?7 pcrnc t wcrc tec kjdmr

arcjgwf``crs f` tecfr emuscemigs. Mvcrjii, tec jvcrjbc tcjnecr sjijry f` Wcxjs, ajscg m`

gjtj omr tec 18:1-:> snemmi ycjr, wjs $75,::8. Wejt wjs >5te jkm`b tec stjtcs j`g tec



21/210

Gfstrfnt mo Nmiukafj j`g wjs $5,12> acimw tec `jtfm`ji jvcrjbc, jnnmrgf`b tm tec

@jtfm`ji Cgunjtfm` Jssmnfjtfm`.

Wec survcy rcspm`gc`ts jism rcpmrtcg4

-^pc`gf`b j` jvcrjbc mo $?62 j ycjr ormk tecfr mw` pmnlcts m` snemmi suppifcs, j`

f`nrcjsc mo kmrc tej` $:>8 ormk tercc ycjrs jbm.

-^pc`gf`b j` jvcrjbc mo $785 cjne km`te m` ecjite f`surj`nc, j` f`nrcjsc mo jikmst

$188 ormk 18:8.

-Rmrlf`b j` jvcrjbc :5 emurs j wccl mutsfgc tec nijssrmmk m` snemmi rcijtcg wmrl f`

jggftfm` tm tecfr kmmìfbetf`b dmas

Wec mìf`c survcy mo >8? tcjnecrs wjs nm`guntcg ijst sprf`b ay Gr. Qmacrt Kj`f`bcr, Gr.

^jk uiifvj` j`g Gr. Gjpe`c Dme`sm` mo jk Emustm` tjtc S`fvcrsfty. mkc 58 pcrnc t

mo tec pjrtfnfpj`ts wcrc wmkc`, 75 pcrnc`t ejg brjgujtc gcbrccs j`g tecy rcprcsc`tcg

jii brjgc icvcis j`g uraj`, suauraj` j`g rurji snemmi gfstrfnts.

Wec @jtfm`ji Nc`tcr omr Cgunjtfm` ^tjtfstfns semws tec jvcrjbc j`ùji sjijrfcs ormk j rcpmrt

nmkpficg ay @CJ omr Wcxjs (j`g mtecr stjtcs) f` nurrc`t gmiijrs j`g nm`stj`t gmiijrs:?.

Jnnmrgf`b tm tec rcpmrt, tec jvcrjbc tcjnecr sjijry f` Wcxjs omr 18:1-:> fs icss tej` ft wjs tec

twm prcncgf`b ycjrs. J`g, fo ymu imml jt tec jvcrjbc tcjnecr sjijry f` tcrks mo nm`stj`t gmiijrs,

tec jvcrjbc tcjnecr sjijry omr Wcxjs ejs gcnif`cg ay kmrc tej` sfx pcrnc`t. Fts cvc` icss tej`

ft wjs f` :656-68 j`g mìy $7,888 kmrc tej` wejt ft wjs f` tec ijtc ?8s.

Jvcrjbc tcjnecr pjy f` Wcxjs rj`ls 7?te f` tec `jtfm` wec` kcjsurcg jbjf`st sjijrfcs omr

sfkfijr mnnupjtfm`s wftef` tec stjtc (rmubeiy 18 pcrnc`t acimw pjy omr dmas gckj`gf`b sfkfijr

icvcis mo l`mwicgbc j`g slfii). F` ijrbc pjrt acnjusc mo ijbbf`b pjy rjtcs, gfstrfnts rmutf`ciyjssfb` rmubeiy 38,888 cgunjtmrs mutsfgc tecfr ofcig, nmvcrf`b suadcnts tecy jrc `mt prmpcriy

prcpjrcg tm tcjne.

Xrc-L

Gurf`b tec 18:: augbct nuts, Wcxjs Qcpuaifnj`s nut $:.7 afiifm` f` brj`ts tm puaifn snemmis,

wefne f`niugcg tec $188 kfiifm` Xrc-L Cjriy ^tjrt Brj`t. Guc tm tec nuts, kj`y gfstrfnts nut

mtecr prmbrjks sm tecy nmuig nm`tfùc tm prmvfgc smkc Xrc-L scrvfncs. Wec nmkaf`cg nuts tm

Xrc-L f` 18:: rcsuitcg f` j $155K nut tm Xrc-L omr tec 18:1-18:> afc``fuk. F` 18:>, tec 5>rg

Icbfsijturc ojficg tm ouiiy rcstmrc tec ou`gf`b, nemmsf`b tec spc`g mìy $>8K m` tec Xrc-L Cjriy

^tjrt Xrmbrjk. Actwcc` ?7% j`g ?5% mo imw-f`nmkc Wcxjs nefigrc` jrc mt c`rmiicg f` Xrc-L.:2

Xrfvjtc ^nemmi _munecrs

Xrfvjtc-snemmi vmunecr icbfsijtfm` wmuig jutemrfzc tec usc mo tjxpjycr gmiijrs tm sc`g nefigrc`

tm prfvjtc j`g rcifbfmus snemmis. Wuftfm` tjx nrcgfts jnnmkpifse tec sjkc bmji ay bfvf`b

nmrpmrjtfm`s tjx rcifco f` rctur` omr tecfr ou`gf`b mo prfvjtc-snemmi snemijrsefps. Amte prmpmsjis



22/210

wmuig u`gcrkf`c tec jafifty mo puaifn snemmis tm prmvfgc omr j qujifty cgunjtfm` omr jii nefigrc`

f` Wcxjs. Amte wmuig grjf` j puaifn-snemmi ou`gf`b systck rj`lcg jkm`b tec imwcst f` tec

nmu`try j`g trj`socr tjxpjycr gmiijrs ormk u`gcr-ou`gcg puaifn snemmis tm u`jnnmu`tjaic

prfvjtc snemmis, wefne gm `mt scrvc jii nmkcrs js puaifn snemmis kust gm.

Wcxjs nj``mt joomrg tm tjlc tjx gmiijrs ormk puaifn snemmis tm pjy omr j snemmi vmunecr prmbrjktm jiimw j scicnt ocw tm jttc`g prfvjtc snemmis.

:Wcxjs Icbfsijtfvc tugy Brmup, Wcxjsm`tecArf`l, Kjrne 18:>, jt ettp4//tcxjsisb.mrb/wp-

nm`tc`t/upimjgs/18:7/8>/tcxjsm`tecarf`l.pgo1Wcxjs Icbfsijtfvc Augbct Amjrg. 18:1 Wcxjs Ojnt Amml. Mìf`c. Jvjfijaic jt4

ettp4//www.iaa.stjtc.tx.us/Ojnt]Amml/Ojnt]Amml]18:1.pgo. Xjbc :5.>

@jtfm`ji Cgunjtfm` Jssmnfjtfm`. Qj`lf`bs j`g Cstfkjtcs4 Qj`lf`bs mo tec ^tjtcs 18:1 j`g Cstfkjtcs mo nemmi^tjtfstfns 18:>. Mìf`c. Jvjfijaic jt4 ettp4//www.`cj.mrb/jsscts/fkb/nm`tc`t/@CJ]Qj`lf`bs]J`g]Cstfkjtcs-

18:>](1).pgo. Xjbc 32. 76

Nmkkm`wcjite Omu`gjtfm`. JW ^nmrcs ay tjtc, 18::. Mìf`c. Jvjfijaic jt4

ettp4//www.nmkkm`wcjiteomu`gjtfm`.mrb/pmifnyaimb/gctjfi/sjt-snmrcs-ay-stjtc-18::.

3:8

Wcxjs Icbfsijtfvc Augbct Amjrg. 18:1 Wcxjs Ojnt Amml. Mìf`c. Jvjfijaic jt4

ettp4//www.iaa.stjtc.tx.us/Ojnt]Amml/Ojnt]Amml]18:1.pgo. Xjbc :6.?Fg.

2Fg.

5ettp4//omrjacttcrtcxjs.mrb/fkjbcs/CG]18:>]85]XX]puaifncgaugbct.pgo

6ettp4//www.tcxjstrfau`c.mrb/18:1/81/16/emw-`jvfbjtc-tcxjs-snemmi-of`j`nc-ijwsufts/

:8ettp4//www.tcxjstrfau`c.mrb/18:1/82/8>/j`-upgjtcg-bufgc-tm-tcxjs-snemmi-of`j`nc-ijwsufts/

:: ettp4//www.tcxjstrfau`c.mrb/18:7/8:/1:/tcxjs-snemmi-of`j`nc-trfji-c`tcrs-pejsc-twm/:1

ettp4//www.kmjlnjscy.nmk/jrtfnics/vfcwjrtfnicgmn.jspx/WJÂM%1818:7%18Nmòcrc`nc%18Xrcsc`tjtfm`.pgo=JF

G;?3?3&GFG;?8??:>

W^WJ rcicjscg tec gmnukc`t Emw Wcxjs Ojrcs f` @cw tjtc Cgunjtfm` Ou`gf`b Qj`lf`bs, wefne semws jvcrjbc

sjijrfcs f` tec S^ jt $3?,>5> j`g f` Wcxjs jt $75,::8:7

^murnc4ettp4//www.tcxjsfsg.nmk/jrtkj`/cxcn/vfcw.nbf=jrnefvc;>7&ùk;:>327> :3

^murnc4ettp4//www.aur`tmrj bcrcpmrt.nmk/gfjry/:7121/tcxjs-stjtc-tcjnecrs-jssmnfjtfm`-of`gs-kmrc-tcjnecrs-

omrncg-tm-kmmìfbet:?

^murnc4ettp4//`ncs.cg.bmv/prmbrjks/gfbcst/g:>/tjaics/gt:>]1::.?8.jsp:2

ettp4//www.jcno.mrb/~/kcgfj/Xuas/F`ftfjtfvcs/LFG^%18NMS@W/O/OfrstCfbetVcjrs/JCNOWecOfrstCfbetVcjrs18:>.pgo

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc:?
http://www.texasisd.com/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=34&num=135743http://www.texasisd.com/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=34&num=135743http://www.texasisd.com/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=34&num=135743http://www.burntorangereport.com/diary/14272/texas-state-teachers-association-finds-more-teachers-forced-to-moonlighthttp://www.burntorangereport.com/diary/14272/texas-state-teachers-association-finds-more-teachers-forced-to-moonlighthttp://www.burntorangereport.com/diary/14272/texas-state-teachers-association-finds-more-teachers-forced-to-moonlighthttp://www.burntorangereport.com/diary/14272/texas-state-teachers-association-finds-more-teachers-forced-to-moonlighthttp://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_211.60.asphttp://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_211.60.asphttp://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_211.60.asphttp://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_211.60.asphttp://www.burntorangereport.com/diary/14272/texas-state-teachers-association-finds-more-teachers-forced-to-moonlighthttp://www.burntorangereport.com/diary/14272/texas-state-teachers-association-finds-more-teachers-forced-to-moonlighthttp://www.texasisd.com/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=34&num=135743


23/210

Efbecr Cgunjtfm`

J sunncssoui Wcxjs efbecr cgunjtfm` systck fs lcy tm aufigf`b j` cgunjtcg wmrlomrnc j`g

scnurf`b nm`tf`ucg cnm`mkfn prmspcrfty omr jii rcsfgc`ts mo mur stjtc. J` f`gfvfguji wem

sunncssouiiy matjf`s j pmstscnm`gjry cgunjtfm` ejs j brcjtcr mppmrtu`fty omr efbecr pcrsm`ji

f`nmkcs j`g fs icss iflciy tm rciy m` puaifn jssfstj`nc. Ourtecr, efbeiy cgunjtcg nmkku`ftfcs

cxpcrfc`nc imwcr u`ckpimykc`t rjtcs, j armjgcr tjx ajsc, j`g rcguncg nrfkc rjtcs.

F` 1888, tec Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg iju`necg Nimsf`b tec Bjps ay 18:3, j

stjtcwfgc strjtcbfn pij` omr efbecr cgunjtfm`, f` j` coomrt tm ecip Wcxjs rcjne `jtfm`ji pjrfty f`

pjrtfnfpjtfm`, sunncss, cxnciic`nc, j`g rcscjrne.

Qcscjrne semws tejt fo Wcxjs kccts fts bmjis, tec Wcxjs cnm`mky wfii cxpcrfc`nc ay 18>8

cstfkjtcg f`nrcjscs mo4

$756 afiifm` f` tmtji spc`gf`b, $:67 afiifm` f` brmss stjtc prmgunt, $:11 afiifm` f` pcrsm`ji f`nmkc, j`g : kfiifm` `cw dmas.:

Emwcvcr, jotcr ycjrs mo tryf`b tm mpc` tec gmmrs mo efbecr cgunjtfm` tm jii stugc ts wem smubet

j pmstscnm`gjry cgunjtfm`, stjtc pmifnfcs jrc m`nc jbjf` prfnf`b mut ojkfifcs wem rciy m`

joomrgjafifty j`g of`j`nfji jfg tm rcjifzc tejt grcjk. Mvcr tec ijst gcnjgc, tec nmst mo efbecr

cgunjtfm` ejs slyrmnlctcg j`g of`j`nfji jssfstj`nc ejs `mt lcpt pjnc wfte tec `ccg.

Wuftfm` Gcrcbuijtfm`

F` 188>, tec Wcxjs Icbfsijturc pjsscg icbfsijtfm` gcrcbuijtf`b tec nmst mo tuftfm` omr efbecr

cgunjtfm` ay jiimwf`b tec bmvcr`f`b amjrgs mo puaifn u`fvcrsftfcs tm gctcrkf`c tec gcsfb`jtcg

tuftfm` rjtc wfte `m ifkft. Nmkku`fty j`g tcne fnji nmiicbc tuftfm`s jrc jism sct ay tecfr

bmvcr`f`b amjrgs aut wftef` stjtutmry rcqufrckc`ts. Wuftfm` gcrcbuijtfm` icbfsijtfm` jismrcqufrcg efbecr cgunjtfm` f`stftutfm`s tm sct jsfgc j kf`fkuk jkmu`t omr of`j`nfji jssfstj`nc

tm stugc`ts f` `ccg.

Jnnmrgf`b tm tec Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, tec stjtcwfgc jvcrjbc tmtji

jnjgckfn nejrbcs omr j stugc`t tjlf`b :3 nrcgft emurs jt j puaifn u`fvcrsfty f`nrcjscg ay :87

pcrnc`tormk ojii 188> termube ojii 18:>. 1



24/210

Jnncssfafifty tm u`fvcrsftfcs j`g of`j`nfji jfg

Refic c`rmiikc`t brmwte nm`tfùcs, tec pjnc ejs simwcg. J kjdmr bmji sct omr Nimsf`b tec Bjps

fs tm f`nrcjsc c`rmiikc`t rjtcs omr kf`mrfty stugc`ts. Wec WECNA prcgfnts tejt Wcxjs wfii kcct

18:3 c`rmiikc`t bmjis ay ukacr, aut wfii ojii semrt jkm`b Efspj`fn c`rmiikc`t.>Wrc`gs jrc

jism semwf`b tec bc`gcr bjp fs f`nrcjsf`b. Wec mvcrjii ockjic pjrtfnfpjtfm` fs ?.5% mo tecfr

pmpuijtfm`, wefne fs :.2 pcrnc`tjbc pmf`ts jamvc tec kjic rjtc omr 18:1 j`g fs efbecr fÈfspj`fn j`g Jorfnj` Jkcrfnj` pmpuijtfm`s.7

Wec Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg rcpmrtcg jpprmxfkjtciy :.77 kfiifm` stugc`ts

wcrc c`rmiicg f` ojii 18:1 f` Wcxjs puaifn f`stftutfm`s mo efbecr cgunjtfm`, wfte mvcr 3:% f` twm-

ycjr f`stftutfm`s.3Emwcvcr, f` ojii 18:1, twm-ycjr puaifn f`stftutfm`s semwcg j gcnrcjsc f`

c`rmiikc`t omr tec ofrst tfkc sf`nc Wcxjs jgmptcg Nimsf`b tec Bjps.

Jgvmnjtcs scc joofrkjtfvc jntfm`, tec Wmp :8 pcrnc`t ruic, j nuiturc mo efbecr cgunjtfm`, j`g

joomrgjafifty js grfvcrs tejt jiimw pjrtfnfpjtfm` j`g sunncss tm f`nrcjsc.

Qcjifzf`b pmpuijtfm` sefots j`g nej`bcs f` tec typcs mo stugc ts c`tcrf`b efbecr cgunjtfm`

f`stftutfm`s, tec Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg fs rcnmkkc`gf`b brcjtcr

f`vcstkc`t f` efbecr cgunjtfm` cspcnfjiiy omr of`j`nfji jfg prmbrjks. Wcxjs nm`tfùcs tm ijb

acef`g mtecrs f` f`vcstf`b f` cgunjtfm`ji fòrjstrunturc wfte nmkpjrcg tm mtecr ijrbc stjtcs.

Omr cvcry$:.88 f`vcstcg f` tec ocgcrji Xcii brj`t prmbrjk, Wcxjs mìy f`vcsts >1 nc`ts,

nmkpjrcg tm 3? nc`ts f` Njifomr`fj j`g 55 nc`ts f` @cw Vmrl.?

F` mrgcr tm nm`tfùc tm f`nrcjsc c`rmiikc`t j`g sunncss rjtcs, Wcxjs wfii `ccg tm armjgc`

of`j`nfji jssfstj`nc j`g rcnruftkc`t tm jssfst `m`-trjgftfm`ji stugc`ts f` jttjf`f`b j

pmstscnm`gjry cgunjtfm`. M`nc c`rmiicg, Wcxjs stugc`ts ifvf`b f` pmvcrty strubbic wfte tec

efbecst icvci mo u`kct `ccg nmkpjrcg tm temsc ifvf`b jamvc tec pmvcrty tercsemig. Wcxjsu`gcrbrjgujtcs jt omur-ycjr f`stftutfm`s ifvf`b acimw pmvcrty ejg j`ùji u`kct `ccg rcjnef`b

$6,758, wefic efbecr-f`nmkc stugc`ts ejg icss tej` $?,888 f` u`kct ccg.2

Rfte j efbecr u`kct `ccg, stugc`ts ormk pmvcrty kust nmvcr tuftfm` termube imj`s, wmrl, j`g

mtecr f`stftutfm`ji jfg. Cvc` wfte of`j`nfji jfg, tec bjp actwcc` ocgcrji jfg j`g nmiicbc nmsts fs

2> pcrnc`t mr kmrc tej` $:7,?88 omr stugc`ts jt puaifn omur-ycjr f`stftutfm`s.

Rmrlomrnc

Cgunjtfm`ji jttjf`kc`t omr ckpimykc`t nm`tfùcs tm f`nrcjsc. Ay 1818, tec Nc`tcr m`

Cgunjtfm` j`g tec Rmrlomrnc, cstfkjtc tejt jpprmxfkjtciy ?3% mo jii dmas wfii rcqufrc jt icjstsmkc pmstscnm`gjry cgunjtfm`.5

Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Ojnts & Ofburcs

:.77 kfiifm` stugc`ts c`rmiicg f` Ojii 18:16

3:.7% mo Efspj`fn efbe snemmi brjgujtcs gfrcntiy c`tcr nmiicbc

33.?% mo Reftc efbe snemmi brjgujtcs gfrcntiy c`tcr nmiicbc

38.:% mo Jorfnj` Jkcrfnj` efbe snemmi brjgujtcs gfrcntiy c`tcr nmiicbc:8



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:Wec Qjy Xcrrykj` Brmup, J Wjic mo Wwm ^tjtcsJ`g M`c Kfiifm` Dmas!!4 J` J`jiysfs mo

tec Cnm`mkfn Ac`cofts mo Jnefcvf`b tec Outurc Bmjis mo tec Nimsf`b tec Bjps F`ftfjtfvc mo

tec Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, Kjrne 1882. Ofburcs jrc f` 188? Gmiijrs.

1Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, Mvcrvfcw4 Wuftfm` Gcrcbuijtfm`.Kjrne 18::.Xb. 1. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jtettp4//www.tecna.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/XGO/>>?6.XGO>Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, C`rmiikc`t Omrcnjst 18:>-1818. Djùjry

18:>. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

ettp4//www.tecna.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/XGO/16?7.XGO=NOFG;66?8?66&NOWMLC@;?2256?

56.7Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, Nimsf`b tec Bjps ^prf`b 18:> Xrmbrcss

Qcpmrt. Du`c 18:>. Xb. 7. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

www.tecna.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/XGO/>::7.XGO3Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, C`rmiikc`t Omrcnjst 18:>-1818. Djùjry


ettp4//www.tecna.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/XGO/16?7.XGO=NOFG;66?8?66&NOWMLC@;?2256?56.?Nc`tcr omr Xuaifn Xmifny Xrfmrftfcs, Wec Nmst mo Nmiicbc Emw Wcxjs ^tugc`ts j`g Ojkfifcs

jrc Of`j`nf`b Nmiicbc Cgunjtfm`. Xb. ?. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt4

ettp4//omrjacttcrtcxjs.mrb/fkjbcs/CM]18:1]83]QC]Of`j`nfjiJfg.pgo2FG pb. :?5Nc`tcr m` Cgunjtfm` j`g tec Rmrlomrnc, Qcnmvcry4 Dma Brmwte j`g Cgunjtfm`

Qcqufrckc`ts Wermube 1818. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

ettps4//ncw.bcmrbctmw`.cgu/rcnmvcry1818.6Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, C`rmiikc`t Omrcnjst 18:>-1818. Djùjry


ettp4//www.tecna.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/XGO/16?7.XGO=NOFG;66?8?66&NOWMLC@;?2256?56.:8Wcxjs Efbecr Cgunjtfm` Nmmrgf`jtf`b Amjrg, Nimsf`b tec Bjps ^prf`b 18:> Xrmbrcss

Qcpmrt. Du`c 18:>. Xb. 6, ::. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

www.tecna.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/XGO/>::7.XGO

http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3369.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3369.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3369.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3114.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3114.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689https://cew.georgetown.edu/recovery2020https://cew.georgetown.edu/recovery2020http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3114.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3114.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3114.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689https://cew.georgetown.edu/recovery2020http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3114.PDFhttp://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/2964.PDF?CFID=9960699&CFTOKEN=67789689http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/3369.PDF


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27/210

F`trmguntfm` tm Ecjite j`g Eukj` ^crvfncs

Wec ecjite mo mur nefigrc` j`g imvcg m`cs fs sjnrcg j`g semuig`t ac suadcnt tm tec wefks mo pmiftfnfj`s

j`g f`surj`nc aurcjunrjts. @mamgy semuig ac semvcg moo tecfr f`surj`nc acnjusc tecy gcvcimp j

njtjstrmpefn fii`css iflc nj`ncr, mamgy semuig ac gc`fcg nmvcrjbc acnjusc mo tecfr prcvfmus fii`css, j`g

`mamgy semuig ac suadcnt tm tec tcrrfaic jauscs mo tec f`surj`nc f`gustry. Jii Wcxj`s semuig ejvc jnncss

tm qujifty, joomrgjaic ecjitenjrc j`g tec pcjnc mo kf`g tejt tecfr f`surj`nc pij` wfii wmrl js pij``cg

wec` wc `ccg ft.

Kcgfnjfg Cxpj`sfm`

Fo Wcxjs ojfis tm jnncpt temsc ocgcrji gmiijrs, tec` Wcxj`s wfii ac pjyf`b omr j prmbrjk tejt tecy gm `mt

ac`coft ormk. Mur tjx gmiijrs jrc acf`b ecig emstjbc acnjusc mo pjrtfsj` pmiftfns tejt fs `mt f` tec acst

f`tcrcst mo Wcxj`s.

Wcxjs semuig omiimw tec afpjrtfsj` icjg tm nrjot j Wcxjs ^miutfm` tm Kcgfnjfg tm c`surc mur Wcxjs

vctcrj`s, nefigrc`, cigcriy nftfzc`s j`g wmrlf`b ojkfifcs rcncfvc tec ecjite njrc tecy gcscrvc.

Cvc` wftemut Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm`, wc jrc nurrc`tiy pjyf`b omr kmrc cxpc`sfvc njrc omr tecsc

pmpuijtfm`s. Rec` f`gfvfgujis bct sfnl j`g sccl trcjtkc`t jt tec CQ, temsc nmsts mo u`nmkpc`sjtcg njrcbct pjsscg jim`b tm us f` tec omrk mo efbecr f`surj`nc prckfuks j`g efbecr tjxcs.

Ft nmsts j imt kmrc tm bm tm tec CQ tej` tm bm tm j prfkjry njrc peysfnfj`.

Jnncptf`b tec Kcgfnjfg gmiijrs wmuig jiimw us tm prmvfgc kmrc joomrgjaic njrc j`g acttcr trcjtkc`t tm

imw f`nmkc Wcxjs nftfzc`s, cspcnfjiiy sf`nc ymu nj`t bct neckmtecrjpy mr mtecr trcjtkc`ts omr nerm`fn

fii`csscs f` tec CQ.

Rmkc`s Ecjite

Ecipf`b wmkc` j`g ojkfifcs prcpjrc j`g pij` omr j ojkfiy wec` tecy gcnfgc tec tfkc fs rfbet fs nrftfnji tm

j ecjitey prcb`j`ny, j ecjitey ajay j`g rcgunf`b u`f`tc`gcg prcb`j`nfcs.

Ay 18:>, tec kjssfvc augbct nuts icot mvcr :28,888 imw-f`nmkc wmkc` wftemut jnncss tm prcvc`tjtfvc

j`g ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs.

Wcxjs ijwkjlcrs ccg tm ouiiy suppmrt tec coomrts mo tecsc prmbrjks tejt jrc nrunfji tm ckpmwcrf`b

wmkc` tm ifvc ecjitefcr ifvcs.

F`stftutfm`ji Ojfiurcs

F` rcnc`t ycjrs tec stjtc mo Wcxjs ejs systckfnjiiy ojficg j`g omrbmttc tec pcmpic tejt wcrc suppmscg tm

ac ecipcg ay eukj` scrvfncs prmbrjks.

^mkc ojfiurcs wcrc wcii-puaifnfzcg jt tec tfkc, iflc tec Wcxjs Vmute Nmkkfssfm` (WVN) snj`gjis, weficmtecrs ejvc grjbbcg m` omr ycjrs wftemut kune puaifn jttc`tfm`, iflc tec m`bmf`b ajnlimb j`g efbe

tur`mvcr f` tec Xrmtcntfvc crvfncs gfvfsfm`s jt tec Gcpjrtkc`t mo Ojkfiy j`g Xrmtcntfvc crvfncs.

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc1:


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29/210

Wcxjs ^miutfm` tm Ecjitenjrc

F`trmguntfm` tm tec Joomrgjaic Njrc Jnt

Wec Joomrgjaic Njrc Jnt wjs gcsfb`cg tm aufig moo mo tec cxfstf`b ecjite f`surj`nc fòrjstrunturc

f` mur nmu`try wefic fkprmvf`b tec systck j`g cxtc`gf`b jnncss tm joomrgjaic ecjitenjrc tm tec

kfiifm`s mo u`f`surcg. Wec prmvfsfm`s f` tec JNJ brcjtiy ac`coft Wcxjs, wefne ejg trfcg j`g

ojficg omr ycjrs tm prmtcnt nm`sukcrs j`g jggrcss tec prmaicks wfte mur ecjite f`surj`nc

systck. Wecsc nmkkm` sc`sc prmvfsfm`s ejg acc` gfoofnuit tm pjss m` tec stjtc icvci, aut jrc

lcy tm c`surf`b jnncss tm joomrgjaic nmvcrjbc omr Wcxj`s. Wecy f`niugc prmefaftf`b

gfsnrfkf`jtfm` ajscg m` prc-cxfstf`b nm`gftfm`s, c`gf`b tec prjntfnc mo grmppf`b pmifnyemigcrs

wec` tecy acnmkc scrfmusiy fii, c`gf`b ifoctfkc njps m` nmvcrjbc, rcgunf`b mut-mo-pmnlct

cxpc`scs, c`surf`b jnncss tm prcvc`tfvc njrc j`g cxpj`gf`b Kcgfnjfg nmvcrjbc tm jii pcmpic

ifvf`b f` pmvcrty.

Xrfmr tm tec fkpickc`tjtfm` mo tec JNJ, f` jggftfm` tm tec u`f`surcg, tecrc wcrc kfiifm`s mo

u`gcrf`surcg Wcxj`s. Cjne gjy, 728 Wcxj`s imst tecfr nmvcrjbc acnjusc mo rfsf`b prckfuks,acf`b gfjb`mscg wfte j njtjstrmpefn fii`css, j`g masnc`c mut-mo-pmnlct cxpc`scs. Wec JNJ njps

nm`sukcr spc`gf`b c`surf`b tejt `m m`c ejs tm ocjr aj`lruptny tm pjy omr njrc.

F` 1885, ?.6 kfiifm` Wcxj s spc`t kmrc tej` :8 pcrnc`t mo tecfr f`nmkc m` ecjite-rcijtcg nmsts.

F` 1882, ?1 pcrnc`t mo pcrsm`ji aj`lruptny ofif`bs wcrc njuscg ay kcgfnji prmaicks. Wec ijrbc

kjdmrfty mo temsc oficrs - 25 pcrnc`t - ejg ecjite f`surj`nc wec` tecfr fii`css stjrtcg. Motc` ft

tjlcs j njtjstrmpefn fii`css mr cvc`t -- iflc bcttf`b gfjb`mscg wfte nj`ncr -- omr j ojkfiy tm

rcjifzc tec prmaicks tejt wcrc fècrc`t f` mur f`surj`nc systck. ûrvcys semw tejt 13 pcrnc`t

mo f`gfvfgujis wfte nj`ncr rcpmrt usf`b jii mr kmst mo tecfr sjvf`bs js j rcsuit mo tec of`j`nfji

aurgc` mo trcjtf`b ft. Wrcjtkc`t fs sm nmstiy tejt kj`y pjtfc`ts wjft, rcsuitf`b f` gcvjstjtf`bcoocnts m` tecfr ecjite. F` Wcxjs, :8 pcrnc`t mo pcmpic ejvc gfjactcs j`g 15 pcrnc`t ejvc efbe

aimmg prcssurc. F`surj`nc nmkpj`fcs uscg tec prcsc`nc mo tecsc fii`csscs, j`g mtecrs iflc

nj`ncr j`g kc`tji fii`css, tm nejrbc efbecr prckfuks j`g gc`y nmvcrjbc.

Kj`y f`gfvfgujis wfte f`surj`nc ojnc tec sjkc prmaicks js temsc wem ijnl nmvcrjbc

jitmbctecr. Kmrc tej` ejio mo u`gcrf`surcg f`gfvfgujis gcijy kcgfnji njrc acnjusc mo nmsts,

j`g 73 pcrnc`t mo tec u`gcrf`surcg ejvc gfoofnuity pjyf`b kcgfnji afiis.

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc1>


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S`gcr tec JNJ, kmst Wcxj`s wfii nm`tfùc tm rcncfvc ecjite f`surj`nc nmvcrjbc termube tecfr

ckpimycr. Omr temsc tejt purnejsc tecfr ecjite f`surj`nc m` tec prfvjtc kjrlct, pij`s jrc `mw

rcqufrcg tm ejvc stj`gjrg kf`fkuk ac`cofts, tecy nj`t nejrbc kmrc ajscg m` ecjite stjtus,

tecrc jrc ifkfts m` prckfuk f`nrcjscs js pcmpic jbc, tecrc fs `m gc`fji mo nmvcrjbc, `m prc-

cxfstf`b nm`gftfm`s gfsnrfkf`jtfm`s j`g `m j`ùji mr ifoctfkc kjxfkuks.

^tjtcs wcrc bfvc` tec mptfm` tm nrcjtc mìf`c cxnej`bcs, mr kjrlctpijncs, wecrc f`gfvfgujis

nj` semp omr j`g nmkpjrc prfvjtc ecjite f`surj`nc pij`s tejt kcct ncrtjf` kf`fkuk nmvcrjbc

rcqufrckc`ts. Wemsc f`gfvfgujis u`gcr 788 pcrnc`t Ocgcrji Xmvcrty Icvci ($61,188 omr ojkfiy mo

7) tejt purnejsc ecjite f`surj`nc m` tec cxnej`bcs rcncfvc sifgf`b snjic gcguntfaics j`g nmpjys

j`g mut-mo-pmnlct njps f` tec cxnej`bc tm f`nrcjsc joomrgjafifty j`g rcgunc kcgfnji

aj`lruptny.

Qcpuaifnj`s j`g Gckmnrjts f` tec stjtc icbfsijturc prmpmscg pij`s tm nrcjtc j Wcxjs ajscg

cxnej`bc, aut Bmvcr`mr Xcrry rcouscg tm kmvc omrwjrg wfte tec pij`s. Js j rcsuit, Wcxj`s kust

tur` tm tec ocgcrjiiy mpcrjtcg cxnej`bc, ecjitenjrc.bmv, tm sccl j`g purnejsc njrc. 2>>,232

Wcxj`s c`rmiicg f` j ecjite f`surj`nc pij` termube ecjitenjrc.bmv acomrc tec mpc` c`rmiikc`t

pcrfmg c`gcg, cxnccgf`b cxpcntjtfm`. Acnjusc Bmvcr`mr Xcrry rcouscg tm dmf` wfte tec

afpjrtfsj` nmjiftfm` mo ijwkjlcrs tm nrjot j Wcxjs ajscg jitcr`jtfvc tm tec ocgcrji b mvcr`kc`ts

ecjitenjrc.bmv wcasftc f` 18::, eu`grcgs mo temusj`gs mo Wcxj`s ejvc ejg tm gcji wfte wccls-

im`b wcasftc ojfiurcs, gcijys f` nmvcrjbc, j`g emurs m` tec pem`c tm purnejsc f`surj`nc.

Wec JNJ mrfbf`jiiy nm`tjf`cg j prmvfsfm` tm cxpj`g Kcgfnjfg tm temsc f`gfvfgujis ifvf`b acimw

:>> pcrnc`t OXI. Wefs rcqufrckc`t omr stjtcs tm cxpj`g tec prmbrjk wjs strunl gmw` ay tec

ûprckc Nmurt, icjvf`b stjtcs wfte tec jafifty tm mpt mut mo tec cxpj`sfm`. Wcxjs fs m`c mo tec

stjtcs tejt ejvc teus ojr nemsc` tm mpt mut mo Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm`, gcprfvf`b joomrgjaic ecjitef`surj`nc tm mvcr : kfiifm` wmrlf`b Wcxj`s j`g pjssf`b tec nmsts omr u`nmkpc`sjtcg njrc m` tm

imnji tjxpjycrs j`g f`gfvfgujis wfte f`surj`nc wefic sc`gf`b tec gmiijrs cjrkjrlcg omr Wcxjs tm

mtecr stjtcs.

Kcgfnjfg Cxpj`sfm` f` Wcxjs

Wcxjs ejs tec jafifty tm icjg tec nmu`try termube f``mvjtfvc rcomrks tejt wfii strc`btec` tec

ecjite f`surj`nc pij`s mo Wcxj`s wfte f`surj`nc, imwcr nmsts, cxtc`g nmvcrjbc tm wmrlf`b

Wcxj`s wftemut f`surj`nc j`g fkprmvc tec ecjite, wciiacf`b j`g of`j`nfji scnurfty mo jii

nftfzc`s.

Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` nj` prmvfgc nmvcrjbc tm temsc wmrlf`b Wcxj`s tejt ojii actwcc` tec nrjnls

j`g jrc gc`fcg mr nj`t joomrg prfvjtc nmvcrjbc. Ft wmuig lccp temsc wmrlf`b Wcxj`s mut mo tec

ckcrbc`ny rmmk wecrc tecy motc` nj`t joomrg tm pjy tecfr afiis j`g wmuig stmp temsc nmsts

ormk acf`b pjsscg m` tm Wcxj`s termube efbecr f`surj`nc prckfuks j`g prmpcrty tjxcs.

Cxpj`sfm` wfii lccp tec ocgcrji tjx gmiijrs mo Wcxj`s f` Wcxj`s f`stcjg mo bmf`b tm mtecr stjtcs

j`g ft wfii nrcjtc dmas j`g spur cnm`mkfn gcvcimpkc`t f` mur nmkku`ftfcs. Of`jiiy, afpjrtfsj`

prmpmsjis f` tec Wcxjs Emusc j`g ^c`jtc ejvc gckm`strjtcg tejt nmkprmkfsc pij`s nj` ac



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rcvcùc `cutrji, rcqufrf`b `m jggftfm`ji bc`crji rcvcùc tm fkpickc`t wefic jnefcvf`b

sfb`fofnj`t nmst sjvf`bs tm stjtc j`g imnji bmvcr`kc`ts, emspftjis j`g prfvjtc ecjite f`surj`nc

pij`s.

Wec bmji mo Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` semuig ac tm imwcr nmsts j`g strc`btec` j`g scnurc tec cxfstf`b

nmvcrjbc mo Wcxj`s wfte ecjite f`surj`nc j`g prmvfgc qujifty nmvcrjbc tm tec kmrc tej` :kfiifm` cstfkjtcg Wcxj`s tejt wmuig qujifoy omr Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` u`gcr tec Joomrgjaic Njrc

Jnt. Ourtecr, j`y sune pij` semuig kf`fkfzc tec usc mo stjtc gmiijrs, ac`g tec nmst nurvc omr

ijrbcr ecjitenjrc nmsts, rcfb` f` jauscs, fkpickc`t acst prjntfncs j`g scnurc j`g strc`btec`

tec cxfstf`b pij`s mo Wcxj`s wfte ecjite f`surj`nc. ^f`nc Wcxj`s ejvc tm kjlc ocgcrji tjx

pjykc`ts, tecy'rc stfii ecipf`b of`j`nc cxpj`sfm` f` mtecr stjtcs< tecy'rc dust `mt sccf`b j`y

ac`coft jt emkc.

F`gustry cxpcrts ejvc prcgfntcg tejt stjtcs tejt gm `mt cxpj`g Kcgfnjfg kjy scc efbecr

prckfuks js emspftjis sefot tec nmst mo u`nmkpc`sjtcg njrc tm f`surcrs. :Wefs fssuc fs

pjrtfnuijriy jnutc f` Wcxjs, wecrc Wcxjs emspftjis nurrc`tiy spc`g kmrc tej` $3 afiifm` f` j

sf`bic ycjr omr u`nmkpc`sjtcg njrc, `cjriy jii mo wefne fs suppmrtcg ay imnji prmpcrty tjx

gmiijrs.1

Ay nemmsf`b mt tm pjrtfnfpjtc, Wcxjs wfii omrbm j` cstfkjtcg $6.35 afiifm` f` ocgcrji ou`gf`b f`

1811. Wjlf`b f`tm jnnmu`t ocgcrji tjxcs pjfg ay Wcxjs rcsfgc ts, tec ct nmst tm tjxpjycrs f` tec

stjtc f` 1811 wfii ac kmrc tej` $6.1 afiifm`.>

Wec ocgcrji bmvcr`kc`t ejs gckm`strjtcg tejt ft fs wfiif`b tm wmrl wfte f`gfvfguji stjtcs tm

nrjot nmkprmkfscs tm Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm`. Wec ofrst stjtc tm rcncfvc pcrkfssfm` tm aufig j imnjiiy

tjfimrcg prmbrjk wjs Jrlj`sjs, wefne uscg Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` gmiijrs tm ecip cifbfaic

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Jotcr tec Jrlj`sjs kmgci wjs jpprmvcg, kj`y stjtcs f`niugf`b Wcxjs acbj` immlf`b jt wjys tm

tjfimr tecfr jpprmjne tm Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` tm acttcr oft tecfr spcnfofn pmifny j`g pmiftfnji

`ccgs7. F` 18:>, Qcpuaifnj`s j`g Gckmnrjts f` tec stjtc icbfsijturc nrjotcg j Wcxjs ^miutfm`

tm Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` tejt aufit moo tec `cw jitcr`jtfvc stjtc jpprmjnecs acf`b pursucg ay

mtecr stjtcs. M`nc jbjf`, Bmvcr`mr Xcrry gcocjtcg tec prmpmsjis.

Emwcvcr, mtecr stjtcs jrc kmvf`b omrwjrg wfte pij`s tm aufig nmkprmkfsc Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm`

pij`s. Ormk tec Nmkkm`wcjite Ou`g4

3

Wm ofii tec nmvcrjbc bjp j`g njpturc smkc mo tec imst rcvcùc, smkc stjtcs tejt wcrc f`ftfjiiy ecsftj`t tm

cxpj`g Kcgfnjfg jrc mw pursuf`b jitcr`jtfvc jpprmjnecs tm nmvcr kmrc imw-f`nmkc rcsfgc`ts. (^cc

f`tcrjntfvc kjp). F` mrgcr tm rcncfvc ocgcrji kjtnef`b ou`gs, stjtcs kust prmpmsc j pjtewjy tm nmvcrjbc

omr jii jguits f` tec cwiy cifbfaic Kcgfnjfg brmup u`gcr tec ijw (f.c., jguits wfte f`nmkcs up tm :>5

pcrnc`t mo pmvcrty). Jrlj`sjs, Fmwj, j`g Kfnefbj` suakfttcg sm-njiicg cntfm` :::3 wjfvcrs tm tec

Nc`tcrs omr Kcgfnjrc j`g Kcgfnjfg crvfncs (NK^) j`g ejvc rcncfvcg jpprmvji tm nustmkfzc tecfr

cxpj`sfm`s< Xc``syivj`fj ejs jppifcg omr j sfkfijr wjfvcr. Stje j`g @cw Ejkpsefrc jrc nm`sfgcrf`b



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gfoocrc`t mptfm`s. Wec icbfsijturcs j`g bmvcr`mrs f` tecsc stjtcs, wefne ejvc wj`tcg tm kjlc ecjite

f`surj`nc jvjfijaic tm tecfr pmmrcst rcsfgc`ts aut ejvc mt acc` jaic tm jbrcc m` j` jpprmjne, ejvc

tur`cg tm tec usc mo prfvjtc f`surj`nc j`g brcjtcr nmst-sejrf`b js nmkprmkfscs.

Wec Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` nmkprmkfsc prmpmscg ay Qcpuaifnj`s j`g Gckmnrjts f` Wcxjs

f`niugcg prckfuk jssfstj`nc omr tec purnejsc mo prfvjtc pij`s, nmst sejrf`b, ecjite j`g

wcii`css f`nc`tfvcs j`g mtecr prmpmsjis tejt ejvc trjgftfm`jiiy acc` suppmrtcg ay nm`scrvjtfvc

ijwkjlcrs. Emwcvcr, f`stcjg mo prmpmsf`b tecsc rcomrks tm wcjlc` nmvcrjbc f` cxfstf`b

Kcgfnjfg pmpuijtfm`s, tec prmpmsjis jrc uscg tm cxtc`g nmvcrjbc tm tec u`f`surcg cxpj`sfm`

pmpuijtfm`. Ajscg m` IAA cstfkjtcs, tecsc Kcgfnjfg prmpmsjis semuig ac nmst `cutrji j`g

rcqufrc `m jggftfm`ji bc`crji rcvc`uc tm fkpickc`t wefic jnefcvf`b sfb`fofnj`t nmst sjvf`bs tm

stjtc j`g imnji bmvcr`kc`ts, emspftjis j`g prfvjtc ecjite f`surj`nc pij`s.

Ajnlbrmu`g Ojnts j`g Ofburcs m` Kcgfnjfg Cxpj`sfm`

EE^N cstfkjtcs tejt wfte ouii Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` tec rjtc mo u`f`surcg F` Wcxjs wmuig grmp

ormk 17% tm :1%.

Wcxjs stj`gs tm imsc kmrc ocgcrji ou`gs tej` j`y mtecr stjtc gcspftc nm`trfautf`b tec scnm`g

efbecst jkmu`t f` ocgcrji f`nmkc tjx tm tec S^ bc`crji rcvc`uc ou`g.

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc1?


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Jnnmrgf`b tm j` cnm`mkfn j`jiysfs ay tec Xcrrykj` Brmup, Wcxjs wmuig scc j rctur` mo $:.16

omr cvcry $: spc`t m` Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm`, j`g tec aurgc` m` imnji bmvcr`kc`ts wmuig ac

rcguncg ay $:.1: omr cvcry gmiijr tec stjtc spc`t m` cxpj`gf`b tec prmbrjk. Jnnmrgf`b tm

nm`scrvjtfvc cstfkjtcs nm`guntcg ay Afiiy Ejkfitm`, tec ouii jkmu`t mo sjvf`bs ormk cxpj`gf`b

Kcgfnjfg j`g grjwf`b gmw` tefs cèj`ncg kjtne nmuig ac jikmst $:.1 afiifm` f` bc`crjircvcùc.

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emspftjis jasmra kmrc tej` $3 afiifm` j`ùjiiy f` u`nmkpc`sjtcg njrc, j imss tejt fs pjsscg m`

f` tec omrk mo efbecr prfncs, js wcii js gfrcnt tjx jrcjs tejt ejvc emspftji gfstrfnts. Kcgfnjfg

cxpj`sfm` wfii nmst us icss f` omur ycjrs tej` wejt Wcxjs emspftjis spc`g m` tec u`f`surcg

pmpuijtfm`s f` m`c ycjr.

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nmvcrjbc, mr mvcr ? kfiifm` pcmpic. J Bjiiup pmii rcpmrts tejt Wcxjs ejs tec efbecst pcrnc`tjbc

mo pcmpic cvcr rcnmrgcg wftemut ecjite f`surj`nc jt 15.5 pcrnc`t. Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` wfii

prmvfgc ecjite f`surj`nc tm jpprmxfkjtciy :.3 kfiifm` u`f`surcg Wcxj`s.

Wec Icbfsijtfvc Augbct Amjrg cstfkjtcg tejt j Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` f` Wcxjs tejt omiimws nurrc`tbufgcif`cs wmuig nmst $38.7 kfiifm` f` BQ omr tefs afc``fuk j`g grjw gmw` $7 afiifm` f` ocgcrji

kjtnef`b ou`gs. Wec stjtc's sejrc fs ejio mo tec jgkf`fstrjtfvc nmst omr tec ofrst twm ycjrs. Wec

nmkprmkfsc Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm` pij` prmpmscg ay ijwkjlcrs f` 18:> f`niugcs kcnej`fsks

tejt semuig ourtecr rcgunc tec nmst tm tec stjtc tm tec pmf`t mo nmst `cutrjifty.

^f`nc cxpj`sfm` wmuig mt ac fkpickc`tcg u`tfi 18:3 mr 18:?, Wcxjs wfii rcncfvc j :88 pcrnc`t

kjtne ormk tec ocgcrji bmvcr`kc t tm pjy omr tec ofrst j`g/mr scnm`g ycjr j`g tec kjtne wfii

ac brjgujiiy rcguncg tm 68 pcrnc`t mo ou`gf`b tecrcjotcr.

Nm`niusfm`Wcxjs ejs tec jafifty tm icjg tec jtfm` j`g nrcjtc stjtc ajscg smiutfm`s tm tec ecjite f`surj nc

prmaicks ojnf`b mur stjtc. Rc nj` aufig moo afpjrtfsj` prmpmsjis tm nrcjtc j` jitcr`jtfvc, nmst

`cutrji prmbrjk omr imw-f`nmkc f`gfvfgujis f` tec nmvcrjbc bjp. F`stcjg, mur icjgcrs ejvc

ojficg tm jnt j`g icot kfiifm`s mo Wcxj`s cftecr u`f`surcg mr u`gcrf`surcg. Wecsc jntfm`s ejvc

icg tm efbecr tjxcs j`g efbecr f`surj`nc prckfuks tm pjy omr tec nmst mo u`nmkpc`sjtcg njrc

f` mur stjtc. Wcxjs semuig omiimw tec cxjkpic sct ay Qcpuaifnj`s j`g Gckmnrjts f` tec

Icbfsijturc tm nrjot j stjtc ajscg smiutfm` tm Kcgfnjfg cxpj`sfm`, fkprmvc tec cxfstf`b Kcgfnjfg



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systck ay c`nmurjbf`b f``mvjtfm`, strcjkif`f`b jgkf`fstrjtfvc ejssics, f`nc`tfvfzf`b acst

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tjxpjycr gmiijrs

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Rmkc`s Ecjite Xrmbrjk

F` 18:: tec stjtc icbfsijturc nut tec stjtc augbct omr ojkfiy pij``f`b ay twm tefrgs tm $>2.6

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2? kcgfnji ojnfiftfcs f` tec _jiicy ejvc nimscg mr stmppcg prmvfgf`b scrvfncs guc tm jijnl mo ou`gf`b.7>6% pcrnc`t mo tec nimsurc joocntcg spcnfjifzcg ojkfiy pij``f`b

nif`fns.

Nif`fns tejt gfg`t nimsc wcrc omrncg tm kjlc stjoo j`g mtecr augbct nuts rcsuitf`b fòcwcr scrvfncs j`g j` f`jafifty tm kcct tec gckj`g bc`crjtcg ay nimsurcs. 3

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tej` f` 18:8. Wec ukacr mo wmkc` f` tec _jiicy scclf`b ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs

ormk GÊ^ ou`gcg nif`fns ocii ormk :6,363 f` 18:8 tm 3,728 f` 18:1.?

F`, 18:> tec stjtc icbfsijturc pjsscg EA1 wefne fkpmscg ejrse rcbuijtfm`s m` nif`fns tejt

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Qcbuijtfm`s m` gmntmr jgkfttf`b prfvficbc j`g strfnt stj`gjrgs m` ojnfiftfcs ejvc `mw rckmvcg

scrvfncs prmvfgcg ay tecsc nif`fns, mt ifkftcg tm jamrtfm . Wec gjkjbc gm`c ay tec 18::

icbfsijtfvc scssfm` ejs acc` stjbbcrf`b j`g rcsuits mo tec augbct nuts jrc ejvf`b rcji coocnts m`

tec ifvcs mo Wcxj`s, pjrtfnuijriy temsc f` kcgfnjiiy u`gcrscrvcg jrcjs.

REX Mvcrvfcw

Wec Rmkc`s Ecjite Xrmbrjk (REX) prmvfgcs imw-f`nmkc, u`f`surcg wmkc` wem wmuigqujifoy omr Kcgfnjfg fo prcb`j`t, wfte ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs f`niugf`b wcii wmkc`s cxjks

j`g afrte nm`trmi. Wec purpmsc mo tec prmbrjk fs tm ecip rcgunc tec ùkacr mo u`f`tc`gcg

prcb`j`nfcs termube jwjrc`css j`g jnncss tm nm`trjncptfm`.

Wec Kcgfnjfg REX f` Wcxjs wjs stjrtcg f` Djùjry 1882. Wec 26te Wcxjs Icbfsijturc pjsscg A

272 f` 1883 gfrcntf`b tec Wcxjs Ecjite j`g Eukj` crvfncs Nmkkfssfm` tm cstjaifse j ofvc -ycjr

gckm`strjtfm` prmdcnt tm fkprmvc j`g cxpj`g jnncss tm ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs omr wmkc`.



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Wec prmbrjk wjs ou`gcg wfte j 6-tm: ocgcrji kjtne termube tec Kcgfnjfg prmbrjk. f`nc tec

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wmkc`.

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ojkfiy pij``f`b coomrts f` tec 18:: Icbfsijtfvc ^cssfm`. Ay 18:>, tec kjssfvc augbct nuts f` tec

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M` tmp mo tec augbct nuts, tec stjtc imst nrunfji ocgcrji kjtnef`b ou`gs tm tec REX guc tm tecgcnfsfm` ay tec stjtc tm prmefaft ncrtjf` prmvfgcrs ormk pjrtfnfpjtf`b f` tec prmbrjk. Jotcr ycjrs

mo jttjnlf`b Xij``cg Xjrc`temmg j`g sfkfijr c`tftfcs j`g jttckptf`b tm cxpci tec mrbj`fzjtfm`

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joofifjtcg wfte j` c`tfty tejt pcromrks sune scrvfncs moofnfjiiy aj``f`b Xij``cg Xjrc`temmg

:85311

:12713

?3888

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8 38888 :88888 :38888 188888 138888 >88888 >38888

18:>

18::

Xjtfc`ts crvcg

REX

GÊ^ Ojkfiy Xij``f`b Xrmbrjk

^murnc4 Wcxjs Ecjite & Eukj` crvfncs, Gcpjrtkc`t mo tjtc Ecjite crvfncs, Icbfsijtfvc Augbct Amjrg

Cstfkjtcs

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc>8


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Aimnl Brj`t) tm tec Rmkc`s Ecjite j`g Ojkfiy Xij``f`b Jssmnfjtfm` mo Wcxjs, j prfvjtc

`ctwmrl mo puaifniy ou`gcg ojkfiy pij``f`b prmvfgcrs.

Wrj`sftfm` tm Wcxjs Rmkc`s Ecjite Xrmbrjk

F` tec jotcrkjte mo tec stjtcs gcnfsfm` tm cxpci Xij``cg Xjrc`temmg ormk tec REX, tec stjtc

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mìy m` Djùjry :, 18:>. Wec stjtc jism armjgc`cg tec scrvfncs nmvcrcg u`gcr tec `cw

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tcstf`b j`g smkc ifkftcg trcjtkc`t omr scxujiiy trj`skfttcg gfscjscs. 6

Jnnmrgf`b tm tec Ecjite j`g Eukj` ^crvfncs Nmkkfssfm` j`g Gcpjrtkc`t mo ^tjtc Ecjite

^crvfncs, tec jbc`nfcs ejvc acc` wmrlf`b mvcrtfkc tm f`nrcjsc rcnruftkc`t mo peysfnfj` brmups

tm ofii tec prmvfgcr vmfg omr ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs. Wec stjtc jpprmprfjtcg $2:.> kfiifm` omr

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Jitemube tec REX gfg `mt ojnc kjdmr augbct rcguntfm`s, tec mvcrjii rcguntfm`s tm ojkfiy

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Mastjnics omr Ojkfiy Xij``f`b

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Nmst tm tec ^tjtc

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Xrmbrjk (tmtjicg jpprmxfkjtciy $>1.7 kfiifm` f` njic`gjr ycjr 18::

:8

) j`g j`mtecr $>1 kfiifm`wjs imst f` tec 18:7-:3 afc``fuk omr tec GÊ^ Ojkfiy prmbrjk. Acym`g tec imss mo ocgcrji

ou`gs, tec ojkfiy pij` f`b augbct nuts f` tec 18:: scssfm` f`nrcjscg bc`crji rcvcùc nmsts tm

Wcxjs Kcgfnjfg ay jt icjst $:>? kfiifm` ormk 18:> tm 18:3 f` f`nrcjscg nmst mo afrtes nmvcrcg

ay Kcgfnjfg.::

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc>:


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OV 18:8-:: OV 18:1-:> OV 18:7-:3

* Kfiifm`s Cxpc`gcg Cstfkjtcg Xrmdcntcg

Rmkc`'s Ecjite Xrmbrjk $21.> $?6.1 $21.7

GÊ^ Ojkfiy Xij``f`b $:::.1 $>?.7 $7>.1

Cxpj`gcg Xrfkjry Ecjite Njrc ---- ---- $:88.8

Wftic U-Rmkc`s Ecjite j`g

Ojkfiy Xij``f`b Jssmnfjtfm` mo

Wcxjs $:2.6 $1:.2 $17.3

Wmtji $18:.7 $:12.> $178.:

Rmkc`s Ecjite @ctwmrl

Wrjgftfm`jiiy, Xij``cg Xjrc`temmg ejg prmvfgcg jpprmxfkjtciy 78 pcrnc`t mo tec scrvfncs mo

Rmkc`s Ecjite Xrmbrjk nifc`ts j`g jntcg js j lcy nm``cntmr tm c`rmiif`b nifc`ts f`tm tec

prmbrjk.

:1

EE^N j`g GÊ^ ejvc tec nejiic`bc mo of`gf`b prmvfgcrs tejt nj` kjlc up tec bjpicot ay Xij``cg Xjrc`temmg j`g mtecr c`tftfcs prmefaftcg ormk pjrtfnfpjtf`b f` tec prmbrjk

jim`b wfte tec nif`fns tejt nimscg jotcr tec kjssfvc augbct nuts.

Refic smkc ou`gs wcrc rcstmrcg tm tec GÊ^ Ojkfiy Xij``f`b Xrmbrjk f` tec 18:7-:3

afc``fuk, kmst mo tec f`nrcjscg ou`gf`b wjs sefotcg tm j GÊ^ Cxpj`gcg Xrfkjry Ecjite Njrc

prmbrjk. Wec Cxpj`gcg Xrfkjry Ecjite Njrc prmbrjk fs bcjrcg tmwjrg f`nrcjsf`b wmkc`s

jnncss tm jii ecjite njrc scrvfncs f`niugf`b aut `mt ifkftcg tm ojkfiy pij``f`b.

Rfte j` jircjgy orjnturcg coomrt tm prmvfgc ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs tm wmkc` f` `ccg,

wmkc`s ecjite jgvmnjtcs jrc nm`ncr`cg wfte tec stjrt up tfkc mo nrcjtf`b j `cw prmbrjk j`g

wfte tec prmbrjk `mt cxpifnftiy prfmrftfzf`b ojkfiy pij``f`b.

Kcctf`b tec Gckj`g

Kj`y Wcxjs imw-f`nmkc wmkc` gcpc`g m` tecsc prmbrjks omr ojkfiy pij``f`b scrvfncs j`g

prfkjry njrc scrvfncs tejt f`niugc nm`trjncptfm`, ^WG tcstf`b j`g peysfnji cxjks tejt f`niugc

gfjactcs snrcc`f`b, kc`tji ecjite, j`g arcjst j`g ncrvfnji nj`ncr cxjks.

Wec gckj`g omr scrvfncs j`g strjf` m` tec ecjite `ctwmrl wfii mìy nm`tfùc js tec Wcxjs

pmpuijtfm` brmws j`g tec stjtc nm`tfùcs tm ifkft qujifofcg prmvfgcrs. Wcxjs ijwkjlcrs `ccg tm

ouiiy suppmrt tec coomrts mo tecsc prmbrjks tejt jrc nrunfji tm ckpmwcrf`b wmkc` tm ifvc

ecjitefcr ifvcs.

Wcxjs semuig rcstmrc tec ou`gf`b tm tec Rmkc`s Ecjite Xrmbrjk, rckmvc tec joofifjtc ruic,

j`g rcc`rmii f` tec ocgcrji prmbrjk tm jbjf` grjw gmw` tec 6-: kjtne f` gmiijrs.



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:Xeysfnfj`s wem wmrry jamut Rmkc`s jnncss tm njrcXij``cg Xjrc`temmg Jss` mo Efgjibm N`ty. Wcxjs F`n. v. ûces, 515 O.ûpp.1g 521 7

Icbfsijturc Qcstmrcs smkc ojkfiy pij``f`b nuts< @VW, `ytfkcs.nmk/18:>/85/86/us/icbfsijturc-rc-stmrcs-smkc-ojkfiy-pij``f`b-nuts.etki3Wcxjs Xmifny Cvjiujtfm` Xrmdcnt< ûrvcy mo Qcprmguntfvc Ecjite Nif`fns f` Wcxjs,

www.utcxjs.cgu/nmij/txpcp/]ofics/pgo/txpcp-rcscjrnearfco-

survcymorcprmguntfvcecjitenif`fns.pgo?Wcxjs Xmifny Cvjiujtfm` Xrmdcnt2Xmbuc, tjncy. ^fzf`b Sp tec 18:7-:3 Wcxjs Augbct4 Ojkfiy Xij``f`b. Nc`tcr omr Xuaifn Xmifny Xrfmrftfcs. :3

Jubust 18:>. Xb. :. Jnncsscg Kjrne 18:7. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

ettp4//omrjacttcrtcxjs.mrb/fkjbcs/EN]18:>]85]XX]Augbct]OjkfiyXij``f`b.pgo.5Jjrm`sm`, Acnnj. F`tcrjntfvc4 Jrc Wecrc C`mube Xrmvfgcrs f` tec Wcxjs Rmkc`'s Ecjite Xrmbrjk= Wcxjs

Wrfau`c. 1: Djùjry 18:>. Jnncsscg mìf`c Kjrne 18:7. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

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Wcxjs Wrfau`c. 6 Djùjry 18:7. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jt

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prmbrjk.jspx.Jnncsscg Kjrne 18:7.:8

Wcxjs Ecjite j`g Eukj` crvfncs, Wcxjs Kcgfnjfg j`g NEFX f` Xcrspcntfvc. Djùjry 18:>. Xb. ?-:>. Jnncsscg

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Nc`tcr omr Xuaifn Xmifny Xrfmrftfcs, Icttcr tm Augbct Nmòcrccs. 17 Jprfi 18:7. Xb. >. Jnncsscg Kjrne 18:7.

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Wcxjs Ecjite j`g Eukj` crvfncs, Wcxjs Rmkc`s Ecjite Xrmbrjk Xrmvfgcr urvcy Xjtfc`t Qcpmrt. Djùjry

18:1. Xb. 1. Jnncsscg Kjrne 18:7. Jvjfijaic mìf`c jtettp4//www.eesn.stjtc.tx.us/rcpmrts/18:>/WREX-njpjnfty-

survcy-rcsuits.pgo.

Ajnl tm Ajsfns 18:7 Xmifny Bufgc>>
http://forabettertexas.org/images/HC_2013_08_PP_Budget_FamilyPlanning.pdfhttp://forabettertexas.org/images/HC_2013_08_PP_Budget_FamilyPlanning.pdfhttp://www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-womens-health-program-survey-providers/http://www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-womens-health-program-survey-providers/http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2014/January/09/providers-face-obstacles-in-texas-women-health-program.aspxhttp://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2014/January/09/providers-face-obstacles-in-texas-women-health-program.aspxhttp://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2014/January/09/providers-face-obstacles-in-texas-women-health-program.aspxhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/medicaid/reports/pb9/pinkbook.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/medicaid/reports/pb9/pinkbook.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/medicaid/reports/pb9/pinkbook.pdfhttp://forabettertexas.org/images/CPPP_Letter_to_Budget_Conferees.pdfhttp://forabettertexas.org/images/CPPP_Letter_to_Budget_Conferees.pdfhttp://forabettertexas.org/images/CPPP_Letter_to_Budget_Conferees.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/reports/2013/TWHP-capacity-survey-results.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/reports/2013/TWHP-capacity-survey-results.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/reports/2013/TWHP-capacity-survey-results.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/reports/2013/TWHP-capacity-survey-results.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/reports/2013/TWHP-capacity-survey-results.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/reports/2013/TWHP-capacity-survey-results.pdfhttp://forabettertexas.org/images/CPPP_Letter_to_Budget_Conferees.pdfhttp://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/medicaid/reports/pb9/pinkbook.pdfhttp://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2014/January/09/providers-face-obstacles-in-texas-women-health-program.aspxhttp://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2014/January/09/providers-face-obstacles-in-texas-women-health-program.aspxhttp://www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-womens-health-program-survey-providers/http://forabettertexas.org/images/HC_2013_08_PP_Budget_FamilyPlanning.pdf


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Jamrtfm`

@jtfm`ji Ajnlbrmu`g

J` cstfkjtcg >8% mo S.^. wmkc` wfii ejvc j` jamrtfm` ay jbc 73. F` 18::, tec jamrtfm` rjtc

jkm`b Jkcrfnj` wmkc` gcnif`cg tm fts imwcst icvci f` kmrc tej` tercc gcnjgcs.:

Qcscjrnecrs

prfkjry jttrfautc tec gcnif`c tm usc mo coocntfvc nm`trjncptfvcs. Wecy omu`g `m cvfgc`nc tejt

jamrtfm` rcstrfntfm`s joocntcg tec jamrtfm` rjtc actwcc` 1885-18::, aut tec stugy gmcs `mt

f`niugc jamrtfm` kcjsurcs fkpickc`tcg f` tec pjst tercc ycjrs. 1

F` :661, tec ^uprckc Nmurt cxpj`gcg tec jafifty mo tec stjtcs tm c`jnt rcstrfntfm`s m` wmkc`'s

jnncss tm jamrtfm` f` Xij``cg Xjrc`temmg v. Njscy. @jtfm`jiiy, tec kmst nmkkm` rcstrfntfm`s

jrc pjrc`tji `mtfofnjtfm` mr nm`sc`t omr kf`mrs, ifkftjtfm`s m` puaifn ou`gf`b, j`g aurgc`smkc

rcbuijtfm`s m` jamrtfm` ojnfiftfcs.>

Kjdmr Wcxjs Jamrtfm` Qcstrfntfm`s acomrc Emusc Afii 1

Rmkc`'s Qfbet tm L`mw Jnt (188>)4 wmkj` kust rcncfvc stjtc-gfrcntcg nmu`scif`b j`gwjft 17 emurs acomrc tec prmncgurc fs prmvfgcg.

7

Xjrc`tji Nm`sc`t (1883)4 tec pjrc`t mo j kf`mr kust nm`sc`t acomrc j` jamrtfm` fsprmvfgcg. Xrcvfmusiy, pjrc`tji `mtfofnjtfm` wjs rcqufrcg.

3

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ifvcs wftef` :88 kfics mo j` jamrtfm` prmvfgcr, sec kust u`gcrbm tec uitrjsmu`g jt icjst

17 emurs acomrc tec jamrtfm`.?

^c`jtmr Gjvfs vmtcg `jy j`g moocrcg twm jkc`gkc`ts.2

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Qcqufrcs peysfnfj`s wem pcromrk tec prmncgurc tm ejvc emspftji-jgkfttf`b prfvficbcswftef` >8 kfics mo tec ojnfifty.



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F`nrcjscs rcstrfntfm`s m` kcgfnji (`m`-surbfnji) jamrtfm`s, f`niugf`b j aj` jotcr 2 wcclsj`g rcqufrckc`ts omr 7 scpjrjtc vfsfts (sm`mbrjk, ofrst gmsc, scnm`g gmsc j`g omiimw-up

wftef` :7 gjys).

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Qcqufrcs jamrtfm` ojnfiftfcs tm kcct tec rcbuijtmry stj`gjrgs mo jkauijtmry surbfnjinc`tcrs f` ^cptckacr 18:7

6< prcvfmusiy rcqufrcg omr jamrtfm`s jotcr :? wccls. Mìy ?

cxfstf`b ojnfiftfcs f` Wcxjs nurrc`tiy kcct tecsc stj`gjrgs:8

.

* @m`c mo tecsc rcqufrckc`ts jrc kcgfnjiiy `cncssjry.::

Jnncss tm Jamrtfm` f` Wcxjs

Jamrtfm` rfbets jgvmnjtcs nejiic`bcg tec nm`stftutfm`jifty mo twm prmvfsfm`s f` nmurt4 tec

jgkfttf`b-prfvficbcs j`g kcgfnjtfm` prmtmnmis. J S.^. gfstrfnt dugbc omu`g amte u`nm`stftutfm`ji

j`g aimnlcg fkpickc`tjtfm`. Wec 3te

Nfrnuft Nmurt mo Jppcjis mvcrtur`cg tec f`dcntfm`, jiimwf`b

tec prmvfsfm`s tm tjlc coocnt. Ft ecig j ecjrf`b m` tec njsc f` Djùjry 18:7 aut ejs yct tm kjlc jof`ji gcnfsfm`. Wec ûprckc Nmurt rcdcntcg j rcqucst ay jamrtfm` prmvfgcrs tm f`tcrvc`c.:1

Kcj`wefic, kj`y nif`fns ejvc gfsnm`tfùcg jamrtfm` scrvfncs mr nimscg acnjusc tecy gm `mt

ejvc j peysfnfj` wfte emspftji jgkfttf`b prfvficbcs. Wecrc wcrc 77 jamrtfm` ojnfiftfcs f` Wcxjs f`

18::< tecrc jrc `mw 18. Rec` ouiiy fkpickc`tcg `cxt ^cptckacr, tejt ùkacr nmuig grmp js

imw js sfx.:>

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_jiicy, imnjtcgf` KnJiic`

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